大学英语语法 第二十三讲 强调
第二十三讲
强调
在说话或写文章时, 我们有时候要突出或强调某个词、词组或句子, 这时就要用强调结
构。下面探讨的是各类强调句型、强调词汇及强调方式。
一、结构强调
1 . It is (was) + 状语+ that + 句子
这种结构用来强调状语, 表示状语成分的可以是单词、词组或句子。句子可以是主语从句、宾语从句或状语从句。强调的如果是原因状语从句, 从句只能由because 引导, 不能由since、as 或why 引导。例如:
I t was last summer that I graduated from the university . 我是去年夏天从那所大学毕业的。(时间状语)
I t was at an evening party that I first saw her . 我是在一次晚会上第一次见到她的。
(地点状语)
I t is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health . 人们生病了才知道健康的
价值。(时间状语从句)
I t was because(不用since、why 或as) the water had risen that they could not cross the river . 正是因为水涨了, 他们没有渡过河去。(原因状语从句)
I t is what you will do that is essential . 重要的是你的行动。(主语从句)
2 . It is(was) + 代词(名词, 形容词) + that(who, whom, which,whose) + 句子
这种结构强调名词或代词, 这个名词或代词可以是后面句子的主语、宾语或宾语补足语,
如果是主语, 则直接用that + 谓语。这时, 句中的that 可用who, whom, which 等代替。例如:
It is Prof essor Wu that (who) sent me the letter . 给我寄信的是吴教授。(主语)
It is I that am (或is) to go in her place . 代她去的是我。(主语)
It is you that are (或is) to blame . 该受责备的是你。(主语)
It is this novel that( which) they talked about last week . 他们上周讨论的就是这部小
说。(宾语)
It was Doctor James that (whom) we invited to give us a lecture . 被邀请给我们作报告
的是詹姆士博士。(宾语)
It was chairman of the committee that we elected her . (宾语补足语)
It is red that he has painted the door . (宾语补足语)
.. 注意下面句子的差异:
I suppose it is I who am responsible . (不用is)
I suppose it is me who is responsible . (不用am)
I suppose it is he ( she) who is responsible .
I suppose it is we ( they) who are responsible .
It is him whom you met at the station . (强调结构, 不用he)
That is he whom you met at the station . ( that is . . .结构, 不用him)
Note: 值得注意的是, 有三类句子成分不可以进行强调, 即表语、谓语动词和though, al
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though, whereas 等引导的让步状语从句或对比状语从句。例如:
The picture is wonderful . (表语)
It is wonder ful the picture is . (误)
Alice teaches music at a middle school . (谓语动词)
It is teaches that Alice music at a middle school . (误)
Although he is young, he knows a lot about the world . (让步状语从句)
It is though he is young that he knows a lot about the world . (误)
I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs . (对比状语从句)
It is whereas he pre f ers pop songs that I like classical music . (误)
3 . 句尾的强调
英语句子的句尾是突出的位置, 要强调某个部分, 可以把它放在句尾, 而把不重要的部分放在句子中间。例如:
Karl saw in Inga strength, determination, a vigorous and vivacious girl , the kind of woman he needed .
The war would soon break out in the Middle East , we were told . (弱)
The war , we were told, would soon break out in the Middle East . (强)据说, 中东不
久就要爆发战争了。
Team A will win the match, in all probability . (弱)
Team A will , in all probability, win the match . (强) A 队很可能赢得这场比赛。
The history of English words is the history of our civilization in many ways . (弱)
In many ways, the history of English words is the history of our civilization . (强)
4 . 倒装结构和句首的强调
倒装结构和句首位置可以强调表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语等。例如:
Never will they give up the struggle for f reedom and peace . (状语)
Under no circumstances can visitors be allowed to walk on the grass . (状语)
Most bitterly did she complain to her father .
Never a cent did he earn in the whole month .
Not in the least would he care about it .
Seldom have I seen her recently .
Hardly does she understand what he wants .
Hardly a slice o f bread did they waste .
No one else shall I live with .
Only yesterday did I hear of the news .
Across the river lies a newly built bridge .
Very little care does he take of the children .
He was a famous singer, I..ve heard . (宾语从句)
Enclosed is a cheque for 300 yuan . (谓语)
A terrible mess you..ve made of the work . (宾语)
War we are not afraid of, but war we are opposed to . (介词宾语)
Alice, he proposed to . (介词宾语)
Keener and keener she became on painting . (表语)
A f lying saucer it cer tainly was . (表语)
A scandal people called the whole matter . (宾补)
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
817 一、结构强调
In China she was born, and in China she would die . (状语)
Lonely she lived in a shabby house by the river . (状语)
Child as he is , he knows a lot about the world . (让步从句)
Much as he liked her , he had to leave for a long period of time . (让步从句)
He would much like to see her again .
Much would he like to see her again . (状语起首)
A man..s early education is very important in his later life .
Very important is a man..s early education in his later life . (表语起首)
They will go different ways , but will reach the same destination .
Di f f erent ways they will go, but the same destination they will reach . (宾语起首) Note: ①下面的“主要动词+ 主语+ 助动词”结构也是表示强调。例如:
If I must die, die I must .
If I should do it , do it I will .
He did not fail . Succeed he did .
She wanted to leave and leave she did .
Surrender he would not till he was killed .
Die he would not because he was optimistic .
While I may travel around the world, travel I will .
②如果名词、形容词或副词不位于句首, as 相当于since 或because, 引导原因状语从句, 不作though 解。例如:
As he was ill , he stayed home for a rest . 他因病在家休息。(原因)
Ill as he was, he worked the whole day . 他虽然生病, 但仍然工作了一天。(让步) .. 但有时候, as 倒装结构可能表示原因状语, 也可能表示让步状语, 视上下文而定。参阅有关章节。例如:
Young as he was , he did not know much about the world . 他由于年轻, 对世事
了解甚少。(原因)
Young as he was , he knew a lot about the world . 他虽然年轻, 但却很懂人情世
故。(让步)
.. 考察下面两句:
, Jane is not prettier than her younger sister .
A . Pretty though is she
B . Pretty as is she
C . As she is pretty
D . Pretty as she is(D 项正确)
, the most familiar to general public is the criminal jurisdiction .
A . All the activities
B . The activities
C . Of all the activities
D . It is the activities(C 项正确)
③在强调句中, that 作直接宾语或间接宾语时可以省略。例如:
Was it her ( that) you were talking about ?
It is not I (who) to blame .
It was a new dictionary ( that) Father sent to me .
④如果强调的是时间状语或地点状语, that 有时可以省略。例如:
It was in that bookstore ( that) I came across the book .
It was only yesterday ( that) we first met . 只是在昨天我们才第一次会面。
Was it last year ( that) you got the degree ? 你是在去年获得学位的吗?
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5 .“特殊疑问词+ is(was) + it + that + 句子”结构的强调
如果强调的是特殊疑问句, 要用“特殊疑问词+ is( was) + it + that + 句子”结构, that 有时可省, 表示“究竟在哪里.., 到底是谁..”等。例如:
Where was it ( that) you saw the man ? 你到底在哪里看见那个人的?
Who was it ( that ) you want to see ? 你究竟想见谁?
How is it ( that ) your answer differs f rom his ?
Which is it that you want ?
When was it that you ever said so ?
Why is it that you want to change your idea ?
What is it that you want me to say ?
Note: 有时, 这类强调结构可用作表语或宾语。例如:
The question is who it is that we can trust .
He asked which picture it is that we should send the president as a present .
It rests on what measure it is that is most effective .
二、其他类型的强调
1 . do
如果句子中没有助动词, 在肯定句中可以用do 表示强调, 一般译为“务必, 一定, 确实”等。例如:
Do come early . 一定早点来。
She did send you a letter last week . 她上周确实给你寄过一封信。
“You are quite wrong—she does like you .”“你大错特错了———她的的确确喜欢你!”
2 .utter, sheer, very 和ever
very 表示强调时, 前面常有the, this , that 或my, their 等, 后跟名词, 也可在名词前插入first , same, own 等词, 相当于exactly, real, t rue, genuine, actual, mere, itself and no other ,
just , none other than, even 等。ever 表示强调时, 多构成ever so, ever such, as . . .as ever 词组; 也可放在what , who, where, when , which , why, how 后, 书写时同这些词分开写(分开写时, 其意义不同于whatever, whoever 等) , 意为“究竟, 到底”。例如:
At that very moment he came .
The very sight of snake makes the girl shiver .
He escaped under their very nose .
I..ll go this very minute .
This is the very lowest price . 这是最最低的价。
You may keep the book for your very own . 你可以保留这本书, 仅为自己用。
Who ever said so ?这到底是谁说的?
What ever do you mean by saying that ? 你说那话到底什么意思? (不可用whatever )
She is ever such a nice girl .
He is as great a poet as ever lived . 从来没有比他更伟大的诗人。
What he said was utter nonsense . 他说的是一派胡言。
She won by sheer luck . 她完全凭侥幸获胜。
Note: ①as + 形容词(副词) + as ever (before)意为“跟从前同样的”;more . . .than ever 意为
“比从前更..”。例如:
She is as diligent as ever . 她跟从前一样勤奋。
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
819 二、其他类型的强调
He is more diligent than ever . 他比从前更勤奋。
②whatever 和whatsoever 在否定句或疑问句中放在名词后表示强调。例如:
There can be no doubt whatever about it . 这件事是毫无疑问的。
That..s nothing whatsoever to do with me . 那件事同我一点关系没有。
3 . at all
这种用法的at all 意为“根本, 究竟, 毕竟”。例如:
If it were not for the sun, we could not live at all .
Do you know it at all ? 你究竟知道不知道?
4 . the last
the last 加名词可以表示强烈的否定意义, 注意译法。例如:
He would be the last person in the world to deny this . 他决不会否认这一点。
This is the last place where I expected to meet you . 我万没有想到会在这儿碰上你。
Not to keep his promise will be the last thing for him to do . 他绝不会不守承诺的。
He is the last man to do it . 他决不会干那事。
He should be the last (man) to blame . 怎么也不该怪他。
She is the last person for such a job . 她最不配做这个工作。
He is the last man to consult . 根本不宜找他商量。
5 . on earth, in the world, in heaven, earthly 和under the sun
这些短语或单词用于肯定句意为“究竟”, 用于否定句意为“全然, 一点也..”。也可加
强最高级的语气, 意为“最最”。例如:
Where under the sun did you put the book ? 你到底把书放到哪里去了?
She had not a penny in the world . 她身无分文。
That is the most ridiculous thing on earth . 那是最可笑的事情了。
What earthly thing are you doing now ?你这会儿到底在干什么?
6 . the devil, the hell, the deuce, the blazes, in (the)hell, the plague,a plague, the mischief 和the dickens
这几个词同what , who, where 连用, 意为“到底, 究竟”, 有时是粗话。例如:
Who the dickens is she ? 她到底是谁?
What the deuce is the matter ? 究竟是怎么回事?
What the blazes is he ?他到底是干什么的?
What in hell is she doing ? 她究竟在干什么?
Where the devil did he go ? 他妈的他到哪里去了?
When the plague will you pay me ? 你他妈的到底什么时候还我钱?
Why the blazes did you do like that ? 你他妈的究竟为什么那样做?
What a plague does he want to do ? 他妈的他到底想干什么?
Note: ①in heaven..s name, in the name of wonder, in the name of fortune, in the name of reason, in the name of common sense, in thunder , in the creation 等也用来表示强
调, 意为“到底, 究竟。例如:
Which in the name o f wonder do you decide to choose ? 你究竟决定选哪一个?
What in thunder have you done ? 你他妈的究竟干了些什么?
②下面句中的the devil 另有含义:
The devil he should wor ry . 他才不当回事呢。
A: Is he an expert ? 他是专家吗?
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B: The devil he is . 他绝对不是。
7 . I..ll be hanged if . . .和I..ll be damned if I . . .
I..ll be hanged if . . .表示“决不, 决不会”, I..ll be (或I am) damned if I . . .表示“要是我.., 我就不是人!”。例如:
I..ll be damned i f it is true . 那决不是真的。
I..ll be damned i f I do it . 我决不做那件事。
I..ll be hanged i f I go there . 我死也不去那里。
8 .not for the world, not on your life 和not for worlds
这几个词组表示强烈的否定。例如:
Not f or worlds would she surrender . 她决不会屈服的。
I wouldn..t let her go out alone f or the world . 我决不会让她一个人单独出去的。
9 . anything like 和anything near
这两个词组用于否定句。例如:
The film isn..t anything like as interesting as we expected . 这部电影根本没有我们想象
的那样有趣。
She never came anywhere near to knowing what it was . 她根本不懂得这是什么。
10 . far, much, by far, still, a great(good) deal 和all the + 比较级
这几个词或词组用来修饰形容词或副词比较级, 以加强语气。例如:
The path through the forest is by far more pleasant than that across the field .
Opening the window made it all the hotter . 打开窗户反而更热。
That is all the faster she can run . 她最多只能跑这么快。
Note: ①by far 要放在带the 的比较级前, 但如果比较级前无the, by far 放在比较级前后均可。例如:
It is by f ar the longer river of the two .
This t ree is thicker by far than that one .
This t ree is by far thicker than that one .
②by far 要放在最高级前。例如:
He is by f ar the best student in the class .
It is by f ar the brightest star .
11 . if a
说明数量或某人的身高、年龄, 意为“准有, 无论如何有”。例如:
She is forty, i f a day . 她一定有40 岁了。
He is six feet high , i f he is an inch . 他准有六英尺高。
We..ve covered twenty miles , i f a yard . 我们一定走了20 里了。
12 . if ever, if any, if anything 和if at all
这几个词组一般单独作状语, if ever 和if any 也可引导状语从句, 有时含有让步的意思。例如:
He is a musician i f ever there was one . ( = if anyone was = if there was one at all)世界
上没有音乐家则已, 如有就是他。
He has little, i f any ink . 墨水他即使有也很少。
I f anything , the writing is a little neater . 若说区别的话, 这篇文章只是整洁一点。
13 . and that 和and . . .at that
that 是代词, 代替前面整句的内容, and that 一般译为“而且”。例如:
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
821 二、其他类型的强调
She only speaks French, and that not very well . 她只会讲法语, 而且讲得不大好。
She offered a suggestion, and a good one at that . 她提了一个建议, 而且是一个好建议。.. 有时候, at that 相当于after all, anyway, in spite of all。例如:
The job was hard to do, but at that he liked it . 这项工作很难做, 但他还是喜欢它。
14 . 形容词后置
The living body, animal or human, is a storehouse of electricity .
A scientist is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective . 科学家善于观察事物,
准确、耐心、客观。
15 .nothing if not
意为“非常, 极”(very, extremely)。例如:
The boy was nothing i f not clever . 这男孩绝顶聪明。
= The boy was nothing if he was not clever .
= The boy was very clever .
16 . anything but
意为“决不, 决不是”。例如:
He is anything but honest . 他极不诚实。
= He is not honest at all .
= He is far from being honest .
= He is by no means honest .
17 . none 表示的强调
This is none of your business . 这与你没有丝毫关系。
He is none of my friends . 他决不是我的朋友。( = He is by no means one of my
friends . )
You can do none o f this . 这个你决不可做。
He shall be none of my son . 他决不是我的儿子。
I shall give her none of my money . 我一分钱也不会给她。
He is none of the richest . 他很穷。( = very poor)
The film is none of the best . 这部电影一点也不好。
She is none o f the happiest . 她极不幸福。( = very unhappy)
18 . not an ounce of 等表示的强调
There is not an ounce of justice . 没有一点公道。
He has not a f licker o f courage . 他没有丝毫勇气。
There is not a suggestion o f wind . 一丝风也没有。
There is not a hint (或glimmer ) o f hope . 一丝希望也没有。
Not a morsel of food was left . 一片面包也没留下。
Not a drop of rain has fallen . 一滴雨也没下。
He does not know a word of English . 他一个英语单词也不认识。
He has no ghost o f an idea about the matter . 他对那件事一点也不知道。
19 . not a rop 等表示的强调
He did not regret a rop (或a rush, a tittle) . 他一点也不后悔。
He did not care a straw (或a bean, a fig, a jot , a button) . 他一点也不介意。
He did not wor ry a pin (或a scrap) . 他一点也不担心。
It is not worth a cent (或a damn , a curse, two hoots) . 它一文钱也不值。
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The man did not flinch a hair . 那人一点也不畏缩。
Not a single customer came . 连一个顾客也没来。
She took not the least notice of your remarks . 她一点也不注意你的话。
He had not the smallest doubt . 他一点也不怀疑。
She paid not the slightest attention to him . 她对他一点也不注意。
He uttered not a single syllable . 他一声都没吭。
It mattered not a bit . 这一点关系没有。
He hesitated not a moment . 他一点也没迟疑。
20 . 用重复法进行强调
She told me that she would never, never forget her college years .
Like Lincoln, he was tall, raw-boned, st rong and homely . Like Lincoln, he was obedient , responsible, and hard-working. Like Lincoln, he thirsted for knowledge and . . . .
They can..t do it , can..t those boys (或those boys can..t ) .
They will make trouble, those villains .
He must be angry, my brother .
It is a good place for old men , that park .
21 . 用层进法进行强调
Her way of life was expensive, pointless, and utterly ruthless .
To win victory, many people shed their blood, gave up their personal interests and laid down their lives .
22 . by God, by George, for God..s sake, damn, for goodness..sake 和for pity..s sake
The picture is not worth a damn . 这幅画毫无价值。
He is damn tired .
By God, I don..t know it .
For pity..s sake, do help up a little .
23 .whistle, whisper 和bubble
拟声词可以表示强调, 形象而生动。常用的这类词有crash, murmur , roar , whisper ,
crack , clap, clink, cluck, thump , splash, bang, titter , twitter , howl , clash 等。例如:
He banged the door open . 他砰的一声打开了门。
The water is bubbling down the rocks . 水哗哗地从岩石上流下来。
The twigs cracked under pressure . 树枝在压力下咔喳一声断了。
The rain tinkled on the window . 雨水丁当地敲打着窗户。
He whispered the word in her ear . 他同她咬耳朵。(窃窃耳语)
They clapped their hands when the two leaders clinked glasses . 两位领导人碰杯时, 他
们鼓起掌来。
24 . shall 用于第二、三人称
You shall be there in two hours . (命令)
Children shall not see the film . (规定)
He shall gain his aim . (决心)
25 . 从He didn..t buy the book because he was interested in poetry . 的歧义看重音强调
在一个句子中, 若要对某个词或词组进行强调, 可以重读该词或词组。由于强调的对象
不同, 同一个句子可能有多种意义, 比如上面这个句子就可以有两种意思:
He didn..t buy the book because he was interested in..poetry . (重音落在poetry 上, 对它
大学英语语法———讲座与测试(第二版)
823 二、其他类型的强调
进行强调, 意为He didn..t buy the book, because it had nothing to do with poetry, and it is poet ry that he was interested in . )他没有买那本书, 因为它同诗歌没有关系。(他本
人对诗歌感兴趣)
He didn..t buy the..book because he was interested in poetry . (重音落在book 上, 意为
He bought the book, but it wasn..t because he was interested in poetry . )他买了那本
书, 并不是因为他对诗歌感兴趣。(那本书是有关诗歌的)
比较:
Father..didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool today . (Perhaps Father f orgot to take Jack
to swim in the pool today . )
Father didn..t take..Jack to swim today . ( It was Tom that Father took to swim in the
pool today . )
Father didn..t take Jack to..swim in the pool today . ( Father took Jack to the pool today just to see it . )
Father didn..t take Jack to swim in the..pool today . ( Father took Jack to swim at the seaside,
not in the pool . )
Father didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool..today . ( It was yesterday that Father took Jack to swim in the pool . )
..Father didn..t take Jack to swim in the pool today . ( It was Mother who took Jack to swim in the pool today . )
比较:
He..s a..mad doctor . 他是精神病科的医生。
He..s a..mad..doctor . 他是患有精神病的医生。
She is an..English student . 她是英国学生。(也可以是: 她是学英语的学生。)
She is an..English..student . 她是英国学生。
I..beg your pardon . 我没听清楚, 请你再说一遍。
I..beg your..pardon . 对不起。(表示道歉)
I..will speak to her . 我一定要同她谈谈。(强调要这样做)
I will..speak to her . 我将同她谈谈。(But I won..t write to her )
I will speak to..her . 我将同她谈谈。(But I won..t speak to others)
He..can read . 他能读。(不是不能读)
He can..read . 他能读。(But he can..t write)
26 . There are books and books . 的含义
把同一个名词或动词等用and 连接进行重复, 是一种强调方法, 以使语义突出, 表达生动。这类重复可以表示“不同的类型”, 也可以表示“许多的, 大量的”。例如:
There are books and books . 既有好书, 也有坏书。
There are doctors and doctors . 既有良医, 也有庸医。
You will find artists and artists . 既有优秀的艺术家, 也有蹩脚的艺人。
There are ants and ants and ants on the ground . 地上到处都是蚂蚁。
She thought and thought and thought and couldn..t go to sleep . 她思来想去, 难以成眠。They received twenty and twenty suggestions . 他们收到了许许多多的建议。
Note: ①下列惯用短语也可表示强调: again and again, on and on, out and out , over and over,
up and up, more and more, through and through, around and around 等。例如:
He is an out and out scoundrel . 他是一个十足的恶棍。
新/ 世/ 纪/ 英/ 语/ 丛/ 书
824 第二十三讲
强
调
The birds were flying around and around the house . 鸟绕着房屋飞来飞去。
He is an honest man through and through . 他为人极诚实。
The soldiers walked on and on . 士兵们马不停蹄地行进。
He read the poem over and over . 他把那首诗读了一篇又一遍。
He is a tyrant out and out . 他是个地地道道的暴君。
He is a London of Londoners . 他是地地道道的伦敦人。
②表语同主语重复往往表示“究竟, 到底, 该是这样”等含义。例如:
I shall pay for it . Business is business . 钱由我付, 生意毕竟是生意。
You are quite right . Lawyer is lawyer . 你说得很对, 法官到底还是法官。
Boys will be boys . 孩子总是孩子嘛。
测试练习(二十三)
选择填空
1 . the train had departed she left the station for home .
A . It is only then . . .that
B . It is only when . . .what
C . It was only that . . .when
D . It was only when . . .that
2 . It is during his stay in the count ryside he began to learn English .
A . when
B . that
C . which
D . what
3 . It was the information that he accumulated there gave him great help .
A . was
B . what
C . that
D . later
4 . His uncle told her that it is that she was brought up after her mother..s death .
A . a retired old professor
B . from a retired old professor
C . with a retired old professor
D . by a retired old professor
5 . that should be given priority to .
A . It is the government has decided
B . It is only the government has decided
C . It is what the government has decided
D . It is what has the government decided
6 . It is from the earliest time men began to study the natural phenomena and the heavenly bodies .
A . when
B . where
C . that
D . how
7 .“Were all three people in the car injured in the accident ?”
“No, only the two passengers who got hurt .”
A . it was
B . there is
C . it were
D . there was
8 . She said she would go and she go .
A . didn..t
B . did
C . would
D . will
9 . It was to the saving-boat he owed his life .
A . what
B . which
C . that
D . why
10 . they met each other and became fast friends .
A . It was in the lake area in the north of the country where
B . Being in the lake area in the nor th of the country
C . It was in the lake area in the nor th of the country when
D . It was in the lake area in the north of the country that
大学英语语法(英语专业必看)
1.Noun Identify the uncountable nouns ? 1. Nouns that have no distinct, separate parts, we look as the whole (气、液、固体) ? 2. Nouns that have parts that are too small or insignificant to count (sand grass hair) ? 3. Nouns that are classes or categories of things (food, clothing, money) P49 ? 4. Nouns that are abstraction (life, work, music) ? 5. Subjects of study (history, math) 不可数变可数三大规律 ? 1. 物质名词(总称名词)若表示不同的种类，或者表示特定的意思，或者是液体名词表示“几杯”或“几瓶”这样的数量时。 ? 2. 抽象名词若是具体化，则可数。与此相反，可数转化为不可数。 ? 3. 当一个名词表示抽象、总称的概念，则为不可数，当一个名词表示具体、特定的事物，则为可数。 物质名词/总称名词变可数 ? 1. 总称名词具体化 ?A: Would you like a cake? ?B: No. I don’t like cake. ? 2. 物质名词变意思 ?I need some paper. / I bought a paper. ? 3. 液体物质名词表数量 ?Two beers and three coffees, please. 抽象名词变可数 ?Art (an art) / beauty (a beauty) / youth (a youth) ?Eg. 1. Youth is not a time of life. It is a state of mind. ? 2. When as a child I laughed and wept– time crept. ?When as a youth I dreamed and talked-time walked. 2Articles Specific reference--the ? 1. 特指是针对交际双方来说的 ? 2. 特指就是根据说话者和听话者共有的知识，或根据上下文，可以识别的事物。 ? 3. 说话者用the是想要听话者找到双方心中都知道的所知，而听话者一方“断定”或“还原”所指对象的方法有多种。 ? 1. Situational/cultural reference ?Eg. Albert Einstein, the famous physicist. ? 2. textual co-reference— ?anaphoric reference (前指）& ?cataphoric reference （后指 ? 1. general knowledge (the sun, the moon, the North Pole, the Equator, the universe, the Renaissance, the Pope 罗马教皇） ? 2. specific knowledge/ local use (let’s go to the library) ? 3. immediate situation (The roses are very beautiful. Can you find the page?）
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人学英语语法专项练习题及答案 一、时态 1. By the end of April Peter here for three mon ths. A. will have stayed B. will stay C. stays D. has stayed 2. rm awfully sorry, but I had no alter native. I simply what I did. A. ought to have done B. have to do C. had to do D. must do 3. We our breakfast when an old man came to the door. A. just have had B. have just had C. just had D . had just had 4. Ever si nee the family moved to the suburbs last year, they better health. A. could have enjoyed B. had enjo yed C. have bee n enjoying D. are enjo ying 5. I bought a new house last year, but I my old house yet, so at the mome nt I have two houses. A. did not sell B. have not sold C. had not sold D . do not sell 6. I decided to go to the library as soon as I A. finish what I did B. fin is hed what I did C. would finish what I was doi ng D. fini shed wha t I was doi ng 7. He whe n the bus came to a sudden stop. A. was almost hurt B. was hurt h imself C. was to hurt himself D. was hurti n g himself 8. I suppose that when 1 come back in ten years' time all those o ld houses dow n. A. will have bee n pulled B. will have pulled C. will be pulli ng D. will b e pulled 9. Bob's leg got hurt the Purple Mountains. A. while he is climbi ng up B. while we were climb ing up
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大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的，因为他受过良好的教育，出身于受人尊敬的家庭，更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上，这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是，这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升，在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会，约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.
大学英语语法及练习
大学英语语法及练习 Last updated at 10:00 am on 25th December 2020
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2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式was用were代替。 例如：If I were invited, I would come. If she were not ill, she could do a lot of things. 3. if条件句中如谓语动词是were, had, should, could时，可以省略if, 把它们前置。
例如： Had my father a lot of money, he would send me abroad. Could I do it, I would surely do it. Should the Black Death reappear, what should we do?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办） 4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题: If I hadn’t stood under the ladder to catch you when you fell, you wouldn’t be smiling now.（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时） 又如：If I were you, I would have gone to the film last night.(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；If we hadn’t got everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)； If the weather had been more favorable, the crops would be growing still better.(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在) 5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略if条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I would have written the paper before, but I have been ill.(=If I had not been ill, I would have written the paper before.); A true friend would have acted differently. (=A friend, if he had been true, would have acted differently.) 6. 注意介词短语 without, but for, in the absence等表示虚拟条件。
大学英语语法直播课第二讲
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三级语法考点归纳 一．虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句（纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大）： 条件从句主句 与现在相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与将来相反 did (be were) would/ should/ might/ could do 与过去相反 had done would/ should/ might/ could have done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn’t gone on vacation, their house wouldn’t have been broken (break) into. 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, demand, advise, propose, order, arrange, insist, command, require, request, desire …… that ＋(should) do 例如 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggestion is that we should tell him. b. It is (was) 形容词/名词that …… (should) do/ 例如 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式：
语法大纲
《英语语法》教学大纲 一、课程性质、地位与任务： 语法是语言的组织规则和结构形式，是结合语音文字系统和语义系统的枢纽。它是社会实际语言现象的科学概括。本专业的语法课程要帮助学生系统了解实用英语的语法规则和结构形式，以便能准确掌握英语语言，并用以指导英语语言实践，提高对语言的分析理解能力，有效提高英语实际应用能力。 二、课程的基本要求： 语法课程要传授知识,同时也要服务于培养语言素质和应用能力这个总目标。学习研究语法要着眼语言的社会实践运用，理论联系实际；了解当前语法也要适当了解语言的发展变化；精讲配合多练，从而让学生打好语言基础，提高语言素质。 三、本课程与其他课程的联系： 它是基础阅读课（精读、泛读）的基础，使学生通过大量的联系掌握语法基础，为听说读写提供基本的保障。该课程可使学生更加轻松的学习英语专业的学生在一、二年级精读、泛读课中所学过的语言材料。提升学生的学习兴趣。打下牢固的语言基础。 四、教学内容、基本要求及学时安排： 教学内容：本课程计划学时数为32学时，以赵萍主编的《新编高职高专英语语法教程》为教材。在语法内容结构上，循序渐进，从词素到单词，从单词到句子，从句子到语篇再到语段，环环相扣，从而使学生能够一面把握细节，一面掌握整个的英语语法体系。 课程内容和学时安排 授课次序授课内容学时数1导论、各个词类（名词、冠词、代词、数词、 8 动词、助动词、动名词、形容词、副词、连词 及其介词） 2 动词时态 2 3 被动语态 2
4 虚拟语气 2 5 非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 2 6 句子类型和直接、间接引语 2 7 名词性从句和定语从句 4 8 状语从句和it的用法 2 9 主谓一致 2 10 替代、省略、前置与倒装 2 11 复习及练习 4 教学要求： 第一讲导论、各个词类 1．教学目标：导论：让学生了解语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 掌握名词、限定词、代词、助动词的定义及它们在句子中的功能和用法。形 容词的分类及用法、副词的分类及用法、介词的分类及用法 2．教学内容：导论：语法课程的性质、作用和学习方法 名词的类别、限定词的搭配、代词与其先行项的一致、情态助动词的意义。 形容词、副词、介词的类型，形容词作修饰语和补语，副词做修饰语和状语， 介词与其他词类的搭配 第二讲动词时态 1．教学目标：掌握英语中各个时态的用法和部分时态的异同 2．教学内容：动词的分类、一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行体、完成体、完成进行体 和将来时间表示法 第三讲被动语态 1．教学目标：掌握被动态的结构模式、被动态的英汉互译及其使用场合 2．教学内容：几种不同类型动词的被动模式，英汉被动意义表示法和使用被动态的制约因 素 第四讲虚拟语气 1．教学目标：掌握虚拟语气的用法 2．教学内容：虚拟语气的结构模式和在不同场合下的使用 第五讲非限定动词（不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词） 1．教学目标：掌握不定式、-ING分词、-ED分词的用法 2．教学内容：不定式的结构形式、不定式搭配和ING分词的搭配、ED分词作修饰语 第六讲句子类型和直接、间接引语 1．教学目标：掌握句子的类型，直接引语和间接引语的互换 2．教学内容：句子的的基本形式及其变体，各类句子的间接引语
GrammarTest大学英语语法练习测试题
1. If the earth suddenly ________spinning, we would all fly off it. A. stopped B. had stopped C. has stopped D. would stop 2. “How should the city be run?” “If I ________a mayor, I would make the streets cleaner and hire more policemen.” A. would B. were C. would be D. should 3. If the whole operation _________ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned 4. Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she________ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often. A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 5. It is recommended that the project________ until all the preparations have been made. A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started 6. Who would you rather his daughter ________ in the same office? A. going B. to go C. have gone D. went 7. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, ________they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. A. be B. being C. were D. are 8. My pain ________ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically：“ Are you feeling all right?” A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be 9. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. A. couldn’t have received B. ought to have received C. has received D. shouldn’t have received 10. You needn’t have come over yourself. As it turned out to be a small house party, we_______ so formally. A. needn’t dress up B. did not need have dressed up C. did not need dress up D. needn’t have dressed up 11. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we ________ during the day. A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done 12. Some women ________ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of family. A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made 13. He ________ another career but, at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend graduate school. A. might have chosen B. might choose C. had to choose D. must have chosen
大学英语三级语法知识总结汇总
三级语法考点归纳 一. 虚拟语气 1. if 句中虚拟形式 if 引导的非真实条件句(纯粹假设或发生的可能性不大) 条件 与现在相反 与将来相反 与过去相反 done 例句 If we left (leave) now, we should arrive in time. If they hadn ' t gone on vacation, their house wouldn 2. 原形虚拟： a. 表命令、决定、要求、建议等词语之后的that-分句中，用动词原形。 suggest, dema nd, advise, propose, order, arran ge, in sist, comma nd, require, request, desire that (should) do 例女口 He suggested that we should leave early. My suggesti on is that we should tell him. b. It is (was)形容词 /名词 that ......... (should) do/ 例女口 It is absolutely essential that all the facts be examined first. 3. 一些句型中的虚拟形式： 1. It ' s (high, about, the first, etc.) time (that)词过去时 … … 例如 It ' s time we left. 2 would rather/so oner as if/ though would rather/sooner 反 as if/ though 4?练习 1. I _______ t ry it agai n if I ______ you. A. will ； am B. should; am would ； had been 2. If it _______ n ot for the water , the pla nts _ A. were ； would not B. is ； could not could not 3. If I school. A. have not had; could not become 从句 did (be > were) did (be * were) had done 主句 would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could do would/ should/ might/ could have 't have been broken (break) into. 例女口 It is time we went to bed. 宁愿 好像 谓语用过去时 与现在或者将来相 谓语用过去完成时 与过去相反 C. would ； were D. live. C. were ； could D. did ； that chanee to show my ability, I the preside nt of this B. had not had ； would not have
GrammarTest.大学英语语法练习测试题
1.If t h e e a r t h s ud d e n l y ________s p i n ni n g,w e w o ul d a l l f l y o f f i t. A. stopped B. had stopped C. has stopped D. would stop 2. “How should the city be run?” “If I ________a mayor, I would make the streets cleaner and hire more policemen.” A. would B. were C. would be D. should 3. If the whole operation _________ beforehand, a great deal of time and money would have been lost. A. was not planned B. has not been planned C. had not been planned D. were not planned 4. Jean doesn’t want to work right away because she thinks that if she________ a job she probably wouldn’t be able to see her friends very often. A. has to get B. were to get C. had got D. could have got 5. It is recommended that the project________ until all the preparations have been made. A. is not started B. will not be started C. not be started D. is not to be started 6. Who would you rather his daughter ________ in the same office? A. going B. to go C. have gone D. went 7. Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, ________they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on. A. be B. being C. were D. are 8. My pain ________ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically：“ Are you feeling all right?” A. must be B. had been C. must have been D. had to be 9. Mary ________ my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now. A. couldn’t have received B. ought to have received C. has received D. shouldn’t have received 10. You needn’t have come over yourself. As it turned out to be a small house party, we_______ so formally. A. needn’t dress up B. did not need have dressed up C. did not need dress up D. needn’t have dressed up 11. Research findings show that we spend about two hours dreaming every night, no matter what we ________ during the day. A. should have done B. would have done C. may have done D. must have done 12. Some women ________ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake of family. A. must make B. should have made C. would make D. could have made 13. He ________ another career but, at the time, he didn’t have enough money to attend graduate school.