电子指南针中英文文献
Title：CALIBRA TING METHOD FOR ELECTRONIC COMPASS Electronic compass is an electronic compass by measuring the Earth's magnetic field to achieve directional navigation device, it is an important navigational tool that can provide real-time data objects heading and attitude, and has a small size, low cost, fast response , no accumulated error, etc., are widely used in mobile robots, vehicles, aircraft and other orientation subsystem; However, due to the electronic compass is based on magnetic principles calculations magnetic bearings, their work environment, in addition to other external magnetic field Earth's magnetic field will inevitably affect the output of the electronic compass, resulting in errors affect measurement accuracy. Therefore, how to reduce outside interference precision of its output is engineering applications must be addressed.
Electronic compass the existing literature has proposed several possible compass error compensation method. Yuen Chee Wing paper, "three-axis magnetic heading sensors full attitude error compensation 'proposed compass error into quadrature error, zero and sensitivity errors were compensated, high compensation accuracy of the method, but in the compensation process requires non-magnetic turntable , but also the computer automatically when the measured rotation compass X and Y-axis sensor output maximum, minimum, the calibration process is complex and requires high equipment; HIGHW AY AND TRANSPORTA TION Wang Jiaxin paper "Development of high-precision electronic compass" and Shao Tingting, ROCKETS paper "electronic compass tilt and Luo slip compensation algorithm research," the least square method to compensate for the electronic compass, the method requires Compass 0 ° ~ 360 ° rotation average sampling, operation is relatively cumbersome and The amount of data samples of different sizes will have a greater impact fitting result, the amount of data is too small, the compensation effect is not good, too much data can cause performance degradation fitting; Yangxin Yong, Huang Shengguo paper "magnetic heading measurement system Error Correction Method "and Qi Zhang, Liang-shui Lei, Jiang Fan, Song Liu's paper" Autocalibration of a magnetic compasswithout heading reference "error ellipse hypothesis is proposed based on the model compensation method, because only a hypothetical model ellipse based on the experimental experience suggested that the lack of theoretical deduction, the compensation effect is not very satisfactory; Chao Min, Jiang Oriental, Wen rainbow paper, "magnetic compass error analysis and calibration" using an analytical method to establish the direction of the magnetic measurement system is more accurate
models, and electronic compass compensation in the horizontal conditions, but the compensation process to identify more parameters (up 9), and the results show the compensation effect is similar to oval hypothetical model; Hao Zhenhai, Huang Shengguo paper, "based on a combination of differential magnetic compass heading system." proposed a "differential magnetic compass" (DMC, Differential Magnetic Compasses) design program, which uses two identical magnetic compass to determine whether the system is a combination of low-frequency interference occurs, if the system glitches did not happen, then the use of magnetic compass navigation, low-frequency interference will occur if the system switches to the gyroscope system navigation. The program does not substantially improve the magnetic compass measurement accuracy, and the navigation program consists of a plurality of magnetic compass and gyroscope structure, will lead to greatly increase the cost; Lu Wang, Zhao Zhong and other paper "Magnetic Compass Error Analysis and Compensation" using BP neural network error model, and use LM learning algorithm to train the network, the method need not 0 ° ~ 360 ° within the average sampling, with a neural network can be approximated function with arbitrary precision characteristics, with high compensation accuracy, but the BP neural network convergence is slow, the right to set initial values need to be very careful, and easy to fall into local minimum.
In summary, the current electronic compass calibration methods are the main method of least squares, oval assumption France, BP neural network method, etc. These methods are more cumbersome calibration procedure or the existence of the necessary instruments for demanding calibration or calibration issues such as lack of precision.
It is an electronic compass by measuring the Earth's magnetic field to achieve directional navigation device, it is an important navigational tool that can provide real-time data objects heading and attitude, and has a small size, low cost, fast response , no accumulated error, etc., are widely used in mobile robots, vehicles, aircraft and other orientation subsystem; However, due to the electronic compass is based on magnetic principles calculations magnetic bearings, their work environment, in addition to other external magnetic field Earth's magnetic field will inevitably affect the output of the electronic compass, resulting in errors affect measurement accuracy. Therefore, how to reduce outside interference precision of its output is engineering applications must be addressed.
In order to simplify the calibration procedure, reducing the requirements for the necessary
equipment and to improve calibration accuracy, the present invention designed an electronic compass calibration method, the calibration method based on adaptive differential evolution method and Fourier neural network (Adaptive Differential Evolution and Fourier Neural Network, ADE-FNN), by means of Fourier neural network modeling of the electronic compass error, the neural network using orthogonal Fourier series excitation function as a network, and uses adaptive differential evolution algorithm to train the network weights, get more precise The error model to compensate for the measured values of the compass, so as to improve the precision of the compass.
Differential evolution method based on adaptive neural networks and Fourier electronic compass calibration methods, including access to training samples, the use of Fourier neural network (FNN) build error compensation model and the use of adaptive differential evolution algorithm (ADE) to train the neural network weight value of three parts, to achieve the specific steps are as follows:
Step one, get training samples;
Step two, identified neural network structure;
Step three, to create an electronic compass error model and choose the training targets;
Step four: According to the training sample using an improved adaptive differential evolution algorithm for training the neural network;
Step Five, will optimize the neural network weights obtained values into the neural network to obtain a more accurate compensation models;
Step Six, the electronic compass output measurement values into compensate for neural network input and output compensation value.
The invention took into account the impact of measurement precision electronic compass, proposes a differential evolution method based on adaptive neural networks and Fourier concentration calibration method to compensate, on the one hand to simplify the calibration process, that is just the turntable rotate (no uniform rotation) electronic compass one week for training samples and the corresponding true value; hand with better results, ie, more precisely offset outside interference, improve measurement accuracy.
The compensation method with neural network structure is simple, easy to implement, and can approximate nonlinear functions with arbitrary precision, and has good generalization
capability advantages.
Orthogonal Fourier function as the excitation function neural network, the nonlinear optimization problem into a linear optimization problem, which greatly improve the convergence speed, avoid falling into local minimum.
Using adaptive differential evolution algorithm to train the neural network, relying on a system to avoid the initial value problem of a priori knowledge is difficult to choose; while the improved differential evolution algorithm in the initial stages of a strong global search ability, as much as possible to find the global optimum, but at a later stage there is a strong local search ability to improve convergence rate and solution accuracy; therefore the algorithm has strong global search ability, can effectively prevent premature convergence, and algorithms good stability.
How Does a Digital Compass Work?
An electronic compass such as the Wayfinder uses a patented magnetic sensor technology that was first developed by PNI, Inc. for the U.S. military. This technology is called " magneto-inductive" and is the largest advancement in compass technology since the fulxgate was invented 60 years ago. The magneto-inductive technology is able to electronically sense the difference in the earth's magnetic field from a disturbance caused by external elements such as ferro-magnetic materials and the magnetic field generated by automobile electrical systems. WayFinder digital compass has an embedded micro controller that subtracts the automobile magnetic field (the distortion) from the stronger earth magnetic fields resulting in a highly accurate compass reading.
Compass Installation
The performance of a compass will greatly depend on its installation location. A compass relies on the earth’s magnetic field to provide heading. Any distortions of earth magnetic field by other sources such as a car massive iron components should be compensated for in order to determine an accurate heading. Sources of magnetic fields in any automobile include permanent magnets mostly in its audio speakers, motors, electric currents flowing in its wiring—either dc or ac, and ferro-magnetic metals such as steel or iron. The influence of these sources of interference on an electronic compass accuracy can be greatly reduced by placing the compass far away from them. Some of the field effects can be compensated by way of calibrating the compass for a defined
location in terms of magnetic interference. However, it is not always possible to compensate for time varying magnetic fields; for example, disturbances generated by the motion of magnetic metals, or unpredictable electrical current in a nearby power lines. Magnetic shielding can be used for large field disturbances from motors or audio speakers. The best way to reduce disturbances is distance. Also, never enclose the compass in a magnetically shielded metallic housing. Compass Tilt Errors
Heading errors due to a tilt depend somewhat on geographic location. At the equator, tilt errors are less critical since the earth's field is strictly in the horizontal plane. This provides larger X and Y readings and little of the Z component correction near the magnetic poles, tilt errors are extremely important—since there is less X,Y field and more of the Z component. Tilt errors are also dependent on the heading.
Magnetic Field Distortions
Nearby Ferrous materials is another consideration for heading inaccuracy. Since heading is based on the direction of the earth's horizontal field a digital compass must be able to measure this field with lesser influence from other nearby magnetic sources or disturbances.
The amount of disturbance depends on the material content of the platform and connectors as well as ferrous objects moving nearby. When a ferrous object is placed in a uniform magnetic field it will exert an influence. This object could be a steel bolt or bracket near the compass or an iron door latch close to the compass. The net result is a characteristic distortion, or anomaly to the earth’s magnetic field that is unique to the shape of the object.
Magnetic distortions can be categorized as two types—hard iron and soft iron effects. Hard iron distortions arise from permanent magnets and magnetized iron or steel on the compass platform. These distortions will remain constant and in a fixed location relative to the compass for all heading orientations. Hard iron effects add a constant magnitude field component along each axes of the sensor output.
To compensate for hard iron distortion is usually done by rotating the compass and platform (your car) in a circle and measure enough points on the circle to determine this offset. Once found, the (X,Y) offset can be stored in memory and subtracted from every reading. The net result will be to eliminate the hard iron disturbance from the heading calculation.
The soft iron distortion arises from the interaction of the earth’s magnetic field and any
magnetically soft material surrounding the compass. Like the hard iron materials, the soft metals also distort the earth’s magnetic fiel d lines. The difference is the amount of distortion from the soft iron depends on the compass orientation.
What Is True North?
It is well known that the earth's magnetic poles and its axis of rotation are not at the same geographical location. They are about 11.5°rotation from each other. This creates a difference between the true north, or grid north, and the magnetic north, or direction a magnetic compass will point. Simply it is the angular difference between the magnetic and true north expressed as an Easterly or Westerly variation. This difference is defined as the variation angle and is dependent on the compass short duration, making a magnetic compass a useful navigation tool.
Compass Calibration
Each calibration method is associated with a specified physical movement of the compass platform in order to sample the magnetic space surrounding the compass. The Hard and Soft iron distortions will vary from location to location within the same platform. The compass has to be mounted permanently to its platform to get a valid calibration.
A particular calibration is only valid for that location of the compass. If the compass is re-oriented in the same location, then a new calibration is required. It is possible to use a compass without any calibration if the need is only for repeatability and not accuracy.
题目：校准电子罗盘的方法
电子罗盘是一种通过测量地球磁场来实现定向导航功能的装置，它是一种重要的导航工具，能实时提供物体的航向和姿态数据，且具有体积小、成本低、响应速度快、无累积误差等特点，被广泛应用于移动机器人、车辆、飞行器等的定向子系统中；然而，由于电子罗盘是根据地磁原理计算磁方向角，其工作环境中除地球磁场的其他外界磁场不可避免的会对电子罗盘的输出造成影响，从而产生误差影响测量精度。因此，如何降低外界干扰对其输出的精度的影响是工程应用中心必须解决的问题。
现有的文献已经提出了几种可行的罗盘误差补偿方法。袁智荣的论文《三轴磁航向传感器的圈子太误差补偿》提出将罗盘误差分为正交误差、零位于灵敏度误差分别进行补偿，该方法补偿精度较高，但是在补偿过程中需要无磁转台，而且需要计算及自动测出罗盘旋转一周时X和Y周传感器输出的最大、最小值，其标定过程较复杂，且对设备要求较高；李希
胜、王家鑫的论文《高精度电子罗盘的研制》以及邵婷婷、马建仓的论文《电子罗盘的倾斜角及罗差补偿算法研究》采用最小二乘法对电子罗盘进行补偿，该方法需要对罗盘在0 ° ~ 360 °旋转式平均采样，操作较繁琐，而且采样的数据量的大小不同会对拟合结果长生较大的影响，数据量太小，补偿效果不好，数量太大，会造成性能恶化的拟合；杨新勇、黄圣国的论文《磁航向测量系统误差修正方法研究》以及Qi Zhang、Liang-shui Lei、Jiang Fan、Song Liu的论文《Autocalibration of a magnetic compasswithout heading reference》提出一种基于椭圆假设误差模型的补偿方法，由于椭圆假设模型仅是根据实验经验提出，缺乏理论论证，补偿效果并不是很理想；晁敏、将东方、文彩虹的论文《磁罗盘误差分析与校准》采用分析法建立磁方向测量系统较为精确地模型，并对电子罗盘在水平条件下进行补偿，单补偿过程中要补偿的参数较多（达到9个）而且其结果显示其补偿效果类似椭圆假设模型；郝振海、黄圣国的论文《基于差分磁罗盘的组合航向系统》提出一种“茶粉磁罗盘”（DMC,Differential Magnetic Compasses）的设计方案，该方案利用两个完全相同的磁罗盘的组合来判断系统是否发生低频干扰，若系统没有发生低频干扰，则采用磁罗盘导航方式，若系统发生低频干扰则将系统切换到陀螺仪的导航方式。该方案并未实质性的提高磁罗盘的测量精度，且该导航方案有陀螺仪和多个磁罗盘构成，会导致成本大大增加；王璐、赵忠等的论文《磁罗盘误差分析及补偿》采用ＢＰ神经网络建立误差模型，并利用ＬＭ学习算法训练网络，该方法无须在0 ° ~ 360 °内平均采样，具有神经网络能以任意精度逼近函数的特点，正确设置初始值需要非常小心且易陷入局部最小。
综上所述，目前电子罗盘的标定方法有最小二乘法、椭圆假设法、ＢＰ神经网络法等，这些方法或存在标定步骤较繁琐、对标定所需的一起要求较高或标定精度不够等问题。
为了简化标定步骤、降低对所需仪器的要求以及提高标定精度，本发明涉及了一种电子罗盘的标定方法，该标定方法基于自适应差分进化法和傅里叶神经网络（Adaptibe Differential Ebolution and Fourier Neural Network,ADE-FNN）,通过傅里叶神经网络对电子罗盘误差建模，该神经网络采用正交傅里叶技术作为网络激发函数，并采用自适应差分进化算法训练网络的权值，得到较为精确的误差模型来补偿罗盘的测量值，从而达到改善罗盘精度的目的。
基于自适应差分进化法和傅里叶神经网络的电子罗盘的标定方法，包括获取蓄念样本、采用傅里叶圣经网络（FNN）简历误差补偿模型以及采用自适应差分进化算法（ADE）训练神经网络权值三大部分，实现的具体步骤如下：
步骤一、获取训练样本；
步骤二、确定神经网络结构；
步骤三、简历电子罗盘误差模型并选择训练指标；
步骤四、根据训练样本采用改进的自适应差分进化算法训练神经网络；
步骤五、将优化后得到的神经网络权值带入神经网络，得到较为精确的补偿模型；
步骤六、将电子罗盘输出的测量值输入神经网络进行补偿，输出补偿后的值。
本发明综合考虑了影响电子罗盘测量精度的因素，提出了基于自适应查分进化法和傅里叶神经网络的标定方法几种对其进行补偿，一方面简化标定的过程，即只需在转台上旋转（无须匀速旋转）电子罗盘一周获取训练样本和对应的真实值；另一方面具有更好的效果，及更精确的抵消外界干扰，提高的量精度。
该补偿方法具有神经网络结构简单、易于实现，同时能以任意净度逼近非线性函数，具有较好泛化能力的优点。
采用正交的傅里叶函数作为神经网络的激发函数，将非线性优化问题转化为线性优化问题，极大地提高收敛速度，避免陷入局部最小。
采用自适应差分进化算法训练神经网络权值，避免了初始值依赖系统先验知识难以选择的问题；同时改进后的差分进化算法在初始阶段有较强的全局搜索能力，能尽可能多地发现可能的全局最优点，而且在后续阶段有较强的局部搜索能力，提高算法收敛速度和求解精度；因此该算法有较强的全局搜索能力，能有效避免过早收敛，而且算法的稳定性好。
如何让一个数字罗盘工作？
电子罗盘作为寻路者使用磁传感器专利技术，第一个提出开发的资料库的公司为美国军方。这项技术被称为“磁感应”，是在罗盘技术自60年前发明磁通门以来，是世界上最大的进步。在磁感应技术对于电子意义不同的地球磁场扰动所造成的外部因素，如铁磁性材料的磁场产生的汽车电气系统。寻路者数字指南针有一个嵌入式微控制器，补偿汽车磁场（扭曲）从地球磁场较强的领域产生一个高度精确的罗盘读数。
罗盘的安装
一个指南针的性能，将在很大程度上取决于其安装位置。指南针依赖于地球磁场提供坐标。任何扭曲的地球磁场的其他来源，如汽车大量铁成分应补偿，以便确定一个准确的坐标。磁源域在任何汽车包括永久磁铁像绝大多数的音响喇叭，电机，电流流动的直流或交流电机，和铁磁性金属，如钢或铁。这些影响干扰源使电子罗盘精度大大降低，指南针放置应远离他们。
有一些领域的影响可以用得到补偿的方式校准指南针确定的位置以避免磁场干扰。然而，它并非总是可能弥补对于随时间变化的领域；例如，干扰所产生的运动的磁性金属，或不可预知的电流在附近的电力线。磁屏蔽可用于大视场的干扰电机或音响喇叭。最好的办法
是减少干扰距离。此外，需要附上指南针在磁屏蔽金属壳体。
罗盘倾斜误差
坐标错误由于倾斜很大程度上取决于地理位置。在赤道附近，倾斜误差不那么重要，因为地球的磁场是严格的水平面。这提供了较准的X、Y读数和小的部分修正磁极附近，倾斜误差非常重要—因为有较少的X、Y场合Z分量。倾斜误差也依赖于坐标。
磁场扭曲
附近的有色金属材料是另一个需要考虑的使坐标产生误差的原因。由于坐标是基于对地球的水平场方向的数字罗盘必须是能够衡量这一领域，从其他附近的磁场源或干扰的影响较小。
干扰的量取决于材料内容的平台和连接器以及黑色的物体附近。当一个黑色对象放置在一个统一的磁场扰动它将会产生影响。这个对象可以是钢螺栓或支架指南针或铁附近门锁接近指南针。最终的结果就是一个典型的失真,或异常与地球的磁场是独特的形状的物体。
磁扭曲可以被分类为硬铁和软铁的影响。硬铁扭曲源于永久磁铁和磁化的铁或钢指南针的平台。这些扭曲将保持不变,并在一个固定的位置相对于所有标题的罗盘方位。硬铁效果添加一个常数级字段组件沿着每个轴式传感器的输出。以补偿硬铁扭曲通常是由旋转指南针和平台在一圈和测量的圈上足够的分数来确定这个偏移。一旦发现,(X,Y)抵消可以存储在内存和减去每阅读。最终的结果将是消除硬铁扰动从标题的计算。
软铁扭曲源于交互的地球磁场和任何磁性软材料周围的指南针。像硬铁材料、软金属也扭曲了地球的磁力线。不同的是,数量的失真从软铁取决于指南针方向。
什么是真正的北方？
众所周知,地球的磁极和其转动轴不在同一个地理位置。他们之间的夹角大约为11.5°。这将创建一个区别真正的北方,或网格北,磁北方向或者磁性罗盘会点。只是它是角区别真北磁性和表达为向东或西风带的变化。这种差异的定义为变化角和依赖指南针持续时间短,使磁性罗盘一个有用的导航工具。
指南针校准
每种标定方法相关联的一个指定物理运动指南针的平台以样本周围空间磁场罗盘。软硬铁扭曲将从不同的位置,位置在相同的平台。指南针是永久地安装它的平台,得到一个有效的校准。
一个特定的校准只适用于该位置的指南针。如果指南针是重新定位在同一位置，则需要重新校准。如果需要仅是为了重复性和不准确性也可以使用一个没有任何校准的指南针。
【经济类文献翻译】电子商务
电子商务 电子商务（Electronic Commerce）是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的商业运营模式 Internet上的电子商务可以分为三个方面：信息服务、交易和支付。主要内容包括：电子商情广告；电子选购和交易、电子交易凭证的交换；电子支付与结算以及售后的网上服务等。主要交易类型有企业与个人的交易(BtoC方式)和企业之间的交易(BtoB方式)两种。参与电子商务的实体有四类：顾客(个人消费者或企业集团)、商户(包括销售商、制造商、储运商)、银行(包括发卡行、收单行)及认证中心。 电子商务是Internet爆炸式发展的直接产物，是网络技术应用的全新发展方向。Internet本身所具有的开放性、全球性、低成本、高效率的特点，也成为电子商务的内在特征，并使得电子商务大大超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值，它不仅会改变企业本身的生产、经营、管理活动，而且将影响到整个社会的经济运行与结构。 1．电子商务将传统的商务流程电子化、数字化，一方面以电子流代替了实物流，可以大量减少人力、物力，降低了成本；另一方面突破了时间和空间的限制，使得交易活动可以在任何时间、任何地点进行，从而大大提高了效率。 2．电子商务所具有的开放性和全球性的特点，为企业创造了更多的贸易机会。 3．电子商务使企业可以以相近的成本进入全球电子化市场，使得中小企业有可能拥有和大企业一样的信息资源，提高了中小企业的竞争能力。 4．电子商务重新定义了传统的流通模式，减少了中间环节，使得生产者和消费者的直接交易成为可能，从而在一定程度上改变了整个社会经济运行的方式。 5．电子商务一方面破除了时空的壁垒，另一方面又提供了丰富的信息资源，
电子商务的发展【外文翻译】
外文翻译 原文 The development of e-commerce Material Source:The Economist, 2003 Author:Laudon, K.C When the technology bubble burst in 2000, the crazy valuations for online companies vanished with it, and many businesses folded. The survivors plugged on as best they could, encouraged by the growing number of internet users. Now valuations are rising again and some of the dot-cons are making real profits, but the business world has become much more cautious about the internet’s potential. The funny thing is that the wild predictions made at the height of the boom—namely, that vast chunks of the world economy would move into cyberspace—are, in one way or another, coming true. The raw numbers tell only part of the story. According to America’s Departme nt of Commerce, online retail sales in the world’s biggest market last year rose by 26%, to $55 billion. That sounds a lot of money, but it amounts to only 1.6% of total retail sales. The vast majority of people still buy most things in the good old “brick s-and-mortar” world. But the commerce department’s figures deal with only part of the retail industry. For instance, they exclude online travel services, one of the most successful and fastest-growing sectors of e-commerce. InterActiveCorp (IAC), the owner of https://www.360docs.net/doc/da8003612.html, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/da8003612.html,, alone sold $10 billion-worth of travel last year—and it has plenty of competition, not least from airlines, hotels and car-rental companies, all of which increasingly sell online. Nor do the figures take in things like financial services, ticket-sales agencies, pornography (a $2 billion business in America last year, according to Adult Video News, a trade magazine), online dating and a host of other activities, from tracing ancestors to gambling (worth perhaps $6 billion worldwide). They also leave out purchases in grey markets, such as the online pharmacies that are thought to be responsible for a good proportion of the $700m that Americans spent last year on buying cut-price prescription drugs from across the border in Canada. And there is more. The commerce department’s figures include the fees earned
电子商务英文文献
2.2 移动电子商务的服务质量 移动电子商务的文献资料显示，几乎没什么直接衡量移动电子商务服务质量的文章。很多对电子服务的研究通过研究消费者行为来调查移动电子商务的服务质量。比如，Turel and Serenko(2006) 修改了美国顾客满意度模型来研究加拿大的顾客满意度。在他们的模型中，感知质量，即感知服务质量，被定义为对服务经验的市场评估。通过该服务的个性化和可靠性来衡量。早期研究中有六个服务质量衡量方法，包括电话服务质量，定价结构，移动设备，增值服务，手续简便以及客户的支持度。通过对因素的探索性分析，他们派出了移动设备、手续简便以及客户支持度等因素，因为这些因素的因素负荷很低。因此，他们采用剩下的三个因素衡量服务质量。类似的还有，Lim也认为顾客对移动电子商务的感知质量有5个方面，包括定价规划，网络服务质量，数据服务，广告系统和顾客服务，这些都是Lim通过探索性分析确定的。 也有人认为服务质量与各种各样的移动电子商务的应用程序有关。Chae et al 在调查移动电子商务信息质量的时候，他延伸了先前一个信息质量的框架，将移动电子商务（比如移动设备和背景）的特点结合了起来。他们从四个方面来测量移动电子商务信息质量。
1）连接质量，其受稳定性和反应性的影响；2）内容质量，其受客观性，可信性和数量的影响；3）互动质量和情境质量，其受结构，导航，介绍，时间性以及准时性的影响。另外，他们认为顾客的预期目标缓和了四个信息质量的衡量标准和用户满意度之间的关系。在另一份研究中，Kar et al认为移动电子商务所在的环境具有不稳定性，并采取了电子商务的质量衡量方法。他们的测量方法包括可靠性，反应性，用户界面，信任以及定制化。还有一份关于移动电子服务质量的感知的研究，Yun et al检验了八项移动数据服务，包括短信服务，来电铃声，振铃声，背景图像服务，游戏，多媒体信息服务，基于语境的服务，电视点播，以及关键的质量属性（包括声音质量，游戏时间和图像质量）。 总而言之，研究学者都是从不同的角度来研究移动电子商务，所以对其衡量方法也各持己见。现在，在中国电信市场中，移动电信的竞争日益激烈。为了能在这高度竞争的市场中占有一席之地，服务提供者需要准确评估顾客对移动电子服务的感知质量。前面有提过，我们知道SERVQUAL和SERVPERF在衡量服务质量时都有不足之处，这两项都没有反映出移动电子商务市场的特点。在本论文中，我们提出了一个
电子商务企业文化中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文 电子商务时代企业文化的再造 随着网络时代电子商务大规模发展，电子商务企业文化随之产生，它在一个企业在产生的一种新的价值观，使企业内部资源得到从新整合，在为企业带来降低交易成本，提高效率，缩短生产周期等诸多好处的同时，也对已有的企业文化发起了挑战。电子商务的兴起是一场由技术手段飞速发展而引发的商业运作模式的变革，传统经济活动的生存基础、运作方式和管理机制均发生了彻底改变，传统的企业文化也面临着巨大的冲击。 一、企业文化对企业价值的贡献 文化现象是一个国家和民族文明的主要见证。广义的文化，包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、习俗和任何人作为一名社会成员而获得的能力和习惯在内的复杂整体。作为“亚文化”的企业文化，对企业的生存与发展亦起着举足轻重的作用。企业文化是商品经济和市场经济的产物，符合市场经济的客观规律，体现企业的竞争实务、竞争精神和整体形象。所谓企业文化就是企业的经营管理哲学，企业面对所处的社会和商业环境，在长期的生产经营活动中，形成全体员工所接受和认同信守的、为争取事业成功的一套非正式规则。它表明企业奉行何种管理哲学，以及企业通过管理要达到一个什么样的目标。是经济管理的重要内容之一。企业文化意味着一个公司的价值观，而这些价值观成为公司员工活动和行为的规范。 企业文化的本源问题是如何增加企业利润，降低企业的成本和费用。它的要义就是怎么使企业能够有效的整合资源，以达到对外部的适应性，使公司在竞争中生存，进而实现持续发展。企业文化建设为企业开展文化管理指出一个明确的方向。企业文化建设的根本目的是建设能够对外竞争环境具有高度适应性，并能根据环境变换做出迅速反应的行为方式能力，这种能力其实就是企业所拥有的根据外部竞争的环境需要而对内部资源进行整合运用的能力。企业文化建设应促进这一能力系统的形成，并维持好这一能力系统。中国的许多企业例如海尔、联想等企业成功的秘诀之一就是发展了一整套公司理念、经营哲学，形成了自己独特的企业文化。 1、企业文化体现企业的形象和精神。树立良好的企业形象，需要企业文化的支撑。现
电子信息工程文献专业英语中英互译
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a ," , , , . a ( , , , ). . . , , a . $50 . Birmingham, England, 2000. 1995, Delphi, 7596 . 37 10 , . a . , a a , a , a , a a a . a a , a . , , . , , , . a , , , . , , a . : . . 电子动力转向系统 电子动力转向系统是什么? 电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。电子动力转向的功能由于不依赖于发动机转速，所以能节省能源电子动力转向系统是怎么运行？： 传统的动力方向盘系统使用一条引擎辅助传送带驾驶气泵，提供操作在动力方向盘齿轮或作动器的一个活塞协助驱动的被加压的流体。在电动液压的控制，一个电子动力方向盘包括一台电动机控制的一个高效率泵浦。由一个电控制器调控泵浦压力和流速来控制泵浦的速度，为不同的驾驶路况的提供转向。泵浦可以在汽车行驶低速时关闭以提供节能（在当代的世界市场上)。 电动控制转向使用电动机通过齿轮齿条机构直接连接以达到转向控制（无泵或液体）。多个电机驱动器和多驱动控制的实现是可能的。一个微处理器控制转向动态和驱动的工作。输入因子包括车速，转向，车轮扭矩，角度位置和转率。
跨境电商外文文献综述
跨境电商外文文献综述 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型 摘要 通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。 关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链
1.简介 电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口 在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。 2.背景 在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。 2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗 如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤，它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路，铁路，海上和空中的方式来完成。因此，这个国家的中部和战略作用，使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天，在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成，由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天，伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的，商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。这里提到的一些系统，由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及：进口订单管理系统。贸易统计制度。伊朗法典伊朗。这些电子系统的主要使用，以促进在伊朗贸易过程。这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。在亚洲的区域性单
中英文文献以及翻译(化工类)
Foreign material： Chemical Industry 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins. The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which
跨境电商外文翻译参考文献
跨境电商外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
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