社科院考博英语真题99

1999年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷

PART Ⅰ:VOCABULARY [15%]

1. With her last child having left home, she felt a need to fill her time.

a. tense

b. thorough

c. pressing

d. small

2. It is generally thought that as teachers work with students, psychology course work is to teacher-training.

a. indispensable

b. inviolate

c. indisposed

d. invariable

3. The announcement of the death of their leader caused thereafter a feeling of great despair to

their lives.

a. overflow

b. scatter

c. permeate

d. manipulate

4. Fear of pirate led the French to fortify their coastline.

a. excursions

b. incursions

c. transmigrations

d. transmogrifications

5. During the oil crisis of the 1970s, many states speed limits to reduce gasoline use.

a. implanted

b. imposed

c. impaired

d. impressed

6. Over-taxation, many argue, impedes initiative, so that government income may actually .

a. mushroom

b. capsize

c. shrink

d. dispel

7. The assassin hid himself carefully from view before his future victim.

a. drawing from

b. drawing up

c. drawing with

d. drawing on

8. He never exerts himself to aid those trying to a difficult situation.

a. rectify

b. modify

c. solidify

d. verify

9. His alibi was fishy, yet to close scrutiny.

a. stood still

b. withstood

c. stood up

d. stood off

10. Practitioners of law and medicine are esteemed in many countries which seems to indicate that

depends on profession or title.

a. prestige

b. superiority

c. privilege

d. merit

11. After the demonstration the protestors quietly.

a. dismissed

b. diffused

c. dispatched

d. dispersed

12. Mutual trade implies advantages.

a. allied

b. cooperative

c. periodical

d. reciprocal

13. A virtual anchorite, he to his self-sufficiency.

a. adheres

b. confirms

c. conforms

d. admonishes

14. It is scarcely an exaggeration to say that during the Cold War period the threat by

nuclear arms seemed an ever-present danger.

a. imposed

b. convoked

c. posed

d. provoked

15. Scientific integrity is as much a matter of self-interest as it is of .

a. self-esteem

b. self-deceiving

c. selfishness

d. self-improvement

DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: ON YOU’ ANSWER SHEET, CIRCLE THE LETTER THAT IS THE CLOSEST SYNONYM TO THE UNDERLINED WORO.

16. The majority of the observers at the conference, in contradistinction to the delegates, were opposed to ratification .

a. adjournment

b. distribution

c. tabling

d. approval

17. Although it was none of my business I asked he if the one she was lamenting for was in any

way

kin.

a. speaking for

b. running risks for

c. pleading for

d. mourning for

18. I could never spend the tome that he does pouring over sports magazines, compiling intricate lists, and calculating averages.

a. delicate

b. incomprehensible

c. meaningless

d. complicated

19. In England, Latin appears never to have superseded the old Gaelic speech among the people.

a. joined

b. replaced

c. influenced

d. given way to

20. Landslides triggered by heavy rainfall impeded our best attempts at rescuing the victims.

a. encouraged

b. hindered

c. nullified

d. crowned

21. Death ensued as a result of suffocation.

a. heart failure

b. an accident

c. disease

d. asphyxiation

22. We must safeguard against coerced confessions.

a. bribed

b. emotional

c. unprofitable

d. forced

23. My attention was engaged by the article’s caption .

a. graph

b. author

c. contents

d. title

24. The report was unusual in that it insinuated corruption on the part of the minister.

a. denied

b. suggested

c. proposed

d. stated

25. When a newspaper prints an inaccurate date for an event, universal chagrin results.

a. discomfiture

b. amusement

c. reprisal

d. loss of profit

26. In various parts of the world, the devoted and devout participate enthusiastically in public processions during the major events of the liturgical year.

a. pious

b. serious

c. diseased

d. misled

27. Absent impartiality on the part of the psychotherapist, a patient’s conflicts may be exacerbated.

a. indifference

b. objectivity

c. voiced concern

d. engagement

28. They awoke to find the maid had left the remnants of dinner on the table.

a. list of items for a

b. invitations to a

c. leftovers of

d. preparations for a

29. The upshot of all this was that travelling had become precarious.

a. glorious

b. fun

c. expensive

d. dangerous

30. Some would consider that an infringement of good manners whereas others would not.

a. an example

b. a violation.

c. a problem

d. an indication

PART Ⅱ: GRAMMAR [15%]

DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION A: On YOUR ANSWER SHEET, CIRCLE THE LETTER THAT BEST COMPLETES THE SENTENCE.

1. sugar salt is oil water.

a. Not as…as

b. No more than…is

c. No more than…is

d. Not more than…as

2. His mother frequently denies him permission to do things, and that is .

a. ever

b. this

c. that

d. over

3. The staff in pediatrics rushed whereas the geriatric ward is not busy at all.

a. is nearly always

b. nearly is always

c. always is nearly

d. is always nearly

4. Anais Nin’s diaries are often scandalous, probably because she describes herself as she is rathe r than

.

a. other’s define her

b. as others define her

c. her definition by others

d. she is defined by others

5. , the mayor conceded defeat in his bid for re-election.

a. Having racked up a lead of some 150,000 votes

b. Having been racked up a lead of some 150,000 votes

c. His opponent having racked up a lead of some 150,000 votes

d. His opponent racking up a lead of some 150,000 votes

6. Never has a scientific explanation emerged someone somewhere has objected to it.

a. that

b. which

c. whom

d. but

7. Your mentor and friend to support me in my financial undertaking.

a. have consented

b. has consented

c. have been consenting

d. are consented

8. Due in large part to the complexity of its structure—over two hundred bones together by ligaments—the human skeleton is a marvel of architectural construction.

a. binding

b. bound

c. bounded

d. bind

9. Inasmuch as a year does not elapse without a certain number of villagers falling victim to the ferocity of a tiger, its roar is heard by the natives feelings of terror.

a. not…with

b. not…without

c. seldom…with

d. always…without

10. I regret to say that your thesis requires more thinking than for the problem is exceedingly complex.

a. to be put in

b. has been put in

c. being put in

d. have been put in

11. I must finish this assignment tonight, .

a. it is ever so late

b. be it ever so late

c. it be ever so late

d. so late it be

12. Science majors, , require a good basic foundation in the science as a whole. a. whether they are future physicists and chemists

b. be they future physicists or chemists

c. they are future physicists or chemists

d. whether they should be future physicists and chemists

13. Those are very important papers and I’d just as soon here.

a. as you leave them

b. you leave them

c. you will leave them

d. that you will leave them

14. Anatomists generally maintain that the human heart is nearest .

a. to the size in our fist

b. in the size to our fist

c. in size to our fist

d. to the size to our fist

15. Foreigners are very fussy about their phone calls. They hate anyone eavesdropping. a. there b. there be

c. there to be

d. being

DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: IN THE SENTENCES BELOW, EITHER A, B, C OR D IS THE INCORRCT GRAMATTICAL FORM FOR THE SENTENCE. PICK THE INCORRECT FORM AS YOUR ANSWR, AND ON YOUR ANSWER SHEET, CIRCLE THE CORRESPONDING LETTER.

16. One of the A

intriguing more theories about the destruction of Ur is his contention that t he popula tion B destroy may their ziggurats and

C abandoned their metropolis in anger against the deities that permitted

D a long so famine. 17. In the bush, the ill A be it to took only logical B

if the one who could cure an illness C posses also should the ability of causing it, and D

that even at a distance. 18. Ores which A occurred are naturally B as elements, such as gold C

of are extreme rarity and D

ly occasional are of high value. 19. Unless A permitted so are they by the attending B physician , no visitors or relatives C

can enter the D

s patient' room. 20. A rigorous alertness A be must B adhered when C notetaking with the inessential ignored D

and the superfluous eliminated.

21. It is A largely through perspiration, B or the evaporation of water C

through the pores, that

humans D

them rid of excess moisture. 22. A Provided the computer is B given correct information to C start to , accuracy D

is another outstanding advantage.

23. And A early so every morning B theref ore , but not before the infant C bathed , D

betake she did herself to the outhouse. 24. He A

stood on tiptoe, B stretching as far as he could, C however still, he D reach not could the book. 25. A posesible as gentle As , and B

f rom help with an assistant, the veterinarian examined the hippo to determine C if

D she was pregnant. 26. In a recent survey, A that responsiveness was B

that most of all C dear to woman a made them was the opinion of three D

of out four men. 27. All personnel will be required to A undergo special sensitivity training programs B

prior to leaving C aboard f or in order to be prepared D

against culture shock. 28. Among the many changes were A those to the B

Yorker New book review, and very C ed shortsight they

D were . 29. The majority of students, A

pref erring eternal verities, rarely see that knowledge is subject B growth of and transformation, and that it C in shif ts meaning and status D

with time. 30. Because A

of the recent turmoil and until B f urther notice, any gathering of more than two people C is prohibited in the interest of preserving D

order and law the . PART Ⅲ: CLOZE [10%]

d. ours

PART Ⅳ: READING COMPREHENSION [30%]

1. The sources of anti-Christian feeling were many and complex on the more intangible side, there was a general pique against the unwanted intrusion of the Western countries; there was an understandable tendency to seek an external scapegoat for internal disorders only tangentially attributable to the West and perhaps most important, there was a virile tradition of ethnocentricism , vented long before against Indian Buddhism, which, since the seventeenth century, focused on Western Christianity. Accordingly, even before the missionary movement really got under way in the mid-nineteenth century, it was already at a disadvantage. After 1860, as missionary activity in the hinterland expanded, it quickly became apparent that in addition to the intangibles, numerous tangible grounds for Chinese hostility abounded.

In part, the very presence of the missionary evoked attack. They were, after all, the first

foreigners to leave the treaty ports and venture into the interior, and for long time they were virtually the only foreigners whose quotidian labors carried them to the farthest reaches of the Chinese empire. For many of the indigenous population, therefore, the missionary stood as a uniquely visible symbol against which opposition to foreign intrusion could be vented.

In part, too, the missionary was attacked because the manner in which he made his presence felt after 1860 seemed almost calculated to offend. By indignantly waging battle against the notion China to offend. By indignantly waging battle against the notion that china was the sole fountainhead of civilization and, more particularly, by his assault on many facets of Chinese culture per se, the missionary directly undermined the cultural hegemony of the gentry class. Also, In countless w ays, he posed a threat to the gentry’s traditional monopoly of social leadership. Missionaries, particularly Catholics, frequently assumed the garb of the Confucian literati. They were the only persons at the local level, aside from the gentry, who were permitted to communicate with the authorities as social equals. And they enjoyed an extraterritorial status in the interior that gave them greater immunity to Chinese law than had ever been possessed by the gentry.

Although it was the avowed policy of the Chinese government after 1860 that the new treaties were to be strictly adhered to, in practice implementation depended on the wholehearted accord of provincial authorities. There is abundant evidence that cooperation was dilatory. At the root of this lay the interactive nature of ruler and ruled.

In a severely understaffed bureaucracy that ruled as much by suasion as by might, the official, almost always a stranger in the locality of his service, depended on the active cooperation of the local gentry class. Energeticattempts to implement treaty provisions concerning missionary activities, in direct defiance of gentry sentiment, ran the risk of alienating this class and destroying future effectiveness.

1. In a vague way, anti-Christian feeling stemmed from

a. the mere presence of invaders.

b. a generalized unfocused feeling.

c. the introduction to the West.

d. none of the abov

e.

2. The author would agree that

a. many problems in China came from internal disorders due to Western influence.

b. many problems in China came from China itself and were unrelated to the West.

c. scapegoats perform a necessary function and there should be more of them.

d. all of the above are tru

e.

3. With which of the following statements would the author agree?

a. Ethnocentricism is a manly tradition.

b. The disdain toward Christianity was prefigured by a disdain toward Buddhism.

c. Although Christianity was not well received in China, Buddhism was.

d. The author would agree with [a] and [c].

4. Missionaries

a. often dressed the same way as Chinese scholars did.

b. were free of the legal constraints that bound the local indigenous populations.

c. had greater access to authority than Chinese peasants.

d. may be described by all of the abov

e.

5. By which of the following statements may the dichotomy between government policy and its implementation be described?

a. There’s many a slip twixt the cup and the lip.

b. You can lead a horse to water but you cannot make him drink.

c. All that glitters is not gol

d.

d. All of the above apply in various ways to the dichotomy.

6. Provincial authorities

a. cooperated fully with the central government’s policy.

b. were alive to local feelings.

c. were obliged to determine whether local sentiment tolerated implementation.

d. may be described by [b] and [c].

2. Proponents of creating large private sectors as quickly as possible in transition economies offer both political and economic arguments to support their view. They argue that if democracy is to become a viable political system in the countries undergoing transition, the state’s monopoly over the bases of political power must be broken so that the countervailing sources of political influence may emerge [Berger, 1991]. Otherwise, the nomenklatura, managers of state-owned firms and former bureaucrats, my sabotage or block economic reforms, as well as loot, dissipate or transfer to their own possession the assets of the firms they manage. By creating property owners, privatization can create nascent middle class that has a stake in the creation and maintenance of an effective system of property rights and the pursuit of economic policies that would enable the private sector to flourish.

The most compelling economic reason for privatizing stage-owned enterprises in the transition economies is that as units of production-- as distinct from providers of secure employment—they were a failure. Private ownership is thus seen as the means of unlocking gains in productivity by stimulating productive efficiency, offering greater motivation for both managers and workers, and creating incentives to enter new markets and exit declining ones. Privatization, it is argued, will unleash dynamic small businesses, act as a lure for foreign direct investment and speed the painful process of restructuring industry, And it would accomplish all this while returning property to its rightful historical owners and raising funds for the government

Despite this enticing list of promises, many countries of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union remain reluctant to privatize. Some of the opposition is ideological. Some comes from insiders at state-owned enterprises, both workers and managers, who fear the loss of income and power. More broadly, there are fears that privatization will reduce employment as private owners dismiss redundant workers and that the new private sector will be unlikely to provide the social benefits--like housing, health and nursery care, and recreation, sports and vacation facilities—that state-owned enterprises often provided. At the extreme, there are fears that if privatization exacerbates unemployment and causes declines in production, reformist governments will be swept away.

Practical difficulties have compounded this resistance to privatization,. The valuations of firms is difficult because capital markets barely exist, accounting statements can be almost meaning less, and profits and sales achieved in the communist era are a poor guide to future viability. Households in these countries do not have sufficient savings to purchase many of the largest firms, and, even if they did have the money, they view former state-owned enterprises as dubious investments. With a rudimentary banking system, loans for the purchase of state property are seen as both risky and inflationary. In this muddled situation, suspicions naturally arise that buyers are benefiting from low prices at the expense of the state.

7. The argument about democracy is

a. a political argument.

b. an economic argument.

c. an argument based upon demonstrable proof.

d. an argument favored by all economists.

8. The information contained between brackets refers to

a. something unknown.

b. an American Supreme Court Justice’s legal decision.

c. someone who does not in fact believe the arguments.

d. an author who deals with the topic being discussed.

9. Which of the following statements is true?

a. “Nomenklatura ”is underlined because its meaning cannot be determined by the text.

b. “Nomenklatura”is different from managers and bureaucrats.

c. “Nomenklatura”is a foreign term whose meaning in English is managers and bureaucrats.

d. The origin of the word “nomenklatura”is well-known.

10. The author would necessarily agree

a. with the political arguments.

b. that state-owned enterprises were successful in providing secure employment.

c. that state-owned enterprises were successful as units of production,.

d. that none of the above is tru

e.

11. In paragraph 3, the ultimate fear is that of

a. the enterprise managers.

b. the workers.

c. the average citizen.

d. the government itself.

12. The practical difficulties may be explained by

a. theoretical arguments.

b. the state of the economic systems.

c. fears of privatization.

d. all of the abov

e.

3. One traditional justification for greater judicial deference to agencies on legal questions in the U.S. administrative regime is the expertise argument. This justification comports with traditional understandings about the respective roles of the different branches of governmen t and agencies’ place in modern government. Agencies, in this view, are the technical experts that put into operation the policy judgments made by legislators. Indeed, technical expertise is the raison d’etre of agencies; by focusing on a particular regulatory field, or sector of the economy, agencies can do what Congress the time and other institutional resources to do .Chevron v. National Resources, which presented the question whether the statutory term “stationary source”referred to an entire pollution-emitting plant or, rather, to every single smokestack within such a plant, supplies an apt example of when an agency’s special technical expertise can aid statutory interpretation. According to the expertise argument, agencies are deemed to understand even the legal ramifications of the problems agencies are created to work on. Admittedly, the dichotomy between legal and factual questions may at times be difficult to maintain, but that observation argues as much in favor of as it does against Chevron deference.

Agency expertise, however, is not the only common justification. Sometimes the doctrine is justified also on democratic grounds. According to the argument from democracy, it is agencies, not courts, that are answerable to both the executive and the legislative representatives of the citizenry. Because judges are not elected, while presidents and legislators are, and because agencies but not judges are accountable to the President and to Congress, judicial deference to agency decisions enhances the political legitimacy of the administrative regime.

Finally, Chevron may be justified also in the name of administrative efficiency of coordination. Before Chevron, different federal courts in different jurisdictions could interpret the same statutory provision differently. Multiple interpretations by different federal courts would mean that the statute “said”different things in those different jurisdictions. Such confusions could be eliminated by appellate review, but agencies faced uncertainty pending review, and the

possibility of different interpretations across different appellate circuits remained. Because multiple agencies do not typically interpret the same statutory language, however, Chevron deference allows the agency charged with administering a statute to interpret that statute. One agency, rather than many federal courts, now resolves ambiguities in the statute that the agency in question is charged to administer. Such interpretive streamlining not only reduces uncertainty but also promotes regulatory coordination. Once an agency has settled on a reasonable interpretation, it can act on the basis of that interpretation nationally.

13. The expertise argument assumes that

a. an agency has experts but that Congress does not.

b. Congress is more interested in policy than in implementation.

c. modern agencies are more responsible than agencies were in the past.

d. all of the above are tru

e.

14. Chevron is underlined

a. because it is the name of a company.

b. because it is one party to a law case.

c. because it is the title of a book.

d. because it is the title of a scholarly articl

e.

15. A“stationary source”

a. refers to where one goes to buy writing paper.

b. may mean either a plant or a smokestack, but not both.

c. is in this instance a legal term whose meaning is being questione

d.

d. refers to something not covered by the abov

e.

16. We may assume that

a. different lower federal courts may have different opinions about a law.

b. the decision of a lower federal court is not necessarily the final decision.

c. both of the above are true.

d. none of the above are tru

e.

17. The difference between an appellate circuit court and a given agency is

a. that the latter is local whereas the former is national.

b. that a variety of appellate courts may review a given law in contradistinction to a given agency and its jurisdiction.

c. that albeit the former specializes in a given area, the latter has a range of expertise across many different areas.

d. that the first is state-based while the latter is nationally-based.

18. Throughout this passage, “Chevron deference”refers to

a. favoring Chevron.

b. favoring National Resources.

c. favoring the agency involve

d.

d. favoring one of the abov

e.

4. The main feature of a convention –a pattern of behavior that is customary, expected, and self-enforced – is that, out of a host of conceivable choices, only one is actually used. This fact also explains why conventions are needed: they resolve problems of indeterminacy in interactions that have multiple equilibria. Indeed, from a formal point of view, we may define a convention as an equilibrium that everyone expects in interactions that have more than one equilibrium.

The economic significance of conventions is that they reduce transaction costs. Imagine the inconvenience if, whenever two vehicles approached one another, the drivers had to get out and negotiate which side of the road to take. Or consider the cost of having to switch freight from one type of railroad to another whenever a journey involves both a wide-gauge and a narrow-gauge

railroad line. This was a common circumstance in the nineteenth century and not unknown in the later twentieth: until recently, Australia had different rail gauges in the states of South Wales and Victoria, forcing a mechanical switch for all trains bound between Sydney and Melbourne.

Convention s are also a notable feature of legal contracts. People rely on standard leases, wills, purchasing agreements, construction contracts and the like, because it is less costly to fill in the blanks of a standard contract than to create one from scratch. Even more important, such agreements are backed up by legal precedent, so the signatories have even greater confidence that their terms are enforceable.

We may discern two ways in which conventions become established. One is by central authority. Following the French Revolution, for example, it was decreed that horse-drawn carriages in Paris should keep to the right. The previous custom had been for carriages to keep left and for right. The previous custom had been for carriages to keep left and for pedestrians to keep right, facing the oncoming traffic. Changing the custom was symbolic of the new order: going on the left had become politically incorrect because it was identified with the privileged classes: going on the right was the habit of the common many and therefore more “democratic.”

In Britain, by contrast, there seems to have been no single defining event that gave rise to the dominant convention of left-handed driving. Rather, it grew up by local custom, spreading from one region to another. This is the second mechanism by which conventions become established: the gradual accretion of precedent. The two mechanisms are not mutually exclusive, of course. Society often converges on a convention first by an informal process of accretion: later it is codified into law to regulate exceptions. In many countries, rules of the road were not legislated until the nineteenth century, but by this time the law was merely reiterating what had already become established custom.

The surprising fact is that until the end of the eighteenth century, the dominant convention was for horse-drawn carriages to keep to the left. This situation obtained in Great Britain, France, Sweden, Portugal, Austria, Hungary, Bohemia and parts of Italy. A chain of historical accidents –Napoleon adopting the new convention for his armies and imposing this convention in occupied countries; Portugal sharing a common border with occupied Spain; Austria, Hungary and Bohemian Czechoslovakia falling under German rule; Italy having elected a “modern”leader under a king – gradually tipped the balance.

19. In the first sentence, the word “convention”is underlined

a. for personal reasons regarding style.

b. to stress the importance of the word.

c. because the author will define it.

d. for none of the above reasons.

20. A synonym for “equilibria”is

a. choices.

b. conventions.

c. problems.

d. interactions.

21. We may assume that the cost in time of passenger traffic in Australia as a whole

a. is great.

b. is greater than in other countries with uniform gauges.

c. is the same as the cost in other countries with multiple gauges.

d. was greater between South Wales and Victoria than within South Wales and Victoria.

22. Traffic customs in pre-revolutionary France were

a. undemocratic.

b. based on past traditions.

c. not cost effective.

d. none of the abov

e.

23. A convention is codified into law

a. because not all follow the convention.

b. to keep legislators busy.

c. to reduce transportation costs.

d. for all of the above reasons.

24. We may assume that

a. Italy’s king codified the new regulations.

b. Germany took the traffic customs from Austria, Hungary and Bohemian Czechoslovakia.

c. Napoleon conquered Portugal

d. Napoleon conquered Spain.

5. The study of literary influence among women writers has frequently adopted a model of sororal or matrilineal sharing in an oft en explicitly stated contrast to Harold Bloom’s well-established theory of the “anxiety of influence”besetting male writers. In Bloom’s powerfully influential vision, that anxiety is posed as a kind of Freudian agon of sons against fathers, a struggle of self-definition through resistance and mastery. Feminist critics have generally agreed with the Bloomian model as applied to male authors but have demurred with respect to women writers, whom we have tended to see in familial terms. The model of a separate women’s tradition in literature, its inner coherence maintained by resistance to male dominance, that was posited in the 1970s by Ellen Moers, Elaine Showalter, and Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar has been widely accepted. As Betsy Erkkila points out, these groundbreaking feminist critics may not have significantly challenged the Bloomian modal as applied to women writers and women precursors, but they did at any rate establish their resistance to the masculine literary establishment and the masculine model of rivalry. Their successors and elaborators have argued forcefully that a women’s tradition is constituted of a supportive community whose members welcome the all-too-rare voices of foremothers calling to them across the ages. Even the literary foremothers nearer at hand, according to this prevailing vision, have served as models for emulation rather than hegemonic powers to be challenged. Erkkila, for example, asks pointedly, “How useful is the Bloomian model when the poet attempts to define herself not in relation to her poetic fathers but in relation to her poetic mothers.”Her answer (later modified because of greater complexity) is not very. A metaphor of motherhood and daughterhood has, in the words of Linda R. Williams’s recent revisionist theory, “profoundly affected our reading of women’s literary history.”Citing Alice Walker’s argument about “nebulous forms of knowing”in ‘In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens, Luce Irigary’s concept of connectedness (“One doesn’t stir without the other”), and Helene Cixous’s version of the authentic woman writer’s writing in the “white ink”of her mother’s milk in “The Laugh of the Medusa,”Williams calls for an interpretation of literary connectedness not as a revision of the Freudian and Bloomian system-which Erkkila, by retaining the familial language, has in a sense retained—but as a way”“outside of an Oedipal dynamic”altogether.

The revisionist views of Williams and Erkkila are useful corrections of the prevailing mode of feminist theories that “romanticize, maternalize, essentialize, and eternalize women writers and the relationships among them.”Neither, however, asks if women writers may not sometimes exhibit, rather than either revise or escape, the Bloomian model of literary rivalry. It is a prospect, perhaps, that we would prefer not to entertain. But it is a prospect that, while clearly not typical, may be less atypical than feminist critics may have supposed in our at times too idealizing and essentializing theories.

An instance of such a female adoption (and adaptation) of the Bloomia n model of male writers’ anxiety is Katherine Anne Porter’s anxious and artfully’ duplicitou s essay on a literary elder sister,

“Reflections on Willa Cather.”Operating in the loosely narrative fashion that characterized not only Porter’s nonfiction but her very mode of thought, the essay purports to pay retrospective tribute to one of the preeminent women writers of the early and mid-twentieth century, but in fact asserts Porter’s own stature in the world of letters. In th e story of her essay, the protagonist is not Cather, as one would expect from the title, but Porter herself. The essay is cast in a pervasive first-person mode in which the observing or commenting “I”becomes the active principle and its putative topic a passive reflector, a mirror reflecting Katherine Anne Porter.

25. The best title for this passage is

a. Freud and Bloom: Father and Son.

b. Erkkila and Williams: Mother and Daughter

c. Fathers and Sons: The Limits of Literary Theory

d. Mothers and Daughters: The Limits of Literary Theory

26. Feminist critics would agree

a. that “anxiety of influence”applies to Freudian writers.

b. that “anxiety of influence”applies to female writers.

c. that “anxiety of influence”applies to male writers but not to female writers.

d. to none of the abov

e.

27. The words “we”and “our”in this passage

a. are intended to include the reader in the statements.

b. indicate that the author is a woman.

c. are a literary form used instead of “I.”

d. refer to something other than the abov

e.

28. Ellen Moers, Elaine Showalter, Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Betsy Erkkila, Linda R. Williams, Alice Walker, Luce Irigary, and Helene Cixous are

a. in agreement about women writers.

b. challengers of the Bloomian mode as it applies to male writers.

c. female critics.

d. all of the abov

e.

29. The heart of the disagreement over literary influence as discussed in this passage lies in

a. the question of whether male writers are different from female writers.

b. the belief that women are supportive whereas men are combative.

c. the assertion that women are family-oriented whereas men are not.

d. all of the abov

e.

30. With regard to the statement about romanticizing, maternalizing, essentializing, and eternalizing women writes and the relationships among them, the author’s attitude would be to

a. agree.

b. disagree.

c. be neutral

d. be indifferent.

PART Ⅴ: TRANSLATION [30%]

DIRECTAONS FOR SECTION A: WRITE YOUR STUDENT ID NUMBER ON THE COMPOSTION BOOK YOU HAVE BEEN GIVEN, AND IN IT TRANSLATE INTO GOOD CHINESE ONLY THOSE SENTENCES BELOW THAT ARE NUMBERED AND UNDERLINED.

[1] Major breakthroughs were made in the reform aimed at establishing a socialist market economy;

a framework for the new macro-control system was erected preliminarily and the fundamental role of the market in the allocation of resources was notably bolstered. During the past five years, in accordance with the reform objectives defined by the 14th National Congress of the CPC, the

government took strides in promoting reform of the finance, taxation, banking, foreign exchange, planning, pricing and investment and fund-raising systems. New financial and taxation systems have been established and are functioning smoothly. The financial resources of both the central government and local governments have increased considerably. [2] Non-commercial banking has been preliminarily separated from commercial banking, and the central bank is playing an increasingly important role in financial control, supervision and management. [3] A single exchange rate for the RMB was successfully introduced; the exchange rate of the RMB remained stable; and the RMB was made convertible under current accounts. As planning regulations which were carried out mainly in the form of guidance plans constantly improved, and as the control over prices further relaxed, prices of an overwhelming majority of consumer goods and means of production are now being set by the market. As a result, the market is playing an increasingly evident role in augmenting supply, regulating demand and enriching people’s lives. [4] In the reform of investment and fund-raising, we introduced a system whereby a legal person is held responsible for projects, a capital system and public bidding system. Safeguards against investment risks were gradually strengthened and enterprises had more channels through which to raise funds. The reform of state-owned enterprises has been intensified and is progressing steadily through conscientious experimentation. [5]The direction objectives, guiding policies and priorities of the reform have been defined. We have explored many means and have accumulated valuable experience in tackling difficult points.

DIRECTIONS FOR SECTION B: IN THE COMPOSITION BOOK YOU HAVE BEEN GIVEN TRANSLATE INTO GOOD ENGLISH THE SENTENCES BELOW.

1.成功的谎言是加倍的谎言，必须纠正谬误是比真理更重的负担，只有不屈的“诚实”才能达到体面的岩基。

2.特别是，科学技术把人从长期束缚它们的桎梏中解决出来。但不幸的是，它们也增加并完善了损害人的个性和正直的工具，同时又限制了人的基本自由和个人权利。

3.当敬老养老蔚然成风时，各个年龄层的人都会有一种安全感，每个人都有一天会变老。如果人们确信老年时生活一定幸福安乐，就会全力以赴地投入工作。

4.当今我们所处的世界正在发生迅速变化。不仅政治体制在发生快速巨变，而且在我们星球上各族人民的生活方式，也在发生巨变。

5.发展危机，特别是反映在发展中国家外债问题中的危机，是全球性经济不平衡的令人震惊的表现。危机要求我们寻找创造性的解决办法。

题解

PART Ⅰ: VOCABULARY

SECTION A;

1. (C)

a. tense adj. 绷紧的；紧张的feeling, showing, or causing mental strain; anxious; tight

例：(1) The two countries began to discuss their tense relations.

两国开始讨论他们之间的紧张关系。

(2) With his body so tense, it seemed as though he were listening for something.

他身子紧绷着，象是在谛听什么。

b. thorough adj. 彻底的；透彻的

c. pressing adj. 紧迫的；迫切的calling for immediate attention; urgent

例：(1) The conference did not seem of pressing importance.

这次会议似无非开不可的迫切性。

(2) Other areas of the government policy were of more pressing concern to the Cabinet.

内阁对于政府政策的其他领域更为关切。

d. small adj. 小的；细小的

2. (A)

a. indispensable adj. 必不可少的；必需的

b. inviolate adj. 不受侵犯的，不受亵渎的

c. indisposed adj. 不愿的；厌恶的

d. invariable adj. 不变的；恒定的

3. (C)

a. overflow v. 从…中溢出；充满，洋溢to flow or spread beyond the limits; run over; to be superabundant; be more than full or complete; flood

例：(1) They overflowed onto the steps and pavement.

他们被挤到台阶和人行道上。

(2) The crowd overflowed the theatre into the street.

人群多得戏院容纳不下而被挤到街头。

(3) Every spring the river overflows.

每到春天河水就泛滥。

b. scatter v. 散布；分散

c. permeate v.渗透；弥漫；充满to pass into or through and affect every part of; penetrate and spread through

例：(1) A lovely smell permeated the room.

室内弥漫着宜人的香气。

(2) History permeates this ancient conference room.

这间古老的会议室里洋溢着历史气息。

d. manipulate v.操作；操纵；摆布

4. (B)

a. excursions n. 远足；游览

b. incursions n. 侵犯；袭击

c. transmigratons n. 移居；移民

d. transmogrifications n.完全改变性质；完全变形

5. (B)

a. implanted v. 灌输；输入

b. imposed v. 把…强加；施加影响征(税)；加(负担、惩罚)于(on, upon) to place or set (a burden, tax, fine, et

c. on or upon) as by authority; to force (oneself, one’s presence or will etc.) on another or others without right or invitation; obtrude

例：(1)impose onerous burdens on students 给学生压繁重的负担

(2) He imposed on me his own ideas about the novel.

他把自己对这本小说的看法强加于我。

c. impaired v. 损害；损伤；削弱

d. impressed v. 给人印象；引人注目；强迫…服役；强征(财产)

to have a marked effect on the mind or emotions of to implant firmly in the mind or fix in the memory; to force (a person) into public service, esp. into a navy

例：(1) Never write or speak merely to impress.

写文章或讲话都切不可存心哗众取宠。

(2) The neighbors were impressed into helping his family move.

邻居们被叫去帮他搬家。

6. (C)

a. mushroom v. 蘑菇似地迅速增长；雨后春笋般地发展

b. capsize v. (船等)倾覆；翻身

c. shrink v. 收缩；减少；退缩

d. dispel v. 驱散；消除

7. (D)

a. drawing from 从…中吸取；获得

b. drawing up 草拟；制定

c. drawing with 用…拖，拉

d. drawing on 引诱；临近；接近

8. (A)

a. rectify v. 纠正；整顿；调整to put or set right; correct; amend; to adjust, as in movement or

balance; adjust by calculation rectify the style of work 整顿工作作风rectify the mistakes in a bill改正一笔记错的账

b. modify v. 更改；修改；修饰to change or alter; esp., to change slightly; or partially in

character, form, etc. to limit or reduce slightly; modify a law (policy, programme ) 修改法律(政策，计划) Those aircraft were extensively modified and improved

那些飞机经过多方面改造和改进。

c. solidify v. 巩固；充实；团结

d. verify v. 证实；核实

9. (C)

a. stood still 站着一动不动；停滞不前

b. withstood 抵挡；顶得住；经受住to oppose, resist, or endure, esp. in a successful way

c. stood up to 经得起；顶得住to confront fearlessly; refuse to be cowed or intimidated by

stand up to the severe winters 顶得住严寒的冬天The dress will not stand up to the years as my velvet will.这件衣服不如我那件丝绒的经久耐穿。

d. stood off 疏远；避开

10. (A)

a. prestige n. 威信；声望；声誉

b. superiority n. 优越性；优势

c. privilege n. 特权；优惠

d. merit n. 长处；优点

11. (D)

a. Dismissed v. 解散，下课，开除，解职，(使)离开

b. diffused 散布，普及，扩散

c. dispatched 分派，派遣，n. 派遣，急件

d. dispersed 被驱散，被分散，散布

12. (D)

a. allied adj. 联合的，联盟的，与…同属一系

b. cooperative 合作的，协力的

c. periodical 周期的，定期的, n. 期刊，杂志

d. reciprocal 互惠的，相应的，倒数的，彼此相反的n.倒数互相起作用的事物

13. (A)

a. adheres vi. 粘附，胶着，坚持v. 坚持

b. confirms vt. 确实，批准，使巩固，使有效，v. 确认

c. conforms vt. 使一致，使遵守，使顺从，vi. 符合，相似，适应环境，一致的，顺从的