工程英语翻译考试试卷及参考答案

2013-2014学年第二学期期末工程英语翻译考试试卷

I. 试论工程英语中名词性结构的汉译（当前页不够，可利用背面，双面打印）

1、简述工程英语

工程英语是一种专业性较强，不受情绪、文化等主观因素影响的专业语言。是科技英语的重要组成部分，它除了具有科技英语的特点外，还具有自身的一些特点，掌握这些特点对于做好工程英语翻译工作有着重要的意义。工程英语翻译相对于其它文体的语言来说，具有其特定的一些翻译原则，因此，只有完全把握工程英语的特点，才能在工程英语翻译中取得忠实原文、表达准确、保持原文风格的效果。

2、工程英语的特点

随着改革开放的不断深入,中国与国外在科技方面的合作与交流日益频繁,国外先进的科技文献被更多地介绍到国内,科技翻译在社会、经济、文化和科技的发展中起着重要作用。然而工程英语翻译有其自身的特点和困难,除了与公共英语的翻译有某些共同点外,更重要的是,一方面要根据一般翻译的标准准确传达原文的意思,另一方面,要与该专业的自身特点相结合,使译文实现技术沟通和交流。工程英语主要有工程专业术语和专用词汇多，多名词化结构，多长句和逻辑关联词，多一般现在时和现在完成时，多被动语态，多先行it结构，多后置定语的特点。下面主要就其名词性结构的汉译做详细论述。

3、名词化的表现形式举例

（1）由动名词构成的名词性结构

英语中的动名词是由动词变化而来，它仍一方面保留着动词的某些特征，具有动词的某些变化形式，用以表达名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念，另一方面动名词在句子的用法及功能与名词类同例如：

Reading is an art. 读书是一种艺术。

Living in gigs means having one room in someone's house.寄居的意思是在别人的家里借住一间房间。

Do you think my going there will be of any help?你看我去会有什么帮助吗？

The student’s knowing English well helps him in learning French这位学生通晓英语对他学法语很有帮助。

（2）由独立主格构成的名词性结构

独立主格结构（Absolute Phrase）由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词)或形容词副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等，也可用来构成名词性结构。

例如：

The work done , we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。

An important lecture to be given tomorrow, the professor has to stay up late into the night. 因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。

He was lying on the grass,his hands crossed under his head.他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。

（3）动词的名词化

动词的名词化的结果使工程英语中行为名词的出现频率大大增加。这些行为名词可以由动词加上-ment, -Sion, -xion, -ance, -ence等后缀构成。

例如：

the generation of heat by friction摩擦生热

此外，名词化结构还可以由形容词的名词化，从句的名词化等其它形式构成。

4、名词化结构的汉译

名词化现象因其表层结构复杂，表面意义抽象，因而理解时不容易把握，翻译时也难于表达。下面我们从形式与内容两方面探究工程英语中名词化现象的汉译途径。

（1）从形式转化谈名词化汉译。形式转换主要是指句法语法层面上的转换，也即表层结构的转换。确立汉语译文的主语，常见的方法有三：一是寻找句中充当宾语或定语的相关人称代词或名词；二是如果英语名词化句子是一种普遍性陈述，剧中没有任何相关的人称代词或名词，那就可以用“人们”“我们”“大家”“你”等做主语。

如：They were greatly disappointed at her absence.她没有来，大家很失望。

在确立主语后需要处理英语名词化句子主语，主要方法也有三：一是将英语名词化句子主语的词性还原，让其在汉语译文中充当谓语；而是将英语名词化句子主语译成汉语的状语或定语；三是译成汉语宾语。

如：Autumn witness a sight of beautiful sunny Beijing. 秋天里，北京阳光灿烂，景色优美。

（2）从内容意义转换谈汉译途径，即从话语语义层面进行分析，我们按传统的语义转换提供两种方法

直译法：英语名词化意义结构可以直接译成汉语名词性意义结构，在这种情况下原文结构中成分之间的关系在译文中基本不变。

如：Insurance is to cover both sea and overland transportation.保险须包括水陆两路的运输。

意译法：即翻译词语的含义。可用范畴词使抽象概念具体化，或具体的词阐释抽象的词义或用形容词性词语使抽象意义具体化。

如：

What they want most was an end of uncertainness.那时他们最想要的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。

小结：工程英语中名词化结构情况多变，在对其进行汉译时应灵活掌握这些技巧和方法，注意培养工程英语翻译的专业素质，为做好相关工作奠定坚实的基础。

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