2018年中考英语语法系列复习资料

2018年中考英语语法系列复习资料
2018年中考英语语法系列复习资料

2018中考语法系列

一.一般现在时

一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)

一. 一般现在时有三种形式

1. 谓语是be(am/is/are)的一般现在时。

①肯定形式:主语+be+表语(形容词、名词充当表语)。

I am hungry.

You are beautiful.

He is a doctor.

②否定形式:主语+be+not+表语(形容词、名词充当表语)。

I am not hungry.

You aren't beautiful.

He isn't a doctor.

③一般疑问句形式:Be+主语+表语(形容词、名词充当表语)? 肯定回答:Yes,主语+be. 否定回答:No, 主语+ be+not.

—Are you hungry?

—Yes,I am./No,I'm not.

—Is he a doctor?

—Yes, he is./No, he isn,t.

④特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+Be开头的一般疑问句?

—What is he?

—He is a doctor.

注意:be要随着主语变。

2. 谓语动词是实义动词(及物动词或不及物动词)的一般现在时。

①肯定形式:“主语+及物动词+宾语”或“主语+不及物动词”。

She has a little brother.

她有一个弟弟。

The sun rises in the east.

太阳从东方升起。

②否定形式:“主语+don't/doesn't+及物动词+宾语”或“主语+don't/doesn't+不及物动词”。

She doesn't have a little brother.

她没有弟弟。

I don't eat every morning.

我每天早晨都不吃饭。

③一般疑问句形式:“Do/Does+主语+及物动词原形+宾语”或“Do/Does+主语+不及物动词原形”。

肯定回答:Yes,主语+do/does. 否定回答是:No, 主语+ don't/doesn't.

—Do you eat every morning?

—Yes, I do./No, I don't.

—Does she have a little brother?

—Yes, she does./No, she doesn't.

④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+do/does开头的一般疑问句?

What do you like?

When do you go to school?

注意:根据主语确定用do还是does。

3. 谓语是情态动词can/may...+动词原形的一般现在时。

①肯定形式:主语+情态动词can/may.....+动词原形+宾语。

I can finish my homework.

②否定形式:主语+情态动词can/may.....+not+动词原形+宾语。

I can't finish my homework.

③一般疑问句形式:情态动词Can/May.....+主语+动词原形+主语+宾语。肯定回答是:Yes,主语+情态动词. 否定回答是:No, 主语+ 情态动词+not.

—Can you finish your homework?

—Yes,I can./No, I can't.

④特殊疑问句形式:特殊疑问词+情态动词can/may.....开头的一般疑问句?

—What can you do?

—I can do my homework.

注意:情态动词can/may.....+动词原形。

二. 一般现在时的用法

1. 一般现在时表示现在的状态;表示经常性或习惯性的动作;表示主语具备的性格和能力;表示客观事实或普遍真理等。例如:

He is twelve.

他十二岁了。

I go to school at seven every day.

我每天七点去上学。

They can speak Japanese.

他们会说日语。

2. 一般现在时常和表示时间的频度副词连用。如:often, usually, sometimes, always, never等。例如:

I often read books in the evening.

我经常在晚上读书。

Do they usually go to school by bike?

他们通常骑自行车去上学吗?

He doesn’t like milk. He never drinks it.

他不喜欢牛奶。他从来不喝它。

Sometimes my mother gets back at five.

有时候妈妈五点钟回来。

3. 一般现在时也常和以下时间表达法连用。如:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at noon, at night, every day, on Sunday(s), at seven 等。例如:

Do they have math in the morning?

他们早上有数学课吗?

She sleeps nine hours every night.

她每晚睡九个小时。

It takes me two hours to do my homework every day.

每天写作业花费我两个小时的时间。

They don’t have classes on Sundays.

他们周日不上课。

4. 一般现在时表示将来含义

a. 下列瞬时动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

例如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

----When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开?

----It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后。

b. 在主从复合句中,当主句是一般将来时,时间或条件状语从句的谓语动词只能用一般现在时来表示将来要发生的动作,即所谓的“主将从现”。

例如:When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。

三. 动词第三人称单数的构成

1. 动词原形后面直接加-s

look—looks

read—reads

play—plays

stop—stops

2. 在以字母s, x,ch,sh,o结尾的动词后加-es

miss—misses

fix—fixes

watch—watches

wash—washes go—goes

do—does

3. 辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为i,再加-es

carry–carries

study–studies

hurry–hurries

cry–cries

4. 特殊变化

have-has

be-is

二.现在进行时

现在进行时的基本结构

肯定式:am/is/are+doing(现在分词)

否定式:am/is/are not +doing(现在分词)

一般疑问式:Am/Is/Are + 主语 +doing(现在分词)+ 其他

特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式

They’re having a meeting now. 他们现在正在开会。

They aren't having a meeting now. 他们现在没有在开会。

Are they having a meeting now? 他们现在正在开会吗?

What are they doing now? 他们现在正在做什么?

现在进行时的基本用法

1. 表示此时此刻正在发生的事情。常与now,at the moment,look,listen等词连用。

The little boy is watching TV now. 这个小男孩现在正在看电视。

Listen!She is playing the guitar in the next room. 听!她正在隔壁房间弹吉他。

2. 表示现阶段一直在进行着或是重复发生着的动作,不强调此时此刻正在做。常与表示时间段的时间状语连用。

I am studying computer this term. 这个学期我一直在学习计算机。

3. 表示说话人褒义或贬义的情感色彩,如赞许、批评、喜欢、厌恶等。此时常与alway、often等频度副词连用。

He is always thinking of others , not of himself. 他总是为他人着想,而不为自己。(表示赞许)

One of my roommates is often leaving things about. 我的一个室友经常乱扔东西。(表示不满)

4. 表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作。(现在进行时表示一般将来的含义。)

①瞬时动词的进行时在任何情况下都表示将来含义。这些动词包括go , come , leave,arrive , return等。

I am leaving.

我将要离开了。

I am leaving tomorrow.

我将会明天离开。

②持续动词的进行时,只有在有将来时间状语或将来语境的情况下才可以表示将来含义。An American professor is giving a lecture this afternoon.

今天下午一位美国教授将要作报告。(将来含义)

An American professor is giving a lecture.

一个美国教授正在作报告。(进行含义)

现在分词(doing)的变化规则

1. 一般在情况下,在动词词尾加-ing。

go——going

play——playing

know——knowing

2. 以不发音的字母e结尾动词,先去e再加-ing。

make——making

arrive——arriving

come——coming

3. 以重读闭音节结尾,且动词词尾只有一个辅音字母时,先双写这个辅音字母,再加-ing。run——running

stop——stopping

swim——swimming

run——running

put——putting

sit——sitting

begin——beginning

plan——planning

cut——cutting

get——getting

shop——shopping

chat——chatting

regret——regretting

dig——digging

4. 以-ie结尾,先将-ie改成y,再加-ing。

tie——tying

die——dying

lie——lying

三.一般将来时

一般将来时的含义一

一般将来时表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或状态,或将来经常发生的动作或状态。

一般将来时的基本结构

1. will/shall+动词原形

will 在陈述句中用于各种人称;shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。

否定式:will not=won't;shall not=shan't

一般疑问式:will/shall+主语+动词原形+其他?

特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式?

I will/shall do a better job next time. 下次我要做得好些。

Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。

—Will he help you with your English tonight? 今天晚上他会帮助你学习英语吗?—Yes, he will./No, he won't. 是的,他会。/不,他不会。

—When will you arrive for America? 你什么时候去美国?

—Tomorrow. 明天。

2. am/is/are going to +动词原形

否定式:am/is/are not going to +动词原形

一般疑问式:am/is/are +主语+ going to + 动词原形+其他?

特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式?

He is going to spend his holidays in London. 他打算在伦敦度假。

Look at the dark clouds. There is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。

Is he going to collect any data for us? 他会帮我们收集数据吗?

What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天你打算作什么?

一般将来时的用法

will+动词原形与am/is/are going to +动词原形的用法虽然都表示将来发生动作或情况,一般情况下能互换。但它们的用法是有区别的。

1. will主要用于在以下三个方面:

(1)表示主观意愿的将来。

They will go to visit the factory tomorrow.

明天他们将去厂参观工厂。

I’ll come with Wang Bing, Liu Tao and Yang Ling.

我将和王兵、刘涛、杨玲一起来。

(2)表示不以人的意志为转移的客观的将来。

Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.

今天是星期六。明天是(将)是星期日。

He will be thirty years old this time next year.

明年这个时候他就(将)三十岁。

(3)表示临时决定,通常用于对话中。

—Mary has been ill for a week.

玛丽病了一周了。

—Oh, I didn't know. I will go and see her.

噢,我不知道。我去看看她。

2. be going to主要用于一下两个方面:

(1)表示事先经过考虑、安排好打算、计划要做某事。

Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.

今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌剧。

(2)表示根据目前某种迹象判断,某事非常有可能发生,表示推测。

Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.

瞧!乌云密集。天要下雨了。

用其他时态表示将来含义的情况

1. 用现在进行时表示将来。

瞬时动词和持续动词都可以用其现在进行时表达将来的含义,主要表示按规定或时间预计要发生的事。(瞬时动词的进行时任何时候都表示将来的含义,持续动词的进行时只有在含有将来的时间状语或将来语境的条件下才表示将来)

The bus is coming. 公交车就要来了。

The students are leaving on Sunday. 学生们星期日出发。

We’re having a party next week. 我们下星期将开一个晚会。

2. 用一般现在时表示将来。

(1)come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬时位移动词的一般现在时可以表示将来含义,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。

The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。

(2)在时间或条件状语从句中。(主将从现)

I'll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。

If it doesn't rain tomorrow, we will have a party in the park. 如果明天不下雨,我们就在公园举行一个聚会。

There be结构的一般将来时

肯定式:There will be;There is/are going to be

否定式:There won't be;There is/are not going to be

一般疑问式:Will there be...;Is/are there going to be...

特殊疑问式:特殊疑问词+一般疑问式

There will be a basketball match this afternoon.

=There is going to be a basketball match this afternoon.

今天下午会有一场篮球赛。

There won't be a basketball match this afternoon.

=There isn't going to be a basketball match this afternoon.

今天下午没有篮球赛。

Will there be a basketball match this afternoon?

=Is there going to be a basketball match this afternoon?

今天下午有篮球赛吗?

When will there be a basketball match?

=When is there going to be a basketball match?

什么时候有一场篮球赛?

四.一般过去时

一般过去时的基本结构

1. 肯定句形式:主语+动词过去式+其他

I was an English teacher one year ago. 一年前我是一名英语老师。

I bought a yellow dress yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我买了一条黄裙子。

2. 否定句形式:①was/were+not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词

I wasn't an English teacher one year ago. 一年前我不是一名英语老师。

I didn't buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon. 昨天下午我没买一条黄裙子。

3. 一般疑问句:①was/were提到句首;②Did+主语+动词原形+其他?

Were you an English teacher one year ago? 一年前你是一名英语老师吗?

Did you buy a yellow dress yesterday afternoon? 昨天下午你买了一条黄裙子吗?

4. 特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句

What were you one year ago? 一年前你是做什么的?

When did you buy a yellow dress? 你什么时候买了一条黄裙子?

一般过去时的基本用法二

1. 表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态(与现在无关)。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a moment ago, the other day等过去具体时间状语连用。He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。

What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事?

2. 在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。

We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。

注:表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to 和would。

He used to smoke a lot, but he doesn’t now. 他过去经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。Whenever we were in trouble, he would help us. 每当我们遇到困难,他都会帮助我们。

3. 表示主语过去的特征或性格。

At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学得很好。

4. 一般过去时有时可以表示现在,多与 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等动词连用,使语气更委婉。

I wondered if you could help me. 不知你能不能帮我一下。

5. 有时用一般过去时也是时态一致的需要。

I didn’t know you were here. 没想到你在这里。

6.【注意】

(1)表示一系列的动作,尽管有先后,都用一般过去时,最后两个动词之间用and连结。

He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared.

他打开门,冲了出去,然后就消失了。

(2)注意在语境中理解“我刚才/原来还不……”。

——Your phone number again? I didn’t quite catch it. 请再说一次你的电话号码,好吗?我刚才没听清楚。

——是2566666。

7.【常见考法】

对于一般过去时的考查,多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力。在考试中,会让大家判断是否该用一般过去时,或动词过去式的正确变化,或一般过去时的句型构成。

典型例题:1. Xiao Lin went fishing this morning.(改为一般疑问句)

答案:Did Xiao Lin go fishing this morning?

解析:这是一道句型转换题,考查到同学们对一般过去时的句型构成的掌握。一般过去时的一般疑问句句型构成为:Did+主语+do+其他?,即句首加 Did,句中过去式还原。

8.【误区提醒】

有些句子,虽然没有表示过去明确时间的状语,但实际上是指过去发生的动作或存在的状态的话,也要用过去时,这一点,我们中国学生往往出错,要特别注意!

典型例题:I didn''t know you (be)in Paris.

答案:were

解析:题干意思是“我不知道你在巴黎”。因为在说话时,我已经知道你在巴黎了。这句话指的是说话之前,所以只能用过去时表示。实际上,这句话暗指:But now I know you are here.

动词过去式的变化规则三

1. 规则变化

①一般情况下,直接加ed

work—— worked

look——looked

walk——walked

②以e结尾的单词,直接加d

live ——lived

hope——hoped

use——used

③以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y为i加ed

study——studied

carry——carried

④以元音字母+y结尾的,直接加ed

enjoy ——enjoyed

play——played

⑤以重读、一个辅音字母结尾的闭音节结尾的动词,双写最后的辅音字母+ed

stop—— stopped

plan——planned

prefer——preferred

2. 不规则变化

点击查看:不规则动词分类记忆表

五.现在完成时

现在完成时的基本结构一

肯定句:主语+have/has+动词的过去分词+其他

否定句:主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词+其他

一般疑问句:Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词+其他

特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词+一般疑问句(have/has+主语+过去分词+其他)

现在完成时的用法二

1. 现在完成时用来表示过去已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果。也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在,强调的是现在。

I have already posted the photo.

我已经邮寄出了照片。

与此种用法连用的时间状语时一些模糊的过去时间状语,如already(肯定句句中), yet(否定句/疑问句句尾), just, before, recently,still, lately,never等。

2. 现在完成时也可用来表示动作或状态发生在过去某一时刻,持续到现在并且有可能会继续持续下去。

He has lived here since 1978.

自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)

此种用法常与for(+时间段),since(+时间点或过去时的句子)连用。谓语动词必须是延续性动词。

有些瞬间动词可变为延续动词:

go out----be out

finish----be over

open----be open

die----be dead

buy---have

fall ill---be ill

come back----be back

catch a cold----have a cold

现在完成时常见考法三

对于现在完成时的考查,多以单选、句型转换或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力。在考试中,会让大家判断是否该用现在完成时,或者是考查“瞬间动词”不能与表示一段时间的状语连用”这一知识点。

【典型例题】

His father_____the party since 1978

A.joind

B.has joined

C.was in

D.has been in

答案:D

解析:本题考查学生对现在完成时的熟练掌握。since 1978表达“自从1978年一直到现在”,表示这件事情从过去一直持续到现在,应该用现在完成时,而且动词必须是延续性动词,A、B均为瞬间动词,不能与时间段连用,故排除;C为一般过去时,也不行。

比较一般过去时和现在完成时的异同四

1. 共同点:动作都是在过去完成。

I saw the film yesterday evening.

I have seen the film before.

(看电影这件事都是在过去完成的。)

2. 区别:

①现在完成时强调过去发生的动作对现在的影响和结果,而一般过去时与现在没有联系,只是说明某个动作发生的时间是在过去。

②一般过去时通常与具体明确的过去时间状语连用。如yesterday, last week , two years ago,just now,in 2002 等;而现在完成时则常与 just ,already ,ever ,never 等模糊的过去时间状语和 these days ,this week ,since..., for... 等表示一段时间的状语连用。【典型例题】

—______ you your homework yet ?

—Yes . I _____ it a moment ago .

A.Did ; do ; finished

B.Have ; done ; finished

C.Have ; done ; have finished

答案:B

解析:本题考查一般过去时和现在完成时的用法区别。问句中的yet表明应该用现在完成时,而回答中的a moment ago 是一个明确的过去时间状语,应该用一般过去时。

过去分词的规则变化五

动词过去分词的规则变化与动词过去式的规则变化相同。

①一般情况下,在词尾直接加“ ed ”。

work---worked---worked

visit---visited---visited

②以“ e ”结尾的动词,只在词尾加“ d ”。

live---lived---lived

③以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词,将 "y" 变为 "i" ,再加“ ed ”。

study---studied---studied

cry---cried---cried

④重读闭音节结尾,末尾只有一个辅音字母,先双写该辅音字母,再加“ ed ”。

stop---stopped---stopped

drop---dropped--dropped

过去分词的不规则变化六

详情请点击:不规则动词分类记忆表

六.过去进行时

一. 定义

过去进行时,是表示过去某个时刻或时间段正在进行的事情或动作。

二. 结构

过去进行时谓语动词结构:was/were +doing (现在分词)

三. 用法

1. 过去进行时表示过去某段时间内持续进行的动作或者事情。

常用的时间状语this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while等。例如:

We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.

昨天晚上七点到九点的时候我们在看电视。

What was he researching all day last Sunday?

上周日他一整天都在研究什么?

My brother fell and hurt himself while he was riding his bicycle.

我哥哥骑自行车的时候从车上摔下来,受伤了。

It was raining when they left the station.

他们离开车站的时候天正在下雨。

When I got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining.

当我到达山顶的时候,阳光灿烂。

2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间点发生的事情。

时间点可以用介词短语、副词或从句来表示。例如:

What was she doing at nine o'clock yesterday?

昨天晚上九点她在做什么?(介词短语表示时间点)

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