大二上英语课文翻译

大二上英语课文翻译
大二上英语课文翻译

Unit 7 从容得体德跨越文化沟壑

1 在外语学习中,学会一些简单的词组就能让你不知不觉地进入另一种文化,而丝毫不暴露你作为一个外国人的身份,但你为什么总是学不会呢?每本汉语课本都,一律从问候语开始的。但是作为美国人,每当我要送客出门时,我总是张口结舌说不出话。唐突的说声再见是不行的,然而,这就是我从这些课本里所学到的一切了。因此我只能微笑,点头,像个日本人似的鞠躬,并拼命的想找些话来说,以缓和离别的气氛,使他们觉得我确实欢迎他们再来。因此,我常常靠我中国丈夫的彬彬有礼来掩饰自己的慌乱。

2 后来,通过听别人说话,我开始学会一些使客人听了舒服的言辞,感到送客这项重要的任务,我不仅顺利完成了,而且完成得很出色。

3 对中国人来讲,送客需要有一定的礼仪和很多胜人一筹的本领。尽管没有人期望我去遵守甚至了解所有这些规矩,但作为一个外国人,我还得学会那些在送客时必不可少的表示客气及推让的话。

3 对中国人来讲,送客需要有一定的礼仪和很多胜人一筹的本领。尽管没有人期望我去遵守甚至了解所有这些规矩,但作为一个外国人,我还得学会那些在送客时必不可少的表示客气及推让的话。

4 中国人觉得送客必须送到尽可能远的地方——送下楼梯到马路上,或者也许一直送到最近的汽车站。有时候,我等了半个小时甚至还要长的时间,才等到丈夫送客人回来,因为他一直把客人送到汽车站并等到下一班汽车到站。

5 对一般的或比他年轻的客人,我丈夫也许只是说:“我不送你了,行吗?”当然,客人会让她相信,从没想过要麻烦主人送他:“不要送!不要送!”

6 这样好倒是好,但当我成为别送的客人时,我的推让总是无效;而且,女主

人或男主人甚至两个人都要送我下楼,并陪我走好一段路,而每下一段楼梯我都照理说一遍“不要麻烦送我了”。如果我是想走得快一点以免让他们跟上来,那只会使他们更不舒服:他们得在我后面紧追。最好还是接受着不可避免的礼节。

7 而且,那也是违背中国习俗的,因为“匆忙”最要不得。你跟别人分手时说什么呢?“慢走”。不说“再见”或“一路顺风”,而是“慢走”。对中国人来讲,她的意思是“小心”或“脚下留神”或是诸如此类关照的话,但其直译是“慢走”。

8 同一个“慢”字还被用于另一句客套话中,那就是在一顿极其丰盛美味的饭后,主人向客人(说“怠慢了”)表示他是一个不称职,招待不周的主人。

9 美国和中国的文化截然不同。美国的女主人,当别人赞扬他的烹调技术时,很可能会说:“哦,你喜欢,我就高兴。我是特地为你做的。”而中国的男女主人就不一样(通常是男主人做一些高难度的菜),他们会认为“没什么好吃的”,以及没有合适的菜不成敬意而道歉。10 同样的规则也适用于对待小孩。美国的父母谈起自己的孩子的成就时十分自豪,会说约翰尼是如何成为校队的一员,简是如何被评为优秀生上了光荣榜的。中国父母则不同,即使他们的孩子在班上名列前茅,也总是说他们非常顽皮,不肯读书以及4从来不听大人的话等等。

11 中国人谦虚为荣;而美国人则崇尚“直率”这种谦虚使许多中国人去了美国人家里吃饭时不能吃饱,因为按照中国的礼节,任何东西需要再三推让才能接受,而美国主人则认为“不要”就是“不要”,不管是第一次,第二次还是第三次。

12 最近,美国某大公司访华的一位成员向我抱怨说,关于他们愿不愿意修改某提议,中国人竟问了他们三次,而且每次美国人都清清楚楚,斩钉截铁的说“不”。我的朋友很生气,因为中国人没把他们第一次说的话当回事。我马上就意识到问

题所在,而且奇怪这些美国人为什么没在去中国之前彻底研究一下文化差异。那样他们在谈判中就可以免去很多困惑和挫折。

13 一旦你知道了应答的信号和方法,生活就变轻松多了。当客人刚到的时候,我知道我应该马上问他们要不要喝茶。他们会说:请不要麻烦了。”这正是我该去泡茶的信号。

第一单元,羞怯的痛苦

1 对许多人来说,羞怯是很多不愉快的起因。各种各样的人——矮的、高的、愚笨的、聪明的、年轻的、年老的、瘦的、胖的——都说自己是羞怯的。羞怯的人会焦虑不安,感到不自然;也就是说,他们显而易见地关注自己的外表和举止。脑海中不断地盘旋着一些使自己不安的想法: 我给人留下的是什么印象?他们喜欢我吗?我讲话是不是傻里傻气?我长得难看。我穿的衣服毫不引人注目。

2 很显然这种不安的感觉会对人们产生不利的影响。一个人的自我看法反映在自己的行为方式之中,而一个人的行为方式又影响他人的反应。通常,人们如何看待自己对他们生活的各个方面都会产生深刻的影响。例如,具有积极的自我价值观或很强的自尊心的人往往表现自信。由于自信,他们不需要他人不断地称赞和鼓励使自己感觉良好。自信者热情地自发地投身生活。他们不因别人认为他们“该”做什么而受到影响。有很强自尊心的人不会被批评所伤害;他们不会把批评看作是人身攻击。相反,他们认为批评是一种要他们改进的建议。

3 相比之下,羞怯的人自尊心较弱,往往消极被动并且容易受他人影响。他

们(是否)在做“该做的事情”需要得到别人的肯定。害羞的人对批评非常敏感;他们觉得批评却好证实了他们比别人差。他们也很难因别人的赞美而高兴,因为他们相信自己不值得称赞。羞怯的人也许会用这样的话来回答别人的赞美之辞:“你这么说只是为了让我感觉好一些。我知道这不是真的。”显然,尽管自我意识是一种健康的品质,过分的自我意识却是不利的、有害的。

4 能否彻底消除或者至少减轻羞怯感呢?幸运的是,人们能够通过坚持不懈的努力建立自信从而克服羞怯。由于胆怯和缺少自尊是密切相关的,因此正视自己的优点还有弱点非常重要。例如,大多数人希望每门功课都得A。如果仅仅因为在某些领域有困难,就把自己列为差生,这不恰如其分。人们对自己的期望必须与现实相符。老是想那些不可能的事情会觉得自己能力差,甚至产生嫉妒。当我们嫉妒比自己成绩好的学生时,我们正在自我毁灭。

5 如果你是羞怯的,这里有些具体有效的步骤帮助你树立信心并克服羞怯感:

6 1.认清自己的优缺点。每个人既有优点又有缺点。随着对自我的不断认同,羞怯感就会自然减弱。

7 2.确定合理的目标。例如,在聚会时和一群陌生人在一起,你也许会胆怯。不要以为你必须和每个人交谈。集中精力,仅和一两个人交谈,你会感到更自在些。

8 3.内疚和羞耻感是毁灭性的感情。不要把时间和精力浪费在这上头。假设你伤害了某人的感情,(光)感到羞愧是无济于事的。相反,应该承认你犯了个错误,决心在将来能够善于理解别人。

9 4.所有问题都有许多种解决办法。很少有完全正确或完全错误的意见。要敢于公开表达自己的观点。

10 5.不要对自己做消极的评论。这是一种自我否定。千万别把自己描述为愚蠢的,丑陋的,一个失败者。强调自己积极的方面。

11 6.接受批评时要缜密思考。不要把批评理解为人身攻击。例如,如果一位朋友抱怨你的烹饪技术,把这当成对你的烹饪技术而不是对你本人的评价而接受下来。放心,你们还是好朋友,然而,也许你的烹饪技术确实有待改进。12 7.记住每个人都会经历一些失败和挫折。把它们作为长见识的经历,从中受益。挫折往往会成为一个转机,随之而来的将是一段美妙绝伦的经历。例如,你可能被你所中意的大学拒之门外。然而,在你就读的大学里,你可能发现这里教育的某一特点比你料想的好得多。

13 8.有些人会使你感到相形见绌,不要和这种人交往。去设法改变他们的态度或者改变你自己的,要不就脱离这种关系。伤害你的人并不关心你的最佳利益。

14 9.留出时间休息,享受自己的业余爱好,并且定期地重新审定自己的目标。为此所花费的时间有助于更好地了解你自己。

15 10.多在社交场合中锻炼。不要把自己同他人隔离开来。设法一次结识一位朋友;最终你将能够驾轻就熟地、自信地在众人中周旋。

16 我们每个人都是独一无二、难能可贵的个体。我们自有吸引人的地方。我们对自己了解得越多,就越容易充分发挥自己的潜力。不要让羞怯成为阻碍我们拥有丰富和成功生活的绊脚石。

第二单元,为什么乌龟的背壳是不平整的

1从他妻子们的那些小木屋里远远地传来的低声细语,时不时地被歌声打断,奥康瓦听到了,这是妻子同各自的孩子在讲民间故事。爱克蔚菲和她的女儿,爱金玛,坐在一块小地毯上。现在,轮到爱克蔚菲讲故事了。霎时,低声细语静了下来,所有的眼睛都转向她们最喜欢的故事能手。

2 “很久以前”,她开始讲道,“所有的鸟儿都被邀请到天上赴宴。它们非常高兴,开始为这盛大的日子做准备。它们用颜料把自己的身体涂成深红色并画上漂亮的图案。

3 “乌龟看到了所有这些准备活动,并很快了解了事情的来龙去脉。动物界里发生的任何事都逃不过他的眼睛,(因为)他狡黠无比,诡计多端。他一听说这一天上的盛宴,对此不禁垂涎三尺。那些日子正在闹饥荒,乌龟已经有两个月没好好吃一顿饭了。他的身体就象一段枯柴棍在空荡荡的躯壳里辘辘作响。于是他稳扎稳打地开始计划如何能到天上去。”

4 “但是他没有翅膀呀,”爱金玛说。

5 “别性急,”她母亲回答道,“故事(的关键)就在这里。乌龟没有翅膀,但他去找鸟儿们,请求能跟他们一起去。”

6 “‘我们太了解你了,’鸟儿们听了他的请求后说道。‘你诡计多端并且忘恩负义。如果我们答应你,你马上就会施展诡计。我们老早就把你看透了。’

7 “‘你们不了解我,’乌龟说。‘我已经脱胎换骨了,不再是你们以前所知道的那个捣蛋鬼了。相反,我现在既体贴又善良。我已经认识到,给别人制造麻烦

的人就是在给自己制造麻烦。放心吧,我保证不给你们增添任何麻烦。’

8 “乌龟巧舌如簧,没过多久,所有的鸟儿都一致认为,他确实已经脱胎换骨了,于是每只鸟儿都给了他一根羽毛,用这些羽毛,乌龟做了两只色彩绚丽的翅膀。

9 “最后,这盛大的日子终于来到了,乌龟第一个到达了集合地点。等所有的鸟儿都来齐了,他们就一块儿动身。乌龟飞在鸟儿们中间,非常高兴,而且由于他擅长演说,很快就被推选为大伙儿的发言人。

10 “‘有件重要的事我们绝不能忘记,’他在飞行途中说道。‘当人们被邀请参加类似于这样的盛宴时,要特意给自己取个新名字。天上的主人们一定也希望我们能遵循这一古老习俗。’

11 “鸟儿们谁也没听说过这一习俗,但他们知道,尽管乌龟在其它方面不怎么地道,却到过许多地方,知晓不同民族的风俗习惯。于是他们每人都取了一个新名字。等他们全都取好了,乌龟也取了一个。他的新名字叫‘你们大家’。

12 “最后群鸟飞到了天上,那儿的主人们见到他们非常高兴。乌龟穿着他那五彩的羽衣,起身对主人们的邀请深表谢意。他的讲话如此得体,所有的鸟儿都很庆幸把他带了来,对他所说的一切都点头赞同。主人们把他当成了鸟儿们的国王,尤其是因为他看起来有那么点儿与众不同。

13 “精选出来的各种果仁呈上来吃完之后,天上的人们在客人们面前摆上了乌龟从未见过或梦到过的美味佳肴。汤刚从炉子上烧好就原罐子热气腾腾地端上来了,里面全是肉和鱼。乌龟开始很响地嗅气。有甜薯泥以及用棕榈油和鲜鱼一起煮成的甜薯汤,还有一坛坛棕榈酒。等所有的菜肴在客人们面前摆好后,有一位天上的人走上前来,把每样菜肴都尝一口。然后他请鸟儿们进餐。但这时乌龟

一跃而起,问道:‘你们是为谁准备的这个宴会?’

14 “‘为你们大家啊,’那个人回答道。

15 “乌龟转向鸟儿们说:‘你们该记得,我的名字就是“你们大家”。这儿的习俗是先请发言人吃,然后才轮到其他人。我吃完以后,他们会请你们吃的。’16 “他开始大吃起来,鸟儿们则私下里生气地抱怨着。天上的人还以为把所有的食物让国王吃是鸟儿们的习俗。就这样,乌龟吃掉了最好的食物,还喝了两坛棕榈酒,于是酒足饭饱了,身体涨得胖鼓鼓的,把整个龟壳都撑圆了。

17 “鸟儿们围拢来吃些残羹剩饭,啄着他扔在地上的骨头。有一些鸟儿气得什么都没吃,他们宁可空着肚子飞回去。但是离开前,每只鸟儿都向乌龟要回了各自借给他的那根羽毛。乌龟站在那儿,身上只剩了一个硬壳,里面满是佳肴美酒,却没了可飞回家的翅膀。他请求鸟儿们捎个口信给他的妻子,但被大家拒绝了。最后,最生乌龟气的鹦鹉,突然改变了主意,同意替他带个口信。

18 “‘告诉我的妻子,’乌龟说道,‘把家里所有软的东西都拿出来,铺在地上,这样我就可以从天上跳下去,而不至于摔伤了。’

19 “鹦鹉满口答应一定把这个口信带到,然后窃笑着飞走了。然而,当他飞到乌龟家时,却告诉乌龟的妻子把家里所有硬的、尖的家伙都拿出来。于是乌龟的妻子就尽心尽责地把丈夫的锄头,刀子,长矛,枪甚至他的大炮都搬了出来。乌龟从天上往下看,看到他的妻子正往外搬东西,但相距太远了看不清是些什么。当一切似乎都已准备妥当时,他就纵身一跳。他掉啊,掉啊,掉,直到他开始担心自己会这样一直不停地掉下去。然后,他重重地摔到了地上,那声响就跟他的大炮轰鸣一样。”

20 “他死了吗?”爱金玛问道。

21 “没有,”爱克蔚菲回答说。“他的背壳摔成了好几百块碎片。不过,那附近有一个医术高明的行医者。乌龟的妻子就派人把他请来,这位行医者把所有的碎片捡拢来,粘在了一起。这就是为什么乌龟的背壳是不平整的。”

第三单元,挂着钥匙的小孩––––笃,笃,笃,有人在家吗?

1在美国过去的几十年中,生活开支一直在持续上升。食品价格、服装开支、住房开支以及学费不断增高。母亲们已经不再扮演专职家庭主妇的传统角色,这在一定程度上是出于经济上的需要,一定程度上也是为了使自己有一种成就感。她们越来越多地在从事着家庭以外的带薪水的工作。

2 这样重大的角色转换要影响到整个家庭,尤其是小孩。因此而产生的某些后果是显而易见的。例如,晚饭时间要推迟。然而,感情上的影响却是耐人寻味的。母亲们早上带着负疚感离开家,因为孩子放学回家时她们不能在家等候。她们忍受着负疚心理,因为相信从长远来看这份工作对大家都有利。她们的收入能够使家庭积攒起孩子的大学学费、全家度一个更长时间的假期、买一辆新车,等等。

3 孩子们在感情上所受到的影响是很大的。孩子们普遍感到受了伤害,有怨恨情绪。毕竟有好几个小时他们要独自呆在家里,而他们觉得母亲应该“在家等着”

他们。他们也许会需要母亲帮他们完成家庭作业,或是想把一天里的活动说给母亲听。然而十分常见的情况是:母亲们回到家里已经疲惫不堪,又面临着一个紧迫的任务––––做饭。她们的首要任务是为全家人做晚饭,而不是放松地聊天。

4 挂钥匙的孩子们的年龄从六岁到十三岁不等。每天他们放学回家,用挂在自己脖子上的钥匙打开家门。然后他们就独自呆在安安静静、空空荡荡的房间里。对于某些孩子来说,这是一段属于他们自己的有所作为的时间,而对于另一些孩子来说则是令人恐惧的、孤独的空虚感。为了安全的原因,许多父母不允许他们的孩子出去玩或是让别的孩子来家玩。因此这些孩子有一种被隔离的感觉。

5 接受采访的挂钥匙的孩子们的反应是不同的。一些孩子说每天有几个小时让他们独自呆在家里培养了或者说激发了他们的独立意识和责任感。他们觉得是受到了关爱与信任,而且这种感觉增强了他们的自信心。(挂钥匙的)女孩子们通过观察母亲们如何对付家庭与工作中的难处而学到了作为一位职业母亲的行为榜样。有的孩子说他们将这一自由自在无人照顾的时间用来提高自己的体育技能,如打篮球。还有一些孩子则看看书或是练练乐器。所有这些孩子都把他们放学后的这段自由时间看成是自我发展的机会。这段时间带给了他们积极的、富于成果的宝贵经历。

6 与此相反,许多挂钥匙的孩子对于被迫以这种方式生活,表现出不快、怨恨以及愤怒。不少孩子声称他们在幼小的年龄被赋予太多的责任;这是一个令人难以承受的负担。他们还是小孩,需要母亲的保护、鼓励与关怀。回到一个空荡荡的家,令人失望,使人感到孤独,还经常令人恐惧。他们有种被母亲所遗弃的感觉。毕竟,在他们看来别的孩子大多数都有一个“正常”的家,他们的母亲总是“在他们周围”,而自己的母亲则总是不在家。许多孩子整个下午让电视机开着,天

天如此,目的是为了减轻这种被隔离的感觉;还有,电视的声音能给他们带来一点安慰。他们常常就这样睡着了。

7 由于经济上的需要,或是出于要得到自我满足感的坚强决心,或是两者兼而有之,挂钥匙的孩子这一现象在我们的社会中已变得很普遍。然而无论出于什么样的原因,这已经成为一个必须关注的、所有的家庭都必须应付的局面。做母亲的应该不应该从事全日制工作已不是要提出的问题。考虑到这种现象的现实状况,要提出的是这样一个问题:如何才能制定一个最佳方案来有效地对待这种局面?

8 明智的做法是:对这种不可避免的变化,家庭的所有成员把自己的感受与担心坦率地说出来,并予以充分地讨论。要把许多因素都考虑到:孩子的个性与成熟程度,孩子独自在家的时间的长短,居住区周围是否安全,以及出现紧急情况时能否得到救助。首要的是父母与孩子的关系的融洽度。要让孩子们明白父母是爱他们的,这一点非常重要。孩子们感到有人爱护他们,这会赋予他们一种不可估量的情感力量,去成功地应付生活中出现的种种困难。

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U n i t高职英语课文及 翻译 HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】

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Unit 1 1.她连水都不愿喝一口,更别提留下来吃饭了。(much less) She wouldn't take a drink, much less would she stay for dinner. 2.他认为我在对他说谎,但实际上我讲的是实话。(whereas) He thought I was lying to him, whereas I was telling the truth. 3.这个星期你每天都迟到,对此你怎么解释?(account for) How do you account for the fact that you have been late every day this week? 4.他们利润增长的部分原因是采用了新的市场策略。(due to) The increase in their profits is due partly to their new market strategy. 5.这样的措施很可能会带来工作效率的提高。(result in) Such measures are likely to result in the improvement of work efficiency. 6.我们已经在这个项目上投入了大量时间和精力,所以我们只能继续。(pour into) We have already poured a lot of time and energy into the project, so we have to carry on. Unit 2 1.尽管她是家里的独生女,她父母也从不溺爱她。(despite) Despite the fact that she is the only child in her family, she is never babied by her parents. 2.迈克没来参加昨晚的聚会,也没给我打电话作任何解释。(nor) Mike didn't come to the party last night, nor did he call me to give an explanation. 3.坐在他旁边的那个人确实发表过一些小说,但决不是什么大作家。(next to; by no means) The person sitting next to him did publish some novels, but he is by no means a great writer. 4.他对足球不感兴趣,也从不关心谁输谁赢。(be indifferent to) He has no interest in football and is indifferent to who wins or loses. 5.经理需要一个可以信赖的助手,在他外出时,由助手负责处理问题。(count on) The manager needs an assistant that he can count on to take care of problems in his absence. 6.这是他第一次当着那么多观众演讲。(in the presence of sb.) This is the first time that he has made a speech in the presence of so large an audience. Unit 3 1.你再怎么有经验,也得学习新技术。(never too... to...) You are never too experienced to learn new techniques. 2.还存在一个问题,那就是派谁去带领那里的研究工作。(Use an appositional structure) There remains one problem, namely, who should be sent to head the research there. 3.由于文化的不同,他们的关系在开始确实遇到了一些困难。(meet with) Their relationship did meet with some difficulty at the beginning because of cultural differences. 4.虽然他历经沉浮,但我始终相信他总有一天会成功的。(ups and downs; all along) Though he has had ups and downs, I believed all along that he would succeed someday. 5.我对你的说法的真实性有些保留看法。(have reservations about) I have some reservations about the truth of your claim.

高职英语1-课文翻译

Unit 1 如何快速适应大学生活 当你第一次进入大学的时候,你会发现,大学生活和高中生活有很大区别。在高中,我们总是依靠家长和老师帮助我们解决各种困难问题。然而在大学,我们只能依靠自己。除此以外,我们必须学会如何与同学、室友和睦相处。几乎每个大学新生都经历过不同程度的紧张和焦虑情绪。但是不用担心,现在给你一些建议,希望能帮助你尽快适应大学生活。 1、记住,不是只有你有这种情况。你宿舍的每个人都有同样的情况。和他们说说你的恐惧和焦虑。他们可能也有同样的感觉,并且很乐意向你倾诉他们的感觉。 、走出你的宿舍。上大学的好处在于你可以与新的面孔一起重新开始生活。他们不会知道你的过去,他们只会知道你希望他们知道的事情。因此,尝试新的事物,不要害怕,试着展现新的个性。弄清楚真正的自己,弄清楚你希望成为什么样的人,这是最佳的时机。 3、制定详细的学习计划。学习计划应该包括:你的短期目标,每个阶段要阅读什么书籍,参加哪些课外活动,以及你每天的活动安排。这会有助于你充分利用业余时间。 4、不要忘记享受大学生活!在大学里,要过得愉快,结交新朋友,和学习新知识。而寄宿就是一个很好的方式。和朋友们消磨时间,和学习伙伴一起努力备考。做疯狂的事情,照相留念,分享有趣的故事----快活地渡过。你只年轻一次! 记住,你的朋友和你的父母都离你不远,只要你打一个电话就行。记住,每个人的适应时间都是不同的。从容以对,但最重要的是,学有所成。 Unit 2 关于自己 嗨,大家好!欢迎访问我的博客。首先让我介绍一下我自己。我18岁,男。来自中国南方的一个小村子。村子虽小,但很美丽。它位于一条小河。那里空气很新鲜, 水是如此清澈,你可以看到很多的鱼在河里游泳。村子周围是稻田。这就是众所周知的“鱼米之乡”。 现在, 我在中国南方职业技术学院学习计算机科学。毕业后我想成为一名计算机工程师。我喜欢我的大学生活。它与高中生活十分不同。下课后你都是靠自己了。没有人告诉你该做什么。所以你需要计划好你的时间, 以便你不会浪费时间。我的同学都很用功, 因为我们知道“时间不等人”。我们必须好好利用时间来学习更多的知识。 我有着积极的人生态度。有很多事情我想做、去看、去体验。我喜欢读书、写作。我爱思考, 喜欢做梦。我喜欢春天的花、夏天的雨水, 秋天的叶子, 冬天的雪。我喜欢大城市里的摩天大楼, 我喜欢绿色的田野。我喜欢好书和浪漫的电影。我喜欢美味的食物和舒适的鞋子。我的大部分业余时间上网去寻找有用的信息。我也花时间写作和更新博客。它就像我的第二故乡, 我的梦之乡。 这就是我, 刘名。非常感谢你来浏览我的博客! 欢迎你留言! Unit 3 职业规划 职业规划是一个终身的过程,它包括职业选择、找到工作、在工作中进步、可能还要更换职业、直至最后退休。这个过程通常包含四个步骤:分析、研究、选择和行动。 第一步是做一个详细的自我分析。你不仅要考虑自己的兴趣和技能,还要考虑自己的个性和价值观。除此之外,还要通过咨询家人和朋友认识到自己的真正长处,并且不要忘记考虑你自己喜欢的工作环境和发展需求。 一旦完成了自我分析,就该开始研究你最感兴趣的职业种类了。你是愿意成为工程师还是商人?中学老师比销售员工资高吗?软件工程师和软件研发者之间有什么不同?研究你想从事的工作和行业,并设法和那些在该行业中有工作经验的人交谈。 做完职业研究,就该选择可能的职业道路了。此时,你需要收集更详细的信息。对于每一种

山东自考(00015)英语二课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A How Difficult Is English? 英语有多难 Like the national push for Asian literacy in Australia,there has been foreign languages fervor in China,with English on top of the list. English is not only taught at schools,colleges and universities,but also at evening classes,on radio and TV.Parents hire private tutors for their school children;adult English learners would sacrifice the weekend at an English corner in a public park practicing their spoken English with peop1e of the same interest and determination .Is English such a difficult language that it really demands people to invest a large amount of time and energy before it is mastered ? The answer,if I am asked to offer,is undoubtedly,yes. 就如澳大利亚在全国推行学亚洲语言一样,中国也掀起一股外语热,在这股热潮中,英语高居榜首.不仅各级学校教英语,夜校、电台、电视台也都设有英语课程。父母为学龄的孩子聘请英语家教,成年英语学习者会牺牲周末休息日,到公园参加英语角,与志趣相投的英语学习者练习口语。英语真的有这么难,需要人们投入大量的时间和精力才能掌握吗? 如果我被问及这个问题,那么毫无疑问,我的答案是:是的。 From my personal experience, I think learning English means far more than learning its pronunciation,its grammatical rules,its words,etc.It involves learning everything about the countries where it is used and the people who use it.Without such a complete understanding of the language, the English a foreigner speaks will inevitably sound strange or even unintelligible though there is not anything wrong with his pronunciation,sentence structure and the words he uses. 从我个人的经验来看,英语学习不仅仅是学习英语发音、语法规则、词汇等,它包括学习与使用该语言的国家和民族有关的所有内容。对英语没有这样全面的理解,即使发音、句子结构、措辞毫无错误,一个外国人所讲的英语也难免听起来稀奇古怪甚至难以理解。 The social customs and habits of the English-speaking people contribute a lot to the difficulty a foreigner has in learning it.Take the Chinese English learners for example." Hello "and "Good morning" may sound a little bit simple to Chinese people.It is totally beyond the understanding of a Chinese English learner that native English speakers would be annoyed when they're addressed "Where are you going?",which is a commonly used addressing among the Chinese.Is there anything wrong with the English sentence structure ? Of course not.It takes quite some time for a Chinese English learner to understand the western concept of privacy being violated in this address. By the same token,"Have you eaten?"(which is another addressing term the Chinese people usually use)will sound to native English speakers that the Chinese are so hospitable that they invite people to meals off-handedly. Meanwhile,the Chinese would be shocked to hear,"Oh,it's very nice of you.When?",if the addressee happens to have a craving for Chinese cooking and has not had his dinner yet. 讲英语民族者的社会风俗习惯增加了外国人学习英语的难度。以学英语的中国人为例,"你好"和"早上好"是非常简单的。"你去哪儿?"是中国人常用的问候语,若英语母语者被问及"你去哪儿?",他们会因此感到不悦,这一点让中国的英语学习者大为不解。这个英语句子结构不对吗? 当然不是。学英语的中国人得费点儿时间才能理解这一问候语侵犯了西方人的隐私。同样,英语母语者听到"你吃了吗?"(中国人常用的另外一个问候语),会觉得中国人非常好客,会在事先毫无准备的情况下请人吃饭。如果听话者此刻正希望品尝一下中国美食,又碰巧没有吃饭,他会回答"太好了,什么时候?",中国人为此也会大吃一惊。 "We can say we are going to have chicken for dinner.Why can't we say pig,bull or sheep for dinner instead of pork,beef or mutton?" Chinese English learners may raise such questions.Figuring out the reasons for the peculiar English vocabulary is no easy task for Chinese English learners.But the problem is that memorizing English words mechanically would be devastating and inefficient if they did not know what had happened in British history.Thus learning English(and other languages as well)involves learning the history of the countries where it is spoken.A task of this kind is more difficult for Chinese English learners than for people who speak a western language other than English because Chinese has nothing in common with the alphabetic English and China had little contact with the Western world in modern history.Consequently, the background knowledge of English fascinates large numbers of interested and determined English learners in China but at the same time disheartens quite a few. 中国的英语学习者可能会这样问:"我 们可以说吃鸡,为什么不能说吃猪、 吃牛、吃羊,而要说吃猪肉、牛肉、 羊肉呢?"对学习英语的中国人来说,为 这些特殊的英语词汇找出理由并非易 事。问题在于如果不懂英国历史,死 记硬背英语单词毫无效率。所以说, 学英语(其他语言亦如此)还包括学习 使用该语言国家的历史知识。学习英 语的中国人要做到这一点比其他非英 语国家的西方人要困难得多,因为汉 字和英语这种拼音文字毫无共同之 处,并且中国和西方世界在近代史上 很少接触。所以,在中国,英语背景 知识既吸引了大量英语爱好者,也使 许多人丧失信心。 The Western and Oriental values are found to be in confrontation in learning English.Native English speakers may complain about Chinese confusion when using "he" and "she",for the two words sound the same,though,different in written forms in Chinese.As a result, some native English speakers conclude that the Chinese are unable to tell the difference between the two sexes.But native English speakers are more gender blind than the Chinese when they mention their cousins.The confusion caused by the confrontation of Western and Chinese values,to a certain extent, affects the Chinese English learner's comprehension of what he/she reads and hears.Only by developing an understanding and tolerance(忍受)of different cultural values can a Chinese English learner reach the goal of communicating with native English speakers. 英语学习中,东西方的价值观念是相 互冲突的。英语母语的人会混淆汉语 中"他""她"的用法,因为这两个字尽管 字形不同,读音却相同,他们因此常 常抱怨。结果有些英语母语的人得出 结论,认为中国人不区分两种性别。 但是在涉及表亲的时候,英语母语的 人更是混淆性别。东西方价值观的冲 突造成的语言上的混淆,在一定程度 上影响学习英语的中国人对自己所读 或所听到的内容的理解.学习英语的中 国人只有增加不同文化价值观之间的 理解和宽容,才能达到与英语母语者 交流的目标。 A Chinese English learner could not have a good command of Eng1ish unless he overcomes the cultural barriers(not all,of course!)in learning English.Many Chinese translate what they think about in Chinese into English when they talk or write.This kind of English inevitably affects the fluency and flow of speech, the amount of information conveyed, and,above all,the quality of communication. 学习英语的中国人,只有在学习英语 的过程中克服文化障碍才能很好地掌 握英语。(当然不可能是克服全部文化 障碍!) 很多中国人说话或写作的时 候,将自己汉语思维的内容翻译成英 语,这势必会影响英语表达的流畅、 传达的信息量,最重要的是,影响交 流的质量。 The above is,not wholly,how difficult English is.Some native speakers might have said,"You foreigners don't use good English! " at the time a foreigner fails to understand what he is saying."Why should l?"1 would protest,though.Still,I have to keep asking myself:Is it possible for a foreigner to command English? 尽管不完全,以上就是学习英语的困 难。英语母语者被外国人误解的时候 可能会说:"你们外国人不懂地道的英 语!" 我要反驳:"我们为什么要懂?"我还要 问:一个外国人可能精通英语吗? Text B Learning a Language 学 语言 Most students would like to know how to learn a 1anguage more easily. Most linguists and language teachers would also like to know this.Linguists are working on this problem in two ways.First,they are trying to understand how children learn to speak and understand their native language. They are also trying to learn how people learn a second language. 大部分学生都想知道如何能够轻松地 学好一门语言,大部分语言学家和语 言教师也想弄清楚这个问题。语言学 家从两个方面研究这个问题。一方面, 他们致力于弄清楚儿童是如何学会母 语、理解母语的。另一方面致力于研 究人是如何学习第二语言的。 Linguists are not sure how children learn to speak.Some linguists think that children are born with an ability to learn and use a 1anguage.This does not mean that they come into the world knowing their native language. It means that, along with many other things,they are born with the ability to learn their native language. With just a little exposure to the language,and a little help from their parents,they are able to learn to speak.Another group of linguists does not think this is correct. 语言学家并不确定儿童是如何学说话 的。一些语言学家认为儿童生来就有 学习和使用语言的能力。这并不是指 一个人的母语是与生俱来的;而是指 一个人生来具有学习其母语的能力, 这种能力与人在其他方面表现出来的 能力是相同的。孩子只要与要学习的 语言有一定接触,在父母的些许帮助 下就能够学会说话。另外一派语言学 家则对此持有异议。 This second group of linguists thinks that children learn to use a 1anguage from their parents.They believe that parents teach their children to produce sounds and words in their language.When children know some words,their parents will begin to teach them to say sentences.These linguists do not think that parents teach their children in the same way that adults are taught a second language.Instead, parents probably teach their children by talking to them and correcting their use of 1anguage. These linguists feel that children learn their language mainly from the environment . In this case,the environment is their family and their home. As you see,the first group of linguists disagrees. 持反对意见的语言学家认为儿童是跟 着父母学会使用语言的。他们认为父 母首先教孩子发声、吐字。当孩子掌 握一定词汇以后,父母就开始教他们 如何组织句子。但是他们认为,父母 教孩子的方式不同于教成年人学习第 二语言的方法。相反,父母是通过与 孩子交谈并纠正他们的语言错误来教 孩子说话的。这一派语言学家认为, 儿童主要通过语言环境学会使用语言 的。这种情况下,语言环境是家庭和 生活环境。可以看出,第一派语言学 家对此并不赞同。 There are some other theories about how children learn a language.Many people are studying the process of language learning by children.This work is being done in many countries.Linguists are not the only people who are interested in this process.Many psychologists,doctors, and parents are also interested.People who teach foreign languages are interested, too. 关于儿童如何学习语言还有一些其他 理论。许多国家中有很多人正着手研 究儿童学习语言的过程。不仅语言学 家,许多心理学家、医生和父母都对 儿童的语言学习过程感兴趣。外语教 师也对这一过程很感兴趣。 Foreign language teachers are interested in how children learn to speak their native language for a very important reason.If they knew how children learn their native language,perhaps they would have an easy way to teach adults, as well as children, a second language.This is a very interesting idea.Some foreign language teachers believe that adults learn a second language the same way children learn their native language . These teachers try to make their students' learning similar to that of children.These teachers speak only the foreign language in the classroom.They will not talk to students in the native language.They try to expose them to as much of the spoken foreign language as possible.They do not teach them any rules for using the language.Most parents don't teach their children rules for language usage,either. They simply tell them how to say something correctly.Foreign language teachers using this spoken language method do the same thing. For some students,this method is successful.They learn to speak quickly and easily.They seem to enjoy using the language,and they do not pay much attention to whether they use exactly the right rules for what they say.Some students, however,cannot learn a language this way.Linguists are trying to find another way to teach them a language. 外语教师对儿童如何学说母语感兴 趣,有其很重要的原因。他们如果知 道儿童如何学习母语,就可能找到一 种简便的方法教儿童和成年人学习第 二语言。这是一种非常有意思的想法。 有些外语教师认为成年人学习第二语 言的过程和儿童学习母语的过程是相 同的。这部分外语教师模仿儿童学习 语言的过程组织教学:课堂上只讲外 语,不与学生讲母语。他们使学生尽 可能多地接触所学外语的口语形式, 不教学生语言使用的规则。外语教师 采用这种口语教法是因为大多数父母 在教孩子说话的时候也不教孩子语言 使用规则,而只是告诉孩子怎样讲话 是正确的。对一些学生来说,这种方 法是成功的,他们能够轻而易举地、 很快地学会所学的语言。他们似乎很 喜欢去用所学的语言,并不很在意是 否使用了正确的语言规则。另外一些 学生则不适合这种方法,语言学家着 手寻找一种适合他们的教学方法。 A second method,the rule-learning method,sometimes works better with these students.Some linguists believe that learning a foreign language is different from learning to speak one's native language.They feel that students must learn the rules for using the language by memorizing them and must practice saying things in the language and using the rules correctly.These linguists try to teach students the rules of the language they want to learn.Then they give them many sentences in the language to say over and over again.The students are encouraged to make up new sentences, using the rules that they have learned and the words that they know. 另外一种方法--语言规则学习法--更适 合这部分学生。一些语言学家认为学 习外语不同于学习母语。学生必须通 过记忆来学习语言使用规则,必须练 习使用这种语言,练习正确地使用这 些规则。语言教师首先教学生要学的 语法规则,再给学生一些例句让他们 反复练习,同时鼓励学生使用所学过 的语法规则和他们所掌握的词造句。 Some students are very successful with this second, rule-learning method.They learn the language quite quickly and can use it well. They know the rules for using the language and can speak the language and understand it,too.For many students, this is the best way to learn a foreign language.For some students, both of these methods may work. Sometimes teachers use a combination of these methods in class, hoping that everyone will be able to learn the language with one method or the other. Some people can go to a country and "pick up" the language simply from hearing it and trying to communicate in it.These people are rare. 一些学生使用这种语法规则学习法效 果非常好,他们学得很快,用得也好。 他们掌握了语言使用规则,能够使用 所学的语言,也能够理解别人的话。 对一些学生来说,这是学外语最好的 方法。对另外一些学生来说,两种方 法都行之有效。有时候,老师在课堂 上将两种方法结合起来用,目的是让 每个学生都能受益。有些人能够到国 外通过倾听,与人交流等手段自然而 然的学会那个国家的语言。但这毕竟 是少数人。 Most people try to learn a language by taking classes and studying it in some way. Most teachers will try different ways to help students learn a language quickly and easily.Linguists and psychologists are trying to understand how people learn and use a language.Perhaps language 1earning will be easier when they have a clear understanding of how people learn and use a language. 大多数人还是通过课堂或者其他方式 来学语言的。大多数老师也通过不同 的教法来帮助学生轻松快速的学会一 门语言。语言学家和心理学家正致力 于弄清楚人是如何学会并使用语言 的。也许在解决了这个问题之后,语 言学习会变得容易一些。 Unit 2 Text A Caught Between Two Cultures 夹在两种文化之间 I was born and raised in Hong Kong. For the past six years I’ve been living in the United States.I work as a salesgirl in a large department store. Right now I’m going through a difficult period of my life which is hard for me to talk about. 我是土生土长的香港人。六年来一直 生活在美国,是一家大百货商店的女 售货员。目前我正经历人生中一段痛 苦,自己也很难讲述。 A few months ago 1 went to Hong Kong for a visit.It was the first time I’d gone back there since coming to the United States.I was eager to see my parents, my brothers and sisters,and my friends. 几个月前,我回香港探亲,这也是我 到美国后第一次回家探亲。我期待着 见到我的父母、兄弟姐妹和我的朋友。 I really got a shock when I arrived.Hong Kong was not the same city that I left six years ago.Things had changed so much that I didn’t recognize parts of it.My elementary school was gone.The houses on the street where I used to live had been torn down and replaced by office buildings. 到达时,我确实大吃一惊。香港已经 不是六年前我离开时的那座城市了。 这儿发生了巨大的变化,一些地方都 认不出来了。我读书的那所小学已经 不复存在。曾经住过的那条街上的房 子已被拆掉,代之而起的是办公大楼。 The shock from the physical changes in the city,however,was nothing compared to the confusion and hurt I soon began to feel in my parents’ home.My family greeted me warmly when I arrived.While my mother was busy preparing a special dinner in my honor,the rest of the family eagerly asked me questions about my life in the United States.I felt happy that day and for a couple of days after,but then I began to feel that something was wrong.I noticed that my family, especially my mother, would sometimes glance at me in a strange way when I was speaking.They gradually became less warm and friendly toward me,and I became uncomfortable and confused as to(至于)why they were behaving that way. 但是,我到了父母亲家里不久,就发 现了一些令我想不通的问题,情感上 也受到了挫伤。与之相比,香港外观 上的变化给我的震惊算不得什么。我 的家人热情地迎接我回家。我母亲忙 着备饭为我接风,家里其余的人迫不 及待地问我在美国的生活。那天和之 后的几天我都非常高兴, 但是不久我 就开始感觉到事情有些不对劲儿。我 注意到,在我讲话的时候,我的家人, 尤其是我母亲,会以一种奇怪的目光 看我。渐渐地,大家对我疏远起来, 不像开始时那么热情、友好了, 我感到 不舒服,弄不明白他们为什么这样对 待我。 I decided to talk to my mother.She asked me,“Have you forgotten your Chinese way ?”I asked her what she meant.She said.“You’ve forgotten the place of women in a Chinese home.You talk when you should remain silent.You speak on matters that are of concern only to men.You speak openly of your inner feelings and desires.That’s not the way of a Chinese woman.We keep our thoughts and feelings to ourselves.” 我决定和母亲谈一谈。她问我:“你忘 了中国的规矩了吗?”我问她指的是什 么。她回答说:“你忘了中国家庭里女 人的地位了。应该保持沉默的时候, 你却在讲话。你就那些只与男人有关 的事情发表见解。你直言不讳你的内 心感受和愿望,这不是中国女人的做 法。我们的想法和感情都不说出来。” As my mother spoke,I realized what had happened to me.American including American women,are much freer in expressing their thoughts and feelings.Also American women feel as free as men to speak or give an opinion about any subject.They don’t take a silent back seat during a discussion.I guessed that through my association with Americans during the past six years,,I had gradually adopted some of their ways. 听着母亲这样讲,我意识到了是怎么 回事。美国人,包括美国女性,都非 常自由地表达自己的思想和感情。美 国男女一样,对任何问题都自由地发 表见解。在讨论中,她们不会做一个 沉默的旁观者。我想,过去六年和美 国人的交往中, 我渐渐学了他们的一 些做法。 During the next few days I tried to be a Chinese woman.But it didn’t work.My family remained distant from me.They could no longer accept me fully as one of them.I became more uncomfortable and hurt as things were said and done that made me feel that I was an outsider,a stranger in my own country. 接下来的几天,我尽力作一名中国女 性,可是没用。家人和我疏远。他们 无法完全把我当作自己人。身在家乡 却被视为外人,这使我更加不自在, 感觉受到了深深的伤害。 I cut my visit short by three weeks and came back to the United States.But coming back here didn’t lessen the confusion and pain.In fact,I feel more confused than before.I now feel homeless.I don’t feel like an American.Americans haven’t accepted me.The women I work with at the store are polite enough,but they don’t try to get close to me or let me get close to them.During the morning coffee break they make plans to have lunch together and go shopping.On Fridays they talk about the disco place they’re going to that night.My accent,my name,and 1

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