英国文学复习提纲
题型模式
选择题（ 2 分*15 道=30 分）作家作品匹配（ 1 分*20 道=20 分）名词解释（ 5 分*2 道=10 分）作品分析（三道题，25 分）论述作家区别（15 分）
Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period 文艺复兴时期掌握要点：
The Renaissance （文艺复兴）
Humanism is the essence of Renaissance.
The Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.
Renaissanee humanists （文艺复兴时期的人文主义者）：Human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection. （question, explore enjoy. ）Knight Literature（骑士文学）
Period： The Renaissance period,
Themes：“Fierce wars and faithful loves ”
Humansim（人文主义）
Sonnet 十四行诗
Shakespearean Sonnet: comprises three quatrain and final couplet rhyming ababcdcdefefgg Spenserian Sonnet： ababbabccdcdee
Christopher Marlowe 马洛
The poineer of English Drama
His creation of Renaissance hero for English drama.
Dr. Faustus: It celevrates the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness. Tamburlaine: Supreme desire for infinite power and authority.
William Shakespeare 莎士比亚
The spirit of pursuing happiness.
Hamlet 哈姆雷特
Othello 奥赛罗
King Lear 李尔王
Macbeth 麦克白
All's Well That Ends 终成眷属Measure for Measure 一报还一报Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶To Be or Not to Be”
Francis Bacon 培根
The first important English essayist.
John Donne
Metaphysical Poetry（玄学派）:Highly intellectual poetry marked by bold ingenious, conceits, incongrious, imagery complexity of thought frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness,or rigidtiy of expression.
Themes: Love Death and Religion.
John Milton Paradise Lost 失乐园
Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period
Neoclassicism新古典主义）
Classical tendency: artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman, put the stress or the classical artistic ideals of order, logic, proportion, vestrained emotion, accuracy, good, taste and decorum.
Englihtenment （启蒙运动）（18也century）
Rationality to thought and activities, called for a reference to order, reason, rules.
John Bunyan 班扬（1660-1798）
Pilgrim 'Progess 天路历程-The Vantiy Fair 名利场
Alexander Pope
An Essay on Criticism 批评论Rape of the Lock 夺发记
Daniel Defoe 笛福/ 迪佛
Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记
Jonathan Swift
Gulliver ' Travels 格列佛游记
分析Daniel Defoe 与Jonathan Swift 作品语言特点：
Defoe:1,the spirit of time （时代精神）
2,Sometimes short crisp and plain, sometimes long rambliing and leave reader impression of casual narration.
Swift:1,exploration into human nature profound （人性探索，社会批判）
2,“Proper words in proper places. ”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure.
Henry Fiedling
Comic epic in prose
Tom Jones汤姆?琼雷
Richard Brinsley Sheridan （查理?比?谢利丹）
The School of Scandal 造谣学校
Rivals 情敌
Chapter 3 The Romantic Period 浪漫主义时期
The Romantism
1,Expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social 2,individual in the solitary state.
3,Inner world of the human spirit
Gothlic n ove l（18 th-19 th）（哥特式小说）
Early set in the medival age in a Catholic country.
Principal Elements: V oilence horror and supernatural
William Blake 威廉?布莱克
Songs of innocence天真之歌
Songs of exp erience经验之歌
（赏析）：从主题思想，从修辞格（，从音律）
William Wordsworth （华兹华斯）
I wandered Lonely as a Cloud Composed upon Westminster Bridge The Soliary Reaper
（赏析）
Lake Poets （湖畔诗人）
William Wordsworth
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Robert Southey
George Gordon Byron 拜伦
Byronic hero:
A proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble orgin usually one of rebellious, individuals against outworn social systems and conventions
Don Juan
Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱
Ode to the West Wind 西风颂
（赏析）：诗眼：Destroyer and Preserver 生命的破坏与储存
Winter: Darkness of society 黑暗社会
Spring: Bright future and new social system 光明未来
“If Winter comes,can Spring be far behind. ”“如果冬天来临，春天还会远么？”（赏析）
John Keat 济慈
Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂
The Eve of St. Agnes圣亚尼节前夜
Jane Austen 简?奥斯丁
Pride and Prejudice 傲慢与偏见
Sense and Sensibility 理智与情感
Chapter 4 The Victorian Period （维多利亚时期，又称现实主义时期）
In general ,truthfully represents the realtiy and spirit of the age. High-spirited vitality the down to earth earnestness. The good-matured humor and unbounded imagination are all
unprecedented. 真实反映当时时代的现实和精神，体现高度活力和脚踏实地的精神，语言善意幽默，无羁无绊，令人产生空前的丰富联想
Charles Dickens 狄更斯Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿 A Tale of two cities 双城记
The Bront? Sisters
Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄
Jane Eyre 简?爱
英国文学期末考试题目(英语专业必备)
.. ;.. 一．中古英语时期 Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly a dventures or other heroic deeds. Geoffrey Chaucer, one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth r eigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance i s the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance E ngland are Christopher Marlowe and W illiam Shakespeare. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe. Francis Bacon was the best known essayist of this period. “Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. Thomas More ——Utopia Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene C. Beowulf D. Hamlet 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare “All t he world 's a stage, a nd all the men and women merely p layers.”——William Shakespeare William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
英国文学期末考试题目英语专业必备
一．中古英语时期 ?Beowulf is the oldest poem in the English language, and the most important specimen (范例、典范)of Anglo-Saxon literature, and also the oldest surviving epic in the English language. ?The romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period（中世纪）. It uses verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. ?Geoffrey?Chaucer, one?of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales（《坎特伯雷故事集》）,was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature. ?Chaucer is considered as the father of English poetry and the founder of English realism. 二．文艺复兴Renaissance ?Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries. It marks a transition(过渡) from the medieval to the modern world. ?It started in Italy with the flowering of painting, sculpture（雕塑）and literature, and then spread to the rest of Europe. ?Humanism is the essence of Renaissance -----Man is the measure of all things. ?This was England’s Golden Age in literature. Queen Elizabeth reigned over the country in this period. The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. The most famous dramatists in the Renaissance England ? ?“Of Studies” is the most popular of Bacon’s 58 essays. ?Thomas More ——Utopia ?Edmund Spenser——The Faerie Queene 相关练习 ? 1. Which is the oldest poem in the English language? ? A. Utopia B. Faerie Queene ? C. Beowulf D. Hamlet ? 2. _____ is the father of English poetry. ? A. Edmund Spenser B. William Shakespeare ? C. Francis Bacon D. Geoffrey Chaucer ? 3. ____ is not a playwright during the Renaissance period on England. ? A. William Shakespeare B. Geoffrey Chaucer ? C. Christopher Marlowe D. Ben Johnson 三．莎士比亚William Shakespeare ?“All the world 's a stage, and all the men and women merely players.”——William Shakespeare ?William Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright in the world and the finest poet who has written in the English language. Shakespeare understood people more than any other writers. He could create characters that have
英国文学期末复习题目
I. Each of the following below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would bet complete the statement. 1. The long poem ______ in Anglo-Saxon period was termed England’s national epic. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Paradise Lost C. The Song of Beowulf D. The Fairy Queen 2. Romance, which uses verse or prose to describe the adventures and life of the knights, is the popular literary form in ______. A. Romanticism B. Renaissance C. medieval period D. Anglo-Saxon period 3. Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for his production of____. A. Piers Plowman B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C. Confessio Amantis D. The Canterbury Tales 4. _______ is regarded as the father of English poetry. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Edmund Spenser C. John Milton D. W. Wordsworth 5. It is _____ alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. A. Geoffrey Chaucer B. Martin Luther C. William Shakespeare D. John Gower 6. One of Chaucer’s main contributions to English poetry is ______. A. he introduced the rhymed stanzas from France to English poetry B. he created striking brilliant panorama of his time and his country C. he wrote in blank verse D. he was the first to write sonnet 7. During the Renaissance, _______ was the first one to introduce the sonnet into English poetry. A. Chaucer B. John Donne C. Thomas Wyatt D. Earl of Surrey 8. During the Renaissance, _______ wrote the first English blank verse. A. Chaucer B. Edmund Spencer C. Thomas Wyatt D. Earl of Surrey 9. Which of the following historical events does not directly help to stimulate the rising of the Renaissance Movement？ A. The rediscovery of ancient Greek and Roman culture B. The new discoveries in geography and astrology C. The Glorious revolution D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion 10. The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events. Which one of the following is NOT such an event? A. The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B. England’s domestic rest C. New discovery in geography and astrology. D. The religious reformation and the economic expansion. 11. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between ______ and ______ centuries. A. 14th...mid-17th B. 14th...mid-18th C. 16th...mid-18th D. 16th...mid-17th 12. Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is_______. A. science B. philosophy C. arts D. humanism 13. _______ frequently applied conceits in his poems. A. Edmund Spenser B. John Donne C. William Blake D. Thomas Gray 14. _______ is known as “the poet’s poet”. A. William Shakespeare B. Christopher Marlowe C. Edmund Spenser D. John Donne 15. Romance，which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of____ adventures or other heroic deeds，is a popular literary form in the medieval period. A. Christian B. knightly C. pilgrims D. primitive 16. ________ and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanism. A. Edmund Spenser, Christopher Marlowe B. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
英语专八英美文学常识汇总
3专八人文知识:英国地理概况 the english channel: the channel is a narrow sea passage which separates england and france and connects the atlantic ocean and north sea. 英吉利海峡：英吉利海峡是一道狭长的海峡，分割英法两国，连接大西洋和北海。 the dee estuary: a small sea ( in irish sea) where the dee river enters. 迪河河口：是迪河流入的一个小海。 "the act of union of 1801": in 1801 the english parliament passed an act by which scotland, wales and the kingdom of england were constitutionally joined as the kingdom of great britain. 1801合并法：1801年英国议会通过法令，规定英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士根据宪法合并成为大不列颠王国。 gaelic: it is one of the celtic language, and is spoken in parts of the highlands. 盖尔语：是盖尔特语言的一种，在高地地区仍有人说这种语言。 the "backbone of england": it refers to the pennies, the board ridge of hills.
Bartleby英国文学期末论文
Interpretation of “Bartleby” 2012 English Class, 1204402019, Crush Abstract Herman Melville?s tale “Bartleby”is one of those highly acclaimed symbolic short stories in the 19th century. Bartleby is an exploited worker in the capitalistic prison—Wall Street. To some critics, he is “a Thoreau-like practitioner of passive resistance”or “an autobiographical projection of Melville as alienated author.”1In this article, I am going to concentrate on the dark, ruthless commercial society and its defective capitalist values the narrator wants to reveal in “Bartleby”; specifically, I will illustrate how the narrator?s failure to understand the existence of Bartleby and to help him indicates the limitations of rationalism. Further more, I will also try to explain what does Bartleby really need, and how can people really save him from terrible forlornness. Key words Bartleby society limitation rationalism capitalist values Melville?s “Bartleby”is narrated by the first-person narrator, as he describes himself, is “a man who, from his youth upwards, has been filled with a profound conviction that the easiest way of life is the best…one of those unambitious lawyers who never addresses a jury, or in any way draws down public applause; but in the cool tranquility of a snug retreat, do a snug business among rich men?s bonds and mortgages and title-deeds.” He is quite satisfied with his profitable life. He is proud of himself in his successful business and proudly attached that he was once employed and praised by John Jacob Astor: “All who know me consider me an eminently safe man. The late John Jacob Astor, a personage little given to poetic enthusiasm, had no hesitation in pronouncing my first grand point to be prudence; my next method.”The narrator is a typical business man of Wall Street—the epitome of the increasing urbanized, capital-driven society. The author does not set Wall Street as the backdrop randomly, but uses it 1(journal articles) Y on-jae Jung, “The Poe-esque Elements in Melville?s…Bartleby the Scrivener?”, Foreign Literature Studies 4 (2009), p. 63.
英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
英国文学试题
Instructions： This examination consists of 5 parts， and the total time for the examination is 2 hours. All the answers should be entered onto the Answer Sheet. Part I：Multiple Choices （10%） Choose the best answer to the following sentences. 1.Which of the following is NOT a feature of Beowulf？ A. Alliteration B. Anglo-Saxons’ early life in England C. Germanic language D. The national epic of Anglo-Saxon people 2.English Renaissance Period was an age of. A. prose and novel B. poetry and drama C. essays and journals D. ballads and songs 3.The main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry. John Milton was acknowledged as the greatest. Besides him， there were two groups of poets. They were the Cavalier poets and. A. the lake poets B. the university wits C. the Metaphysical poets D. the Romantic poets 4. Pamela is widely considered to be the first novel and was written by ___________. A. Thomas Hardy B. James Joyce C. Samuel Richardson D. Henry Fielding 5.The publication of， which was the joint work of William Wordsworth and Samuel T. Coleridge， marked the beginning of the Romantic Age in England. A. Don Juan B. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner C. Lyrical Ballads D. Queen Mab 6.Among the most famous realistic novelists of the Victorian age are， W. M. Thackeray， Bronte sisters， etc. A. Joseph Conrad B. Henry Fielding C. Charles Dickens D. D. H. Lawrence 7.In James Joyce’s ____________ the story “Eveline” paints a portrait of a young woman from Dublin deciding whether or not to leave her hometown. A. Ulysses B. Orlando C. Dubliners D. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man 8.In the 18th century England， satire was much used in writing. Literature of this age produced some excellent satirists， such as Jonathan Swift， Henry Fielding and.
英国文学史课程论文
英国文学史课程论文 Lake Poets in the history of English literature 英国文学史上的湖畔诗人 院（系）名称外国语学院 专业名称英语 学生姓名程路佳 学生学号1201200127 课程教师刘鹏飞 2015年12月23日
Lake Poets in the history of English literature Auther:Cheng Lujia Tutor:Liu Pengfei Abstract The Lake Poets or Lake School was a group of English poets: Samuel Taylor Coleridge, RobertSouthey, and William Wordsworth. They lived in the “lake district” in northwestern England. This group was part of the romantic movement of the late 1700?s and early 1800?s. They were inspired by the French revolution and theEnglish Industrial Revolution. They made bold experiments on poetry writing, no matter no poetry language seeking or subjects. Wordsworth was regarded as “worshipper of nature”. Coleridge was not only a poet but also a critic. While Southey pay more his attention to his democratic community in America known as “Pant isocracy”. Key words: The Romantic Period, Nature, Super nature, Imagination, Innovation, Simple language, Inner world, Spirit, Common life, Democratic, Pant isocracy
(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
《英国文学史及选读》课程教学大纲
《英国文学史及选读》课程教学大纲 一．课程基本情况： 1．编号：01015065, 01015096 (翻译方向)； 02015055,02015106 (教育方向) 2．层次与学制：本科, 四年制 3．总学时：68 4．学期与周学时：第五，六学期；周学时: 2 5．学分：2 6．执笔人：夏丹 二、课程性质与任务： 本课程为英语（翻译，教育方向）专业必修课。 该门课程在英语专业人才培养中旨在使学生从英国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，掌握英国文学各个时期的主要文学、文化思潮，文学流派，主要作家及其代表作，同时帮助学生对英国文学的发展有深刻的了解和认识，并通过介绍一些最基本的文化理论和批评方法，对部分在思想上艺术上有代表性，有影响的作家及作品进行分析、导读，增强学生对英国文学的形成和发展的理解，提高他们对文学作品的鉴赏能力和文学修养。 三、课程的基本要求 1．课程的要求：学完本课程，学生应该掌握如下能力： ①对于英国文学史有整体性的把握； ②掌握分析和鉴赏文学作品的能力； ③独立完成千字左右的文学作品评析的英文论文； ④掌握文学概念和相关文学流派的专业知识。 2．质量标准：在第五学期完成英国文学史中从中古时期到启蒙时期的文学流派及相关作家，完成两篇以上的英文作品分析论文；第六学期完成从浪漫主义时期到现代主义文学相关内容的学习，并整体把握整个英国文学史的脉络，完成三篇以上的英文作品分析论文。同时检验学生是否了解、认识英国文学各个时期的主要文化、文学流派、主要作家及其代表作品，了解英国文学的发展历史，并能够用最基本的文化理论和批评方法，理解、分析文学作品，提高文学鉴赏力、语言表达能力，提高文学修养。 四、课程内容与学时分配 第五学期： 第一章序言 (2 学时) 使学生对英国文学史和主要流派具有提纲挈领的认识。 第二章中古世纪时期（2学时） 使学生掌握英国文学的起源及其形式和主要代表作品 第三章杰弗里?乔叟 (2学时)
英国文学试题答案
英国文学选读样题答案 一、选择题（本大题共15小题，每小题1分，总计15分） 1---5 ABCCC 6---10 ABBAB 11---15 BBAAC 二、填空（本大题共10小题，每小题2分，总计20分） 1．Heroic 2 comedies 3. couplet 4. metaphysical poetry 5. Eve 6. My Luve’s Like a Red, Red, Rose 7.Houyhnynms 8. Coleridge 9. Odes 10. Emily Bronte 三、诗歌分析（本大题共4个小题，每小题分值见各小题，共20分） 1．William Wordsworth; I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud 2．Iambic tetrameter; ababcc ababcc 3. The waves beside them danced; but they _ / _ / _ / - / Out-did | the spark|ling waves | in glee: _ / _ / _ _ _ / A po|et could |not but |be gay, _ / _/ _ / _ _ In such | a jo|cund com|pany: _ / _ / _ / _ / I gazed--|and gazed-|-but lit|tle thought _ / _ / _ / _ / What wealth |the show |to me |had brought: 4. 水波在边上欢舞，但水仙 比闪亮的水波舞得更乐； 有这样快活的朋友做伴， 诗人的心儿被欢愉充塞； 我看了又看，却没领悟 这景象给了我什么财富。（黄杲炘） 四、小说分析（本大题共5个小题，每小题分值见每小题，共20分） 1.Jane Eyre; Sharlotte Bronte 2.He had a mad wife who set the building on fire and climbed to the roof of the building. He tried to save her. But the staircase broke and he fell down He was wounded and became blind. 3.When Jane knew that Mr. Rochester had a wife. She was surprised and fled from Thornfield. Mr. Rochester was very sad at it.
(完整)英国文学史知识点,推荐文档
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066) 1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒) 2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法 3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法） 例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise. 二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350) Canto 诗章 1、romance 传奇文学 2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗 三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期 1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父 2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格) 3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端) 大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups. 朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体 小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character. 这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。 小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运). 他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。 4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记) Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上). 歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式