美国文学
●Washington Irving
The first American who successfully adopted literature as a profession
The father of American literature
●His subject matter:
1.borrowed heavily from European sources and gave them distinctive American flavour
2.all his work are characterized by his genial humour and clear, easy style, mingling of serious, comic and fabulous yarn 难以置信的奇谈with gravest faces and colossal exaggeration.
●His contribution to American literature:
1.developed the short story as a genre in A L
2.enrich the form and elegance, enlarge the scope of A L
代表作：
?Diedrich Knickerbocker’s History of New York 纽约外史
?The Sketch Book of Groffrey Crayon 见文札记
?The legend of Sleepy Hollow 睡谷传说
?Rip Van Winkle
?The Life of George Washington
? A History of The Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus
? A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada
●Setting: the story’s time and place----its geography, era, season, and society.
Function:1.precise setting helps to establish the truth of the story
2.setting can give us information vital to plot and theme.
3.evoke atmosphere
●Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
The most famous member of a group of aristocratic Boston writers called the “Brahmins”
The major poetic representative of that mixture of learning, sentiment, gentility, hospitality, tradition, and faith that characterized the genteel tradition.
结婚两次，妻子都早死，伤心
●His subject matter:
filled with rich and colourful imagery, his poetry has a lyrical style with a lively and beautiful rhythm and rhyme.
Easy to understand schoolroom household fireside 家喻户晓易懂
翻译了但丁的神曲
?V oices of the Night诗集(Hymn to the Night) (A Psalm of Life)
?The song of Hiawatha (masterpiece)
?Ballads and Other Poems
?Poems on Slavery
?Evangeline
?The Courtship of Miles Standish
The Sonnet 十四行诗
Definition: a lyric poem of 14 lines written in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格)
Two types: the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet
The Italian: 2 parts: the first 8-line part is called the octave with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba
The second 6-line is called the sestet with a rhyme scheme of cdecde
The English: 4quatrians 4行诗节and a concluding couplet 后两行
With the rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg
●Edgar Allen Poe埃德加·艾伦·坡1809~1849 《黑猫》
A poet, short story writer, essayist, literary critic and editor
His tragic life: a child of misfortune Struggle to support himself
A ruler in a magic kingdom of melody and color
A jingle man
His verse belong to the lighting, bright and dazzling, but without heat
●Sound > meaning , extremely emphasize musical quality and sound effect of a poem
●His poetic world: illusory, dream-like, mysterious, dark, melancholy, exotic, far from reality
●Favourite theme: untimely过早的death of a beauty
?To Helen 致海伦
?The Raven 乌鸦
?Ulalume
?The Bells 钟
?Annabel Lee 安娜贝尔·李
●Nathaniel Hawthorne纳萨尼尔·霍桑1804~1864
Is a descendant of Puritan immigrants
Seclusion, isolation 孤立隔离闭关
Somber and solitary attitude 忧郁孤独的态度
●Romantiac writer: 1. consider the weight of history as it presses on the present
2. examination of the individual in isolation, in uncertain relationships with other people
3.probe探索the deeper part of complex human psychology the darkness of the society and human nature
●His technique: 1.widely employed symbolic devices 2. Gothic in tone and structure 3. a master of psychological insight
?Mosses from and Old Manse古宅青苔
?The Scarlet Letter红字
?The House of the Seven Gables有七个尖角阁楼的房子
?The Marble Faun玉石雕像
?The Blithedale Romance 福谷传奇
?Tanglewood Tales
?Our Old Home
●Characterization 人物塑造：means the creation of imaginary persons so that they seem lifelike
3 fundamental methods: 1. direct exposition 2. the presentation of the character in action, with little or no explicit comment by the author 3. the impact of actions and emotions on the character’s inner self
●Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819~1892
A working-class background (grass-root class) 草根阶层
Various jobs and experience of hard life and labor
An ardent support of the struggle for the abolition of slavery
● A poet of the common people and the prophet预言家and singer of democracy
?Leaves of Grass草叶集
?An epoch-making work both in content and form:
Content: democratic, shift from Romanticism to Realism
Form: free verse
?(I Hear America Singing)
?(O Captain! My Captain!)
●Free Verse 自由诗：a kind of poetry that lacks regular meter or pattern and may or may not rhyme.
●Emily Dickenson艾米莉·迪金森1830~1886
小屋里的女人，生前只有7首诗发表
Retreat to a life of solitude
Most of her poetry: a natural flow of personal feeling and experience far from society
Her recurrent themes: death, love, friendship, native, immortality.
Her poems are short, even whimsical, but clever, witty and lively.
Her poetry is filled with fresh and strange images, illuminating 启蒙性and exquisite metaphors.
?Because I Ca n’t Stop for Death因为我不能等待死神
?Success Is Counted Sweetest
?I’m Nobody
●Diction 措辞：diction is a writer’s choice of words, particularly for clarity effectiveness, and precision. Can be formal or
informal, abstract or concrete.
●Emily Dickenson is famous for her startling and original diction in her poetry
●Mark Twain马克·吐温1835~1910 (Samuel Langhorne Clemens)
As a writer, he is a new voice, a man of the people
He captured a peculiarly American sense of humor, telling outrageous jokes in a calm, innocent, matter-of- fact manner.
He used local dialect for comic effect
Rich in metaphor, newly invented words and drawling rhythms.慢吞吞的节奏
●His 2 major features: humanitarianism 人道主义and colloquialism 口语化
?The Notorious Jumping Frog of Calaveras County 卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙
?The Gilded Age镀金时代
?The Adventures of Tom Sawyer汤姆·索亚历险记
?The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝里·芬历险记(The greatest novel in American Literature) funny,
powerful, humane, full of social commentary and criticism
?Life on the Mississippi在密西西比河上
?The Prince and The Pauper
?The Man That Corrupted Hardleybug败坏了哈德莱堡的人
●Local Color 地方色彩：the careful attention to details of the physical scene and to those mannerisms in speech, dress, of
behaviour peculiar to a geographical locality.
the west: Bert Harte
the Mississippi region: Mark Twain and William Faulkner
the south: George Washington Cable
the Midwest: E.W.Howe, Hamlin Garland
New England: Sarah Orne Jewett
●Robert Frost罗伯特·弗洛斯特1874~1963
●His reputation and honor:
1.his poems used to be hailed as “modern classics”
2.Pulitzer Prize for poetry (4次)
3.Medal of Honor from American Congress
4.Inaugural poet for president J.F.Kennedy
His life and poetic career: farmer—poet—full-time poet
Life-long pattern of teaching, farming, writing poetry
●His subject matter: New England country and farm life
●Form: traditional verse forms: lyric stanzas and blank verse
●Structure: begin in delight and end in wisdom
●Relationship between “sound and sense”: interconnected and interchangeable
● A poet of profound simplicity
Simplicity vs. dark pessimism 悲观主义
Nature and rural life vs. understanding of pain, loneliness, doubt and tragedy
? A Boy’s Will一个男孩的意愿
?North of Boston
?Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
?The Road Not Taken
●Blank Verse 无韵诗，素体诗（不押韵的抑扬格五音步诗行）：is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter, it follows 2
requirements of pattern: a regular line length of 5 stressed and a rhythm pattern of alternate unstressed and stressed syllables.
Rhythm节奏rhyme押韵
●Free verse 无无
●Blank verse 有无
●William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897~1962
One of the most important Southern writers in the US
One of the leading American writers in the 20th century
Awarded Nobel Prize for Literature in 1949
●Faulkner’s subject matter：
The inevitable fall of the southern aristocratic families
two recurring themes: history and race
The Deep South represents a decayed culture, a bankrupt economy, barbaric racial codes…
Yoknapatawpha: an invented county
His works are termed as the Yoknapatawpha saga, one connected story, one mythical kingdom
●His experimental style: Stream of consciousness 意识流Multiple points of view多角度叙述
?The Sound and the Fury喧嚣与骚动
?As I Lay Dying在我弥留之际
?Light in August八月之光
?Absalom, Absalom押沙龙，押沙龙
?Go Down, Moses去吧，莫西
?The Bear 《熊》
?Dry September《干旱的九月》
?Barn Burning《烧马棚》
? A Rose for Emily《纪念艾米莉的一朵玫瑰》
●Stream of consciousness 意识流：The continuous flow of sense-perceptions, thoughts, feelings and memories in the
human mind; or a literary method of representing such a blending of mental processes in fictional characters
●Point of view：the vantage point from which an author presents a story.
Omniscient全知者; third person, first person
Multiple points of view: the event is shown from the positions of two or more different characters
●Ernest Hemingway厄内斯特·海明威1899~1961
A myth in his own time, a myth in American literature
Egotistical, violent, incredibly aggressive, unbelievably self-disciplined
Committed suicide in 1961
●Characteristic Hemingway style：
Cut out all unnecessary words and complex sentence structures
Concentrate on concrete objects and actions
Only writer after Mark Twain to alter the literary language of the country
In 1954, won Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”
●Short sentence, swift terse dialogue, impersonal tone（not emotional）
“The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one eighth of its being above water”
A minimal use of words would give the strongest effect
Understatement 轻描淡写
?The Sun Also Rises太阳照常升起
? A Farewell to Arms永别了，武器
?Death in the Afternoon午后之死
?For Whom the Bell Tolls丧钟为谁而鸣
?The Old Man and the Sea老人与海
? A Clean, Well-Lighted Place
●The Lost Generation迷惘的一代：Hemingway was the spokesman of the lost generation.
A term applied to American writers, most of whom were very young in the 1920s; most of whom fought and were
shocked and wounded in WWI, bearing emotional war scars, and went to Paris, became expatriates, and who adopted unconventional style of writing
● F. Scott Fitzgerald弗·斯科特·费兹杰拉德1896~1940
●his complicated attitude:The core of American dream/capitalist society----wealth, money
Aware of the corruptive and destructive powers of acquisition of money and there was sth. wrong with the society
Fascinated and tempted by the magic properties of wealth and wasted a great deal of his talent in the attempt to acquire more wealth
●Jazz Age:the 1920s(1919-1929) --Also called The Roaring Twenties / The Dollar Decade
● A time of carefree prosperity / isolated from the world’s problems / bewildering great social change / a feverish pursuit of
pleasure
●Fitzgerald- both a leading participant in the typically carefree, money-making life of the decade and a detached observer
of it
●The theme of his works:
The problem of money, wealth
Main characters: himself, the postwar pleasure-seeking young generation
At first, a spokesman for youth, Soon turned into a most severe judge
Use novel to reveal the pettiness and suffering that underlay the charm and glamour
?This Side of Paradise人间天堂
?Flappers and Philosophers轻佻女郎与哲学家
?The Beautiful and the Damned美丽的和该死的（漂亮冤家）
?The Great Gatsby了不起的盖茨币
?Tender is the Night夜色温柔
?All the Sad Young Man一代悲哀的年轻人
?The Last Tycoon最后的巨头（没写完）
?Tales of the Jazz Age
?Taps at Reveille
●Jerome David Salinger杰罗姆·大卫·赛林格1919~2010
a Jewish writer
one of the most controversial authors of the postwar era
led a hermit’s life
one of the most influential among college youth from the mid-1950’s to the mid-1960’s
?Catcher in the Rye麦田里的守望者
?Nine Stories
?Franny and Zooey
?Raise High the Roof Beam, Carpenters and Seymour: An Introduction
常耀信《美国文学简史》(第3版)笔记和考研真题详解(9-14章)【圣才出品】
第9章地方色彩小说?马克?吐温 9.1复习笔记 I.Local Colorism（地方色彩主义） The vogue of local color fiction was the outgrowth of historical and aesthetic forces that had been gathering energy since early19th century.Local colorism as a literary trend first made its presence felt in the late1860s and early seventies.It is a variation of American literary realism. Local colorists were consciously nostalgic historians of a vanishing way of life,recorders of a present that faded before their eyes.They concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions.They tended to idealize and glorify,but they never forgot to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life.Major local colorists are Bret Harte,Hanlin Garland, Harriet Beecher Stowe,Kate Chopin and Mark Twain. 地方色彩小说的流行是自19世纪早期以来历史和艺术力量凝聚的产物。作为一种文学潮流，地方色彩主义在19世纪60年代晚期和70年代早期初展头角。它是美国现实主义文学的一个分支。 地方色彩主义作家是怀念正在消逝的生活方式的历史家，他们记录了在他们眼前逝去的现在。他们致力于展示描述自己地方的特色，倾向于赞颂地方生活并将其理想化，但是他们又注意不失地方生活的真实色彩。主要的地方色彩主义作家包括布莱特·哈特、汉林·加兰德、哈里耶特·比彻·斯托、凯特·肖邦及马克·吐温等。 II.Mark Twain(1835-1910)（马克·吐温） 1.Life（生平） Mark Twain,pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens,is a great literary giant of America. He was brought up in the small town of Hannibal,Missouri,on the Mississippi River.He was twelve when his father died and he had to leave school.He was successively a printer’s apprentice,a tramp printer,a silver miner,a steamboat pilot on the Mississippi,and a frontier journalist in Nevada and California.This knocking about gave him wide knowledge of humanity. With the publication of his frontier tale,he became nationally famous.His first novel The Gilded Age was an artistic failure,but it gave its name to the American of the post-bellum period.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was his masterwork.Mark Twain was essentially an affirmative writer.But toward the latter part of his life,due to some tragic events,he changed to an almost
(完整版)美国文学课后答案
1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight or nine o’clock, on the Sunday morning and landed at the Market Street wharf. 4.What features do you find in the style of the above selection? It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision(言简意赅). The narrative is lucid(易懂的), the structure is simple, the imagery is homely(朴素的). 二、Questions 1.How many characters does Poe include in The Cask of Amontillado? What are these names? Montresor, Fortunato and Luchesi 2. What drink are the French most famous for? Wine 3.Does Montresor have something of great value to him which we might consider to be his treasure? His pride and the pride of his French family heritage. Perhaps his devious plot of revenge. 4.Does Montresor seem to have much respect for Italians? Montresor does not have much respect for Italians. He feels the French are superior, especially with respect to wine. 5.What was Fortunato's insult? Poe does not tell us directly, but only implies it in the third paragraph 6.Which wine does Montresor use to lure Fortunato into the catacombs? "Amontillado" (the Spanish wine; Montresor's ruse to lead Fortunato down into the catacombs. 7.Why does Montresor entertain Fortunato with wines from his collection? Montresor wants to get Fortunato drunk enough to be able to trap him in his plan of vengeance. 8.In what two ways does Montresor imprison Fortunato? He fetters (chains and locks) Fortunato to the wall of the catacombs. He builds a wall to close Fortunato off in a small corner of the catacombs, where Montresor will leave him to die. 9.In what ways is The Cask of Amontillado grotesque? First, which of Montresor's actions are abnormal? The whole obsessive plot of vengeance. The fettering and entombment of Fortunato. Montresor's sick sense of humor. 10.Is there anything grotesque about Fortunato? His obsession with alcohol. His drunkenness. His tendency to berate Luchesi (he may have been drunk and may have insulted Montresor in a similar
华裔美国文学中的翻译问题
华裔美国文学中的翻译问题 摘要：自从上世纪八十年代开始，我国便开始开展对华裔美国文学的译介工作，并且伴随着的时间的推移，对华裔美国文学作品翻译的数量不断增加，与华裔美国文学研究的相关理论也在不断的增加，同时伴随着国内研究者对华裔美国文学研究的不断深入，逐渐形成了一些人们特别关注的重点和翻译过程中比较明显的问题。为此，笔者要对华裔美国文学中出现的相关翻译问题进行研究和分析。 关键词：华裔美国文学翻译问题 华裔美国文学是亚裔美国文学的重要组成部分，是特定历史时期的产物。在长期的发展中，我们在西方社会和美国人眼中往往被称为“东方人（oriental）”，直到上世纪的六十年代加州大学的市岗勇次教授发明了“亚裔美国人（Asia American）”，改变了传统的称谓，并且伴随着之后发生的美国民权运动，诞生了华裔美国人、日裔美国人和菲裔美国人等称谓。虽然早在十九世纪亚洲人就已经到了美国，但是与其相对应的亚裔美国文学的发展却迟到了一个世纪之久，甚至对基本的“亚裔美国人”和“亚裔美国文学”之间的界定还没有达成共识。因此，对华裔美国文学翻译中存在的问题进行研究具有重要的现实意义。 1 Chinese American Literature翻译问题分析 1.1Chinese American Literature译名认识 早在上世纪八十年代中国内地对华裔文学进行译介时，往往是按照汉语表达的习惯进行翻译，即把涵盖面积范围广的词语放在翻译的前面，则对“Chinese American Literature”的翻译就是“美国华裔文学”，与当时的“美国犹太文学（Jewish American Literature）”、“美国印第安文学（Indian American Literature）”的翻译方式是一致的。但是随着后期国内翻译中华裔美国文学的普及，以及台湾学者在文章中大量使用“华裔美国文学”，人们将逐渐接受了“华裔美国文学”，笔者认为使用“华裔美国文学”是具有一定道理的，因为这种翻译语序与汉语语序是一致的，用Chinese American对Literature进行修饰，表达的意思就是“华裔美国人创作出来的文学”。正如在汉语中我们习惯说“华裔美国人”却不习惯说“美国华裔人”，因此往往采用华裔美国人的说法。另外，在目前国内两种用法都是可行的，毕竟二者各有存在的道理，比如当将“美国”放在前面时，就可以翻译成“美国华人文学”，一样是符合我们汉语的表达习惯。 1.2对“华裔美国人”的认识思考 所谓的“华裔美国人”是指具有华人血统和美国国籍的人，其中既包括土生土长的华人后裔，也包括拥有美国国籍的华人，但是在许多华裔作家和评论家往往将后者排除在“华裔美国人”之列，因为他们认为自身已经被主流社会所认同已经成为一名真正的美国人，而后者的出现使其自身的社会地位受到影响，故对后者
美国文学题_答案
III Multiple choice (20%) 1. Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. When her poems were published in England, she became known as the “______” who appeared in America. A Ninth Muse B Tenth Muse C Best Muse D First Muse 2. ______ is the sometimes exaggerated use of local language, characters and customs in regional literature. A purple prose B waste-land imagery C local color D symbolism 3. The Fitzgeralds lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than F. Scoot Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as _______. A The Jazz Age B The Gilded Age C The Glorious Age D The Beat Age 4. ___________ was a reaction to the ideas of the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment. A Romanticism B Realism C Naturalism D Modernism 5. Although only few of her poems were published in her lifetime and a complete collection of them didn’t appear until the 1950’s, _____ had a major impact on 20th century poetry. A Anne Bradstreet B Gertrude Stein C Emily Dickinson D Amy Lowell 6. Who of the following is NOT a 20th century American poet? A Henry Wordsworth Longsfellow B Amy Lowell C Ezra Pound D Robert Frost 7. Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his ______. A International theme B Waste-land imagery C Local color
华裔美国小说的成长主题分析
民营科技98MYKJ 文化教育 华裔美国小说的成长主题分析 于陆一 （哈尔滨师范大学公共英语教研部，黑龙江哈尔滨150000） 小说文类一直是华裔美国文学艺术表现的中心。一大批耳熟能详的华裔美国作家，如汤亭亭（Maxine Hong Kingston）、赵建秀（Frank Chin）、谭恩美（Amy Tan）、任碧莲（Gish Jin）等，无不以小说盛名。可以说，几乎在任何一本综合性的亚裔美国文学评论集里，华裔美国小说都无法缺席，国内外诸多相关批评性杂志和期刊中，相比之于戏剧、诗歌等其他文类，关于华裔美国小说的评述和研究总是备受关注。从某种意义上说，小说这一文类支撑和见证了整个亚裔/华裔文学史的发展和变迁。1文化身份与认同问题 在多种文化交织造成的文化错位和话语权缺失的状态下生存的华裔美国人，其身份既与种族、阶级、性别、性和民族密切相关，也因社会文化政治环境的变化而不断变异。在创作方面，文化身份和认同成为此类作品不可或缺的重要主题，围绕其创作是亚裔族群探索成长中自身文化身份的有效途径。所以它也成为亚裔学者小说批评中密切关注的焦点。关于文化身份主题的书写和讨论在华裔美国小说中逐渐形成了两种认同视角:本土视角和全球视角/离散视角。 探讨华裔文化身份的最早重要研究成果之一，要数斯坦利·苏和德拉德·苏（Stanley Sue，Derald W.Sue）1971年发表的论文《华裔美国人的性格和精神健康》（Chinese-American Personality and Mental Health，1971）。从心理学的角度出发，作者们认为理想的华裔美国人应建立自己的“自豪感”，理想的认同是“建立在抛弃中华文化的前提下形成的文化和族群认同”。斯坦利·苏和德拉德·苏从心理学和社会学角度研究华裔美国人的身份问题，拉开了身份探讨的序幕，但是他们的观点存在很多问题，如研究对象的局限、研究方法的狭隘，导致把复杂的问题简单化、整一化的趋势。随着文化民族主义关怀的退热和亚洲人与亚裔美国人身份的互渗，亚裔美国文化批评的视角也从本土向离散转移。例如，黄秀玲（Sau-ling Cynthia Wong）在《“去国家化”在思考》（Denationalization Re－considered:Asian American Cultural Criticism at a Theoretical Cross－roads，1995）中将研究重点放在全球化进程中出现的“去国家化”趋势下对亚裔美国文化批评的宏观思考。黄秀玲看到亚裔美国这个概念在离散的视野下越显局限，呼吁拓展亚裔美国文学的领域到囊括书写亚洲和亚裔美国历史经验和文化表达的移民文学，她认为对亚裔美国文学批评的“全球化过程”应进行历史化和语境化分析。 2美国化/同化 同化原为生理学概念，指食物在体内的消化过程。社会学借用此概念，指不同文化单位融合成一个同质文化单位的渐进或缓慢的过程，主要指“语言或文化的同化或融合”即归化。美国化就是与美国主流文化同化的趋势，就是“移民来到美国后成为‘美国人’的过程”，目的是“为进入主流文化而奋斗，以及谋求在美国社会中的立足之地”。对于华裔美国人来说，同化与美国化是同义词，因为同质文化单位即为美国主流文化。长期以来，美国主流总认为华人移民是“不可同化”者，“来自彼岸的陌生人”。他们总被认为是暂居美国，等待赚足美国的钱后衣锦还乡，颐养天年。除此不良经济动机之外，文化传统、信仰与美国主流的隔阂也使华人被排除在可同化者之外。学者们就同化的可能性、同化的代价和意义以及不同性别主体的同化差异提出看法。 同化主义与民族主义之间的对立遭到亚裔美国批评家丽莎·刘（Lisa Lowe）的瓦解，同化的诸多可能性被逐渐认识。她在提倡策略性本质主义的前提下，通过探讨法国后殖民主义批评家法农（Frantz Fanon）的著作《大地上的受苦者》（The Wretched of the Earth1961）中的身份政治，指出法农认为资产阶级同化论和民族主义都服从同一种逻辑，都是对殖民主义的回应，他们都复制了统治阶级的相同结构，所以同化主义与民族主义并非对立，而同是对旧制度的照搬。这就瓦解了以赵建秀为代表的民族主义批评者批判汤亭亭“同化主义作品”的汤赵之争。同时，丽莎·刘又指出同化主义与民族主义又存在于亚裔美国文学之中，深刻地表现在叙事作品的代际冲突之中，凸显出成长中社会化的多重而复杂的影响因素。 3性别/性 性别与族裔问题相互交织，不可分割。在亚裔美国文学中，关于性别问题的讨论，众多著名亚裔学者皆有相似论点:“从一开始，种族与性别就与亚裔美国历史和文学交织在一起。”“任何性别/性主题的出现和变迁及持久性总是与具体的历史条件相连。”“族裔身份从某种意义上来说，本身就是性别化的，性别总是族裔化的。在所有的社会关系中，劳动力本身就是性别化的，性种族化，种族也与阶级紧密相连。”汤亭亭二十世纪六十年代后出版的作品《女勇士》被认为是战后里程碑式的作品而被纳入经典：“该书有意识地将亚裔美国女性主义的异见视角注入了以男性为主导的亚裔美国文学话语”。 结语 华/亚裔美国文学中主人公在建构文化、族裔、性别自我的同时，对于生命和成长有了更深刻的生命意识体悟。除了对社会、文化具有深刻思考之外，还夹杂了对精神价值、情感、人性等思考，以追求本真生存。所以，真正探讨和挖掘华裔美国文学的价值和意义，就必须注重作品的文学性，而关注文学中的成长主题在华裔美国文学中如何作为一个美学呈现，有何特殊的表现方式和审美意义，与族裔经验有何联系，对研究华裔美国文学的文学特点和文化价值具有重要意义和价值。 参考文献 [1]程爱民.美国华裔文学研究[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2003. [2]褚孝泉.拉康选集[M].上海：上海三联书店，2001. [3]单德兴.“开疆”与“辟土”—— —美国华裔文学与文化：作家访谈录与研究论文集[C].天津：南开大学出版社，2006. [4]胡勇.文化的乡愁：论美国华裔文学的文化认同[M].北京:中国戏剧出 版社，2003. [5]黄秀玲.从必须到奢侈:解读亚裔美国文学[M].詹乔等，译.北京：中国 社会科学出版社，2006. 摘要：成长是人类社会和文学发展的永恒话题。从华裔美国文学肇始以来，成长主题就贯穿其发展的始终。在此研究华裔美国小说中的成长主题，参照成长小说理论，将华裔美国小说成长主题研究置于20世纪和21世纪初世界离散文化语境中，探讨华裔美国作家笔下的少数族裔主人公在美国多元文化社会中如何建构独立自我、确立自我身份的成长过程。 关键词：华裔美国小说;成长主题;社会化成长;族裔化成长; 个体化成长
美国文学简史(第三版)复习 常耀信
美国文学作者作品 Edwards: 爱德华兹 The Freedom of the Will 《论意志自由》 Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended 《论原罪》 The Nature of True Virtue 《论真实德行的本原》 名篇：Personal Narrative 《自述》 Sinners in the hands of an Angry God 《愤怒上帝手中之罪》 Benjamin Franklin:本杰明·富兰克林 Poor Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德年历》Autobiography 《自传》 Washington Irving:华盛顿·欧文 A History of New York《纽约外传》The Sketch Book 《见文札记》名篇：Rip Van Winkle《瑞普·温·凡克尔》 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow 《睡谷传奇》 James Fenimore Cooper:詹姆斯·费尼莫尔·库柏Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》 The Pioneer 《拓荒者》The Prairie 《大草原》 The Last of Mohicans《最后的莫希干人》 The Pathfinder《探路人》The Deerslayer 《猎鹿者》
Ralph Waldo Emerson:拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生 Nature 《论自然》Self-Reliance 《论自立》Essays 《随笔集》名篇：The American Scholar 《美国学者》（has been regarded as “American Declaration of Intellectual Independence”被誉为美国思想的独立宣言） The Poet Henry David Thoreau:亨利·戴维·梭罗 Walden 《瓦尔登湖》 Nathaniel Hawthorne:纳撒尼尔·霍桑 The Scarlet Letter《红字》 The House of the Seven Gables 《七个尖角阁的房子》 Mosses from an Old Manse《古厦青苔》 The Blithedale Romance《福谷传奇》 The Marble Faun 《玉石神像》 Ethan Brand 《伊桑布兰德》 Young Goodman Brown 《好小伙子布朗》 Dr. Heidggeger’s Experiment 《海德格博士的体验》 The Ambitions Guest 《野心勃勃的客人》 The Greast Stone Face 《巨石脸》
爱党青年和谐版美国文学答案
Literary terms这部分的答案均来自星火《英美文学》一书，质量高 1.Transcendentalism: is literature，philosophical and literary movement that flourished in New England from about 1836 to1860. It originated among a small group of intellectuals who were reaching against the orthodoxy of Calvinism and the rationalism of the Unitarian Church, their own faith centering on the divinity of humanity and the natural world instead. Transcendentalism derived some of its basic idealistic concepts from romantic German philosophy, and from such English authors as Carlyle，Coleridge, and Wordsworth. The ideas of transcendentalism were most eloquently expressed by Ralph Waldo Emerson in such essays as Nature and Self-Reliance and by Henry David Thoreau in his book Walden. 2.American naturalism：this term was created by Emile Zola. Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory played an important role in naturalism. In the works off naturalism，characters were conceived as complex combinations of inherited attributes and habits conditioned by social and economic forces. At the end of the 19th century，this pessimistic form of realism appeared in America. Naturalism attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness. Characters in the works of naturalism were dominated by their environment and heredity. Naturalism emphasized：the world was around；men had no free will；religious “truth” were illusory；the destiny of human beings was misery in life and oblivion in death. The dominant figures in naturalism were Stephen crane，Frank Norris, Jack London and Theodore Dreiser. 3.The lost generation: included the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the war and cut from the old value and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. These writers adopted unconventional style of writing and reacted against the tendencies of the older writers in the 1920s. The term came from Gertrude Stein who said in Hemingway's presence that “you are all a lost generation.” 4.Jazz age: the novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the term "Jazz Age" retroactively to refer to the decade after World War I and before the stock market crash in 1929, during which Americans embarked upon what he called "the gaudiest spree in history". Jazz Age is inextricably associated with the wealthy white "flappers" and socialites immortalized in Fitzgerald's fiction. 5.Free verse: is a poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure, instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Whitman's poetry is an example of free verse at its most impressive. It has since been used by Ezra Pound, T.S. Eliot and other major American can poets of the 20th century. 6. The iceberg analogy: The Iceberg Theory is a writing theory by American writer Ernest Hemingway, as follows：if a writer of a prose knows enough about what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader，if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. 这部分来自星火的为：3,7,8, 来自课本为：1,4,9 来自网络为：2,5,6大家自取之 1.Poe's Poetic Ideas A.His conviction that the function of poetry is not to summarize and interpret earthly experience, but to create a mood in which the soul soars toward supernal beauty. B.He insists that poetry must be disembarrassed of that moral sense. C.Poe believes that the elevation of excitement of the soul should be “the poetic principle” thus poetry must concern itself only with “supernal beauty”. D.Poe defines poetry as “the rhythmical creation of beauty” a definition gi ving unexampled emphasis upon the importance of the rhythmical or musical element in poetry.
华裔美国文学作品中的中国文化
华裔美国文学作品中的中国文化 华裔美国文学作为美国文学的一部分，是美国多元文化下的必然产物。美国华裔文学作家因其身份的特殊性，在文学创作过程中有意无意地将中国文化运用其中，使其作品体现了中美文化的杂糅。本文首先介绍华裔美国文学的发展历史，其后对华裔美国文学作品中的中国文化的利用进行探析进而阐释其背后的意义所在。 标签：华裔美国文学；中国文化 引言 华裔美国文学发展至今已有百余年历史，作为美国文坛的一支力量，它经历了从边缘走向主流，最终被正式纳入美国文学史的艰辛历程。吴冰教授在他的文章这样定义华裔美国文学，“凡是华裔美国人从自身出发描写的在美生活的故事都属于华裔美国文学，大多数的华裔美国文学是有美国国籍、华人血统的作家笔下的作品。”美国是个多移民的国家，华裔美国文学作品中的语言不仅限于英语，因此华裔美国文学包括华裔美国英语文学和华裔美国华文文学。作为美国出生成长起来的华人后裔，他们在社会和文化环境方面都受到美国的影响，他们不可能像父辈那样对中国传统有着深刻的、全面的认识。但祖辈们对自己身上血脉的情结又难免使后代受到中国传统文化的影响。因此，美国华裔作家作品中所表现的文化是中国文化和美国文化的杂糅。他们所描述的文化是他们眼中的、华裔美国人的文化，也并非纯正的中国传统文化。 一、华裔美国文学发展溯源 （一）开创阶段 华人移民美国的第一次浪潮始于19世纪中期，从此开始到20世纪中期是华裔美国文学的萌芽和开创阶段。华人移民美国由于受到排斥和歧视，通过主动请愿，书写抗议书等形式表达心声，希望能够改善生存状况。早期的华裔美国文学作品数量有限，内容单一，形式松散。但此后逐渐形成了具有族裔性的文学作品，代表作品有刘裔昌（Pardee Lowe）的《父与子》（Father and Glorious Descendant，1943）和黄玉雪（Jade Snow Wong）《华女阿五》（Fifth Chinese Daughter，1945）。他们的作品大多有这样的特点：向美国人真实地介绍中国社会文化的丰富多彩，以此消除美国人因地域、文化的差异对中国人产生的误读；希望融入美国社会，消除一切不公平的对待和种族歧视，试图改善华人在美国的不平等待遇。 （二）发展阶段 20世纪中期至70年代是华裔美国文学的发展阶段，华裔移民经历着中美文化的冲击碰撞。在此阶段，华裔美国文学作品多以自传性题材为主，将写作出发点聚焦在华人特殊社会身份和文化认同上，借描述华人在美国的生活经历来表现
英国文学复习的重点
一、课程设置的有关说明 1.美国文学是一门专业英语高年级开设的专业知识课，是一门必修课程。 2.设置本课程的目的和要求：美国文学课程的目的是培养学生阅读、欣赏、理解英语文学原著的能力，掌握文学批评的基本知识和方法。通过阅读和作品分析，促进学生语言基本功和人文素质的提高，增强学生对西方文化的了解。总体来讲，英语专业课程分为英语专业技能，英语专业知识和相关专业知识三种类型。美国文学课程是英语专业知识课程中比较重要的课程，一般在大四年级开设，按周学时统计，需两个学期完成。 3.美国文学课程内容大体分为两部分：文学史部分和文学作品选读部分。文学史部分从美国历史、语言、文化发展的角度，简要介绍美国文学各个历史断代的主要历史背景、文化思潮、文学流派、社会政治、经济、文化、等对文学发展的影响；主要作家的文学生涯、创作思想、艺术特色及其代表作品的主题结构、人物刻画、语言风格、思想意义等；选读部分主要节选了美国文学史上各个时期重要作家代表作品，包括诗歌、戏剧、小说、散文等。 二、具体教学内容 第一章殖民时期的文学(2 学时) 1.教学目的和教学基本要求 通过这一部分内容的学习，了解美国文学的起始可追溯到早期北美殖民主义时期。尽管这一时期的文学并不发达，主要以模仿为主，没有自己的鲜明特点，但那时的政治，经济和社会发展对美国文学的形成还是有很大的影响。例如：当年来美洲大陆移民的人基本上属于两种人，一类是为逃避国内政治迫害，追求宗教自由的英国清教徒，他们来到新英格兰地区，扎根发展；另一类是谋求发财致富的欧洲平民百姓，包括野心勃勃的冒险家。不论是哪一种人都相信在新大陆都可以得到自由平等的待遇，都有机会实现自己的理想。这种观点使“美国梦”成为日后美国文学的永恒主题。清教主义有关人生来有罪及上帝主宰一切等思想也影响了美国作家不断去思考人性与原罪、人与上帝的关系。由于这一时期文学不很发达，主要文学形式多为讲经布道之作，也有游记、书信等其他文学作品。 2.内容提要 第一节美国殖民时期文学概述
(完整word版)《美国文学选读》课程标准
《美国文学选读》课程标准 一、课程性质与任务 美国文学选读是英语专业高年级的选修课。它与英美文学史密切结合，使学生在接触到浩繁的文学作品的同时，可以对繁杂的文学现象加以整理和梳理，并形成自己阅读文学作品的习惯，开阔视野，在学习过程中把握正确的理解文学作品的方法。美国文学选读通过向学生介绍文学作品及其作品创作的历史文化背景，培养学生阅读文学作品的兴趣，增强语感，增进学生对美国社会、历史、文化以及生活习俗的了解，提高他们对西方文学的欣赏能力及批评能力。 二、课程教学目标 1．知识目标 1）文学知识：通过本课程的学习，学生应深入、直观地理解各个时期的美国文学作品，把握其思想、语言及创作技巧上的特点；另外，还应对美国的文学评论流变具备相对清晰的认识。 2）语言知识：本课程是通过介绍不同文体的文学作品，深化学生对英语语言的认知、理解和应用的能力。并通过对不同时期英语原文资料的阅读和解析，以一种更加直观的方式了解这门语言的发展。 2．能力目标 1）文学作品鉴赏能力：通过作者作品的讲解，学生可以对作品的社会历史价值和艺术价值进行评价，培养并提高自我的鉴赏能力； 2）语言表达能力：通过课堂和课下阅读及评价任务的完成，学生的口头和书面表达能力能够得到全面的提高； 3）思辩能力：课上小组讨论环节和presentation环节能够激发学生的思辩能力，助其开拓思路，同时也为以后对英语的有效使用打下基础。 3．素质目标 1）文学文化修养：本课程作为英语专业高年级学生的素养课，旨在培养学生对美国文学及文化的理解，可以使学生以直观的方式全面接触这种语言和文化，并形成独立的开放的文化观，进一步强化其跨文化意识； 2）基本的研究素质：本课程通过对文学评论的介绍和讲解向学生传授文学鉴赏的不同视角，可使其具备基本的文学研究素质； 3）文学翻译的基础：本课程通过对文学作品的细读向学生介绍文字背后的人文、历史、政治、哲学及美学等因素，可为文学翻译课程提供较好的材料，并做好前期准备。 三、课程基本信息和内容要求
美国文学选读课后题答案
1、Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why? -------from F、Scoot、Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby Gatsby pursuit “a universe of ineffable gorgeous” in his young age、In fact, Gatsby from West Egg insists his Platonic fantasy、He fell in love with the blonde and his ineffable gorgeous ideal is bined with Daisy’s breathing and desire、Daisy bees the image of ideal in his mind; though she marries Tom and may does not love him, though he can realize her soul full of money and desire, he cannot change his mind which back his love and be together as before、Maybe that is the shining and great part of his soul、Maybe that is the American dream which can show to us、But through the novel, we can have the clear idea that Daisy’s desire was not his drea m, it is not Daisy’s fault but his dream has giant vitality and energy、His dream is far behind Daisy and everything exists、He does his best to build the perfect world and aim in his mind、So his spirit which pursuits on ideal and dedication is also far behind secular frolicking in the bed、For realizing his dream, he donated himself to mud of money in New York; he showed no interests in wealth itself and the life of debauchery、Just like the lotus lives in the pound around with mud but not be polluted、His soul no doubt is suffering in the social life but without any plain、3、What do “petals” and “bough” stands for? -----from Ezra Pound In A Station of the Metro、 First of all, this poem stands the points of economy by Imagism、Every word in this poem has its own unique meaning、For example, the color of black in this poem may represent the train’s color, the railway’s color, the pillar’s color or the dim light of the metro station、Ezra Pound was very sensitive to the color and usually used their different meanings in his poetry、He used the skill of painting in his process of creating the poem、In this poem, every word is used as the pigment、Petals stand for the meaning of color from their unique image、The word “wet” brings the feeling of fresh and bright to the people、And the word “apparition” gives the dim color of pale and weak to the “faces” and “petals”、And the author put the petals and faces together let the faces have the feeling of tender and red、Several pretty faces appear in the metro station from the dimly lit, and they bee the shining petals in the black bough which was wet by the rain、This transformation is based on our vision, but it also shows that the same point between the quiet nature scenery and the noisy industrial environment、Ezra Pound wants tell us that we can find the beauty everywhere in our daily life、And it also shows the metaphor of Imagism、 1、Do you think Gatsby deserves to be called “the great”? Why? (1)I think it is too plicated to simply say Gatsby deserves to be “great” or not、For one thing, Gatsby was ambitious, hardworking, generous and passionate、He was so extremely loyal to his love and Daisy that he could do anything to get Daisy back: he did shady business to earn money and social position; he threw luxurious parties just to draw Daisy’s attention; he could take the blame for a death that he did not cause、(2)In this respect, he is much “greater” than his contemporaries、For another thing, Gatsby never realized that Daisy wasn’t the girl he loved anymore、Gatsby was so innocent that he staked everything on his dreams, not realizing that his dreams are unworthy of him、He wasn’t sober enough to be great、