进阶篇——第八章 非谓语动词(一)

进阶篇——第八章 非谓语动词(一)
进阶篇——第八章 非谓语动词(一)

非谓语动词概述

前文提到,一个句子只能有一套主谓结构,即只能有一个谓语动词。在绝大多数情况,如果非要把第两个动词置于一个句子,会发生什么呢?俗话说,一山不能容二虎,两虎相争,必有一伤。输了的那个动词当然不能坐上谓语的宝座了,只能委屈做其它成分了。同时,输了的动词还得穿上马甲(变形),让人一看就知道,它是非谓语动词。非谓语本身不是动词,但是或多或少保存了动词的特性。非谓语动词的本质是动词在词性上降级,成为名词性、形容词性或者副词性成分,彰显动词权威。非谓语动词有三类,分词、动名词、不定式。

分词概述:

分词有两种形式,现在分词(Present Participle)和过去分词(Past Participle)。之所以叫分词,是因为这种词分为两种用法:1.当动词;2.当形容词。基本形式(马甲)是动词加ing或者ed。

动名词概述:

动名词,顾名思义是动词作名词用,在句子里面充当名词性成分,但同时又具有动词的特征,能够表达一般名词所不能表达的较为复杂的意念,基本形式(马甲)是动词加ing。

不定式:

在实际运用中,大部分英语学习者可以根据背诵,依靠语感等方式对不定式有个不错的掌握,但是大部分学习者对不定式也仅仅只停留在了“懵懂”这个层面。传统语法书在讲解不定式的时候,总是含含糊糊,只列出一下要背诵的规则、表格。那么,到底什么是不定式呢?

不定式的“不定”二字可以理解为“词性不定”(尽管真正的含义并非如此),不像动名词只能是名词,单独出现的分词只能是形容词,不定式的词性非常灵活,这一点决定了不定式的应用要比其它两种非谓语广泛得多。但是请不要忘记,不定式也是非谓语,也就是说:1.它不能做谓语动词;2.它必须降级,穿上马甲——“to”。

根据非谓语动词的特点,笔者将非谓语动词内容分为三章,其中第八章讲解分词,第九章讲解动名词与不定式,第十章讲解动名词与不定式的时态。

分词

非谓语分词的用法与其所在位置(所充当成分)密切相关。本章将分别讲解各个位置分词的用法,其间会补充讲解复合句简化的通则。

一、非谓语分词和谓语分词

分词只有当形容词使用时,才是非谓语动词。分词当谓语动词的前提是:不能单独作为谓语动词。首先来回顾一下时态中的“态”,以及被动语态中的“态”的结构:

分词作谓语的前提是前面有助动词be或/和助动词have,而分词当形容词的时候则没有这个要求,作形容词的分词可以单独出现,分词作形容词的用法来源于其作谓语动词的用法。

(3)在规范的书面表达中,前置定语通常必须为真正的形容词,作前置定语的分词必须具备形容词性,即词典上该分词有形容词性释义。

三、分词作表语

作形容词性表语,现在分词多表示主语所具有的特征;过去分词多表示主语所处的状态。

对于分词作表语,部分语法书总结了下面这条规则:人主语的时候就用过去分词,物做主语的时候就用现在分词。但这种规则并不成立,例如:

I am a boring guy. 我是一个无聊的人。

He got a terrified

look on face. 他一副吓坏了的样子。

本质上,分词作形容词是由其作谓语动词变化而来,一部分分词保留了其作谓语动词的特性,而另一部分词则难觅其本来的动词痕迹,例如interesting/interested,tiring/tired,annoying/annoyed,boring/bored,surprising/surprised等等。要理解这几组分词,需要从其谓语动词的用法找到源头。

四、补充知识——复合句简化

英语复合句,尤其是主从句中,往往有重复的元素,而在英语写作中,节约用词是一条重要的修辞原则。只要不损害语法结构或者产生歧义,能省略的就应当省略。如果粗略地把英语句子分个等级,那么结果如下:

复合句经过简化后,通常变成了单句加独立结构,比起长的复合句,英语更偏好这种单句加独立结构的形式,而这些独立结构,往往包含非谓语动词,所以要想理解非谓语动词,掌握复合句简化就显得尤为重要。复合句简化有以下通则:

(1)省略重复部分;

(2)省略无实际意义部分,有实际含义的地方必须保留;

(3)主被动的关系一定要交代清楚;

(4)不损害语法结构、不产生歧义。

五、分词作后置定语

1.分词作定语的位置

词状分词定语通常前置,词组状分词定语通常后置。

注意,单个分词作定语偶尔也会后置,例如:

That is the very thing wanted.

那正是所需要的东西。

This is the only machine

required.

这是唯一需要的机器。

I have answered all the letters

received.

我回了所有信件。

2.分词作后置定语与定语从句的省略

(1)分词作后置定语可视作时态为一般态或进行态的定语从句的省略,如果定语从句时态过于复杂,则宜保留定语从句。

(2)定语从句的省略

Beer( which is)

chilled to -6℃is most delicious.

=Beer chilled to -6℃is most delicious.

The meeting

(which was) held yesterday is important.

=The meeting held yesterday is important.

The man (who is)

standing by the window is our teacher.

=The man standing by the window is our teacher.

上述例句属于较简单情况:which/who信息重复,be动词没有实际意义,而且省略过后主被动关系很明显、语法结构也没有被损害。

但是下面的句子就不能如法炮制:

They live in the

house that faces the south.

They live in the

house faces the south. (X)

如果只去掉从句信息重复的主语that,就会破坏语法结构,因为一个句子出现了两个谓语动词(live和face)。而且faces是主动语态,应用现在分词表示:

=They live in

the house facing the south. (√)

再看一例

This was the

path that leaded to school.

This was the

path leaded to school. (X)

如果只去掉从句信息重复的主语that,看上去好像没有破坏语法结构,因为leaded可以视作过去分词,谓语动词仍然是was。但是这样做违背了简化的另一原则“主被动信息要交代清楚”,而“leaded”显然交代了被动的信息,与原文不符。原文中leaded只是动词的过去式,仍然是主动态,正确的改写方法是:

= This was the

path leading to school. (√)

注意,非限定性(描述性)定语从句的简化与限定性定语从句简化遵从同样的规则。例如:

Your brother

John, who was wounded in war, will soon be sent home.

你哥哥约翰,在战争中受了伤,很快就会被送回家。

=Your brother

Jon, wounded in war, will soon be sent home.

My old car,

which broke down every other week, was sold yesterday.

我的老爷车,时不时就抛锚,坚持不了多久了。

=My old car,

breaking down every other week, was sold yesterday.

六.分词作状语

分词本身并没有作状语的功能,分词作状语可以看作状语从句简化的结果。在简化前,分词通常是作谓语动词。

(1)状语从句简化特点

状语从句的构成:主句从属连词从句.

副词性(状语)从句的连接词交代了逻辑关系,因此在做处理的时候要酌情考虑是否该保留,这是状语从句简化的最大特点。

I.连词可省略情况

例1: While he was lying on the couch, the boy fell asleep.

根据简化原则“he was”可以省略;而连词while表示“当…的时候”,现在分词具有表进行的功能,所以可以省去while而不影响句意,原句简化为:

Lying on the

couch, the boy fell asleep.

除非需要强调主句谓语动词和从句动词的时间先后关系,否则表时间的从属连词通常都可以省略,例如:

They all jumped

with joy when they heard the news.

=Hearing the

news, they all jumped with joy. (动词heard仍是主动态)

He began to do

his homework when he returned home.

=Returning home,

he began to do his homework. (动词returned仍是主动态)

例2: Because we didn't know her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.

根据原则“we”可以省略;know是主动态,所以用现在分词;否定是一个关键信息,不可省略;because是否可以省略还需验证,原句简化为:

(Because) not

knowing her address, we couldn't get in touch with her.

我们发现,这种因果关系并不是十分明显,去掉也无妨,所以可进一步简化为:

Not knowing her

address, we couldn't get in touch with her.

类似情况:

This article was

not so good because it was written in a hurry.

经过简化之后:

Written in a

hurry, this article was not so good.

总之,如果主从句逻辑关系不强烈或时间关系不明显,通常可以省略连词。

II.不能省略连词的情况

例1:After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.

如果省略连词,变成:

Thinking it over, please let me know what you decide.

时间先后关系完全无法体现,所以必须保留连词:

After thinking it over, please let me know what you decide.

例2:Although he

was shot in the knee, he killed three more enemies.

如果省略连词,变成:

Shot in the

knee, he killed three more enemies.

让步关系完全无法体现,所以必须保留连词:

Although shot in

the knee, he killed three more enemies.

总之,如果主从句逻辑关系较强烈,例如让步、转折等或者强调在时间上先后/同时发生,则不宜省略连词。连词能否省略需要具体情况具体分析,但前提是遵守省略的通则。

(2)几种较为特殊的结构

I.Having done与having been done

许多学习者对所谓的“现在分词的完成式”颇为困扰,实际上它出现有两种情况:1.原句有完成时态;2.原句含有明显的时间先后关系。Having done与having been done作状语本质上仍然是状语从句简化的结果:

He didn't want to try again because he had failed twice.

根据简化原则,fail是主动,应该改成failing,即

Failing twice,

he didn't want to try again.

失败两次,他不想再尝试了。虽然基本达意,但是与原文用完成时态表达的“已经经历了两次失败,他不想再尝试了”仍有差距,所以最好还是保留完成态。而had+ done是主动完成态,所以须将其改成表主动的现在分词形式,即having+ done:

Having failed

twice, he didn't want to try again.

以上是第一种情况,即原句有完成时态。第二种情况是“原句含有明显的时间先后关系”,这种情况下原句通常有“after”连接:

She went home

after she finished her work.

根据简化原则,finish是主动,应该改成finishing,即:

Finishing her

work, she went home.

完成工作,她回家了。

同样是基本达意,但是与原文用after连接表达的“她是完成工作之后才回家的”仍有差距,连词after应该保留,变成:

After finishing

her work, she went home.

在讲过去完成时的时候,笔者曾提到“从属连词after已经强烈暗示了先后的关系,加不加had已经无关紧要了”,所以这句She

went home after she (had) finished her work.

用完成时可以达到“异曲同工”的效果:

Having finished

her work, she went home.

Having been done

Having been done是having done的被动结构,它与have done的简化方式基本相同:

Because they had

been warned, they proceeded carefully.

可以简化为:

After warned,

they proceeded carefully. 或者:

Having been warned,

they proceeded carefully.

已经被警告过了,(所以)他们变得小心翼翼。

II.Being结构

简化过后,状语从句中的系动词be通常需要省略,但有的时候会保留:

As I am a

student, I can't afford to buy a car.

如果把连词和“I am”一起去掉,变成:

A student, I can't afford to buy a car.

这是典型的省略过头的情况,读者很难判断这是一个状语从句省略的结果,反而会把“a student”看成主语或者同位语,为了避免歧义,最好保留连词,变成:

As a student, I

can't afford to buy a car.

还有一种办法是,省略连词,将主动的am改写成being,也能通过非谓语体现出主从关系:

Being a student,

I can't afford to buy a car.

请注意与动名词明显的词性差异:

Being a student

doesn't mean you are free from troubles.

注意,并不是所有的主系表结构的状语从句都能够简化,尤其是形容词作表语:I couldn't fall asleep, because I was so excited then.

如果简化为:

(Being) excited,

I couldn't fall asleep. 并不符合英语表达习惯,通常英美人会这么说:

I was too

excited to fall asleep.或者:

I was so excited

that I failed to fall asleep.

III.独立主格结构

独立主格并不玄乎,其本质是主语不同的复合句省略的结果。:

例1.

Weather

permitting, we shall meet in the evening.

完整形态:

If weather

permits, we shall meet in the evening.

例2.

His work done, he

hurried home.

完整形态:

He hurried home

when/after his work was done.

例3.

The meeting

being over, all of us went home.

完整形态:

The meeting was

over, and all of us went home.

例4.

There being no

taxis, we had to walk home.

完整形态:

There were no

taxis, so we had to walk home.

注意,如果独立主格是伴随状语,英语常用with的复合结构,使从属关系交代地更清晰。例1.

He was lying on the grass while his hands were crossed under his

head.

=He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head.

= He was lying on the grass, with his hands crossed under his head.

例2.

He soon fell asleep while the candle was still burning.

=He soon fell asleep, the candle still burning

=He soon fell asleep with the candle still burning.

例3.

She sat there alone while her eyes were filled with tears.

=She sat there alone, eyes filled with tears.

=She sat there alone with eyes filled with tears.

IV. 主语不同的主句与状语从句的简化

对于主语不同的主句与状语从句,简化还有两个原则。

i.主从句的主语都需要保留,如果忽视这一点。就会造成错误,例如:

When the child

was already sleeping soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight.

小孩已经在床上熟睡,这时她妈妈来亲她一下道晚安。

主从句的主语分别是her mother与the child。如果强行省略从句主语就会变成:

Already sleeping

soundly in bed, her mother came to kiss her goodnight.

看到already sleeping soundly in bed这个简化的从句的时候,只知道有个人在床上熟睡,可是主语省略了,不知道是谁,这时候读者会认为这个从句的主语是主句的主语her mother,从而导致了错误。简化后的从句是一个修饰性的副词成分,可是却找不到归属,如同悬荡在空中,英文叫做“Dangling Modifier”,即悬垂修饰语。

ii.从句连词需要省略。这是因为,如果主语要保留,连词又留下,就并没有达到简化的效果(往往只省略了be动词,或者只改变了谓语动词的形态),看上去反而像写漏(错)了一样:

If weather

permitting, we shall meet in the evening. (X)

He hurried home

when/after his work done. (X)

V.分词作伴随状语

对于有一定并列关系的两个动词,英语常常使用分词形式将其中一个动词非谓语化,作伴随状语,起修饰作用,表达效果更佳。试比较:

分词作伴随状语是一种较为高级的表达方式,在电影《疯狂动物城》中也多次出现:Everyone comes to Zootopia, thinking they could be anything they want. But you

can't. You can only be what you are. Sly fox. Dumb bunny.

踏进动物城,谁都怀揣着梦想,成为理想中的自己,但却一场空。你只能是你,狐狸还是狡猾,兔子依旧呆蠢。

You come here unannounced on the day my daughter is to be married.

你胆敢在我女儿的婚礼这一天不请自来。

Have fun working

with the fuzz!

祝你和条子工作愉快!

And whoops number three, no one cares about his or her dreams. And

soon enough those dreams die. And our bunny sinks into emotional and literal

squalor, living in a box under a bridge till finally she has no choice but to

go back home……

第三个没想到的是,没有人在意他或者她的梦想。没过多久梦想破损,心情和生活都坠入谷底,成了在桥下当盲流的野兔子。

And you can walk away knowing that you were right, all along.

你可以掉头就走,怎么打我、骂我都行。(影院字幕翻译)

分词部分到此完结,总结如下:

1.分词分为谓语用法和非谓语用法,谓语用法是非谓语的源头;

2.分词的位置感很强,需要掌握不同位置分词的用法。

非谓语动词(完整版)

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非谓语 动词专项及解析(1)

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