语法介词和介词短语

语法介词和介词短语
语法介词和介词短语

第5讲介词和介词短语

介词是一种虚词,不能独立在句中作成分,必须与名词、代词、或动词-ing形式构成介词短语在句中作定语、表语、状语和补语等成分。英语中,有些常用介词的有很多种用法,这些用法大都是因习惯而形成的;还有一些介词可以和名词构成固定短语。因此,考生在平时的复习中要多加注意。

核心考点01 考查时间介词

英语中,表示时间的介词很多,有的表示在片刻的时间(at);有的表示在一段时间内(in,for);有的表示特定的日子、具体日期、具体某一天的上午、下午或晚上(on);有的表示从某个时间开始(since, from);有的表示直到某个时间为止(until, till)。这些表示时间的介词是语法填空和短文改错考查的重点。作答时需要注意:如果表示时间的名词前是空格,而该名词或代词在句中不作主语、表语、或动词的宾语,就很可能是填介词。

典例分析

Steve Jobs, the founder of the Apple Company, passed away after years of battle against pancreatic cancer ________ Oct. 6th, 2011,

【解析】句意:史蒂夫·乔布斯,苹果公司的创始人,在和胰腺癌抗争了多年后与2011年10月6日去世。

【答案】on

状元提醒

3. in, after

in表示“在(一段时间)之后”,常用在将来时中,表示“在……之内”

可以用在过去时中;

after表示在一段时间之后,常用在过去时中,表示在某个具体的时间点

后,可用在将来时中。

4. by, before

by表示“不迟于某时”,包括某时在内。by后接过去的时间,句子要用

过去完成时;

before后接时间点,表示“在……之前”,不包括该时间在内。

核心考点02考查方位介词

英语中表示方位的介词也很多,比如:in表示“在……范围内”,on指“与……毗邻”,to指“在某环境范围之外”,off表示“离……一些距离”或“离……不远的海上”。再如:over常表示“在……正上方”,其反义词是under;而above往往表示“在……的斜上方”,其反义词是below。over还可以表示“(部分或全部覆盖)在……上面”等。这些词意思相近,但在使用的范围上有差别,因此也是高考考查的重点。

典例分析

(2017天津卷)When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California, you will be

________ trees that are over 1,000 years old.

【解析】句意:当你驱车驶入加利福尼亚州红杉林的时候,你会置身于一片超过一千年历史的树木之中。表示“在……中”要用among。

【答案】among

状元提醒

1. over / through / across

2. between/among

核心考点03 考查表示方式和原因的介词

表示方式的介词:with表示使用具体的工具或身体的某个部位;in表示使用材料、方式、方法、度量、单位、语言、声音等;by表示使用某种方法、手段或乘坐交通工具。表示原因的介词:at一般指由于看到、听到或感觉到某种客观事物而产生某种情感、情绪或态度等;for一般指由于客观原因而导致某种结果;with一般表示情感或身体状况等方面的原因。

典例分析

A woman with two children, all shivering ________ cold, were asking to stay in the house.

【解析】句意:一个妇女和两个孩子冻得发抖,她们要求呆在屋子里。shiver with“因……而发抖”,with在此表示原因。

【答案】with

状元提醒

注意:步行、骑马等用on。如:on foot, on horseback/a horse等。

核心考点04 考查高频介词

英语中有一些介词,像by, beyond, against, within, with, for等,这些词含义丰富,出现的频率较高,非常重要。因此,这些词也就成了语法填空和短文改错考查的重点。

典例分析

We met an old friend in New York ______our expectation. She waved at us from across the street when she saw us.

【解析】句意:我们在纽约出乎意料遇见了一位老朋友。当她看到我们时,她在街对面向我们挥手。beyond expectation“出乎预料”。

【答案】beyond

状元提醒

核心考点05 考查介词短语

介词可以和名词、代词、动词-ing形式一起构成介词短语,在句中作表语、状语、补语等成分。在很多情况下,这些短语都是固定搭配,考生需要在平时的学习中加强记忆。

介词短语的作用:

(1) 用作表语

The house is in fairly good condition. 这所房子状况尚好。

(2) 用作宾语

A man stepped out from behind the wall. 一个人从墙后走出来。

(3) 用作定语

I’ve dec ided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th. 我决定18号下午离开。

(4) 用作状语

He walked by me without noticing me. 他走过我身旁而没有注意到我。

(5) 用作补语

Kelly is employed as a mechanic. 凯利受雇当技工。(宾语补足语)

He is regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被认为是本城最好的医生。(主语补足语)

典例分析1

(2017天津卷) We offer an excellent education to our students. ________ return, we expect students to work hard.

【解析】句意:我们为学生提供卓越的教育。相应地,我们期望学生努力学习。表示“作为报答;反过来;相应地”要用in return。

【答案】In

典例分析2

(2017江苏卷) Determining where we are relation to our surroundings remains an essential skill for our survival.

【解析】句意:确定我们与周围环境的关系仍然是我们生存的一项基本技能。in relation to“与……有关”。

【答案】in

状元提醒

达标诊断以状元的方式,诊断纠错

单句语法填空

结合语境,在空白处填入1个适当的单词。

1. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 ℃____ the average.

【答案】above

【解析】句意:去年是有纪录以来最热的一年, 全球平均气温上升0.68度。根据上文的the warmest可知,此处填above。above average“平均以上;在一般水准以上”。

2. The dictionary is out ______ date: many words have been added to the language since it was published.

【答案】of

【解析】句意:这本字典过时了:自从它被出版,很多单词被增加到这门语言中。out of date“过时”。

3. That young man is honest, cooperative, always there when you need his help. ______short, he’s reliable.

【答案】In

【解析】句意:这个年轻人是诚实的,有合作精神,当你需要他帮助的时候,总是在那里。简言之,他是可靠的。in short“总的来说,简言之”。

4. Rather than define success as financial gain or social status, define it _____ terms of personal happiness.

【答案】in

【解析】句意: 与其把成功定义为经济上的收获或社会地位,不如将其定义为个人快乐所在。in terms of“就……而言”。

5. ________ view of the shortage of time,the chairman decided that each candidate should finish the speech within 5 minutes.

【答案】In

【解析】句意:考虑到时间不够,主持人决定每个参与者的演讲限定在5分钟内。in view of“鉴于,考虑到”。

6. —I was surprised to see wild flowers in Alaska.

—Many people think there is nothing apart ________ice and snow.

【答案】from

【解析】句意:——我很惊讶看见阿拉斯加有野花。——很多人认为那里除了冰雪什么也没有。apart from“除了”。此处表示“除了冰雪以外没有别的东西”。

7. Hurry up. I’m afraid you can’t have time to get changed ________ the party.

【答案】before

【解析】句意:快一点。恐怕你在晚会之前没时间换衣服了。根据句意可知,此处填before。

8. After three hours’ discussion, agreements were made ________ the two countries.

【答案】between

【解析】句意:三个小时的讨论后,两个国家之间达成协议。表示“在……两者之间”要用between。

9. In the final,we narrowly won the game. ________ be honest,I didn’t expect we had a chance of winning at first.

【答案】To

【解析】句意:最后,我们勉强赢了比赛。说实话,最初我没想到我们有赢得比赛的机会。to be honest“说实话”。

10. An agreement seems to be impossible because the majority of the committee members are

________ it.

【答案】against

【解析】句意:达成协议似乎不可能,因为大多数委员会成员都反对它。这里用be against,意为“反对”。

11. There are many students living at school because the children’s houses are all far ______ it.

【答案】from

【解析】句意:许多学生住校,因为他们的家离学校远。it是代词,在句中不作主语,所以所填的词应该为介词。根据前面的far可知要填from,be far from…“离……远”。12. _______ production up by 80%, the company has had another excellent year.

【答案】With

【解析】句意:由于产量提高了80%,这家公司又有了丰收的一年。with表示“随着;

伴随着”。

13. A new cinema is ________ construction in our city and it will be completed next month.

【答案】under

【解析】句意:我们的城市正在建一家电影院,下个月竣工。under construction“在建设中”。

14. It is ________ me how you and Oscar can share an apartment for so long. You’re tidy while he’s so messy.

【答案】beyond

【解析】句意:我真无法理解,你和奥斯卡在一个公寓住了那么长时间。你如此干净,而他又是那么凌乱。beyond“超出……;超越……”。It is beyond me“这超出了我的预料;我真无法理解”。

15. His failure was due ________ the fact that he had not practised for a long time.

【答案】to

【解析】句意:他的失败是由于他长时间没有练习。due to“由于”。

16. Although he thought he was helping us with the work, he was actually ________ the way.

【答案】in

【解析】句意:尽管他认为是在帮我们,实际上是在碍事。in the way“碍事”。

17. —I’m looking for a nearby place for my holiday. Any good ideas?

—How about the Moon Lake? It is ________ easy reach of the city.

【答案】within

【解析】句意:——我在寻找一个就近的地方度假。有什么好主意吗?——月亮湖怎么样? 它离城市不远。由题干中关键信息“a nearby place”可知,要对方推荐一个附近的地方度假, 而介词短语within easy reach of意为“在……附近, 距离……不远”。

18. John was late for the business meeting because his flight had been delayed ________ a heavy storm.

【答案】by

【解析】句意:约翰开商业会议迟到了,因为他的航班被一场严重的暴风雪耽搁了。by “被……”。

19. Along ________ the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.

【答案】with

【解析】句意:他的承诺附在信后,他会在即将来临的圣诞节来看我。along with“和……一起”。

20. The dress is very nice, but not_______ the girl’s taste, for she is somehow particular.

【答案】to

【解析】句意:这条连衣裙很漂亮,但不适合这个女孩子,因为她有点特别。to one’s taste “适合某人的口味”。

近五年中考英语常考介词短语

一、at 短语 be angry at sth. 对某事生气 arrive at 到达……(小地方) knock at/on 敲…… at last 最后,终于 laugh at 嘲笑 look at 看,注视 at the moment 现在,此时 point at/to 指向 at times 不时 二、after 短语 look after 照看,照顾 name after 以……的名字命名 run after 追赶;追求 三、on 短语 agree on (通过协商)达成共识 call on 拜访,看望 come on 快点儿;加油 on display 在展出 hang on 稍等,别挂断 on holiday 度假,休假 play a joke on 和……开玩笑,戏弄……

keep on 继续 live on 以……为食,靠……生活 put on 穿上;戴上 turn on 打开,旋开(收音机、电灯、煤气等) work on 从事于,致力于 四、to 短语 agree to 同意,答应,接受(计划、建议、条件、安排等)go to bed 上床睡觉 compare...to... 把……与……作比较 from...to... 从……到…… get to 到达 do harm to 对……有害处 lead to 通往;导致 pay attention to 注意 take...to... 把……带到/给…… write to... 写信给…… 五、in 短语 arrive in 到达……(大地方) in danger 在危险中 drop in 顺便拜访 hand in 交上,上交 join in 参加

(完整版)高考英语常用介词短语和固定搭配

高考英语常用介词短语和固定搭配 一.相近介词和介词短语 1. With the help of 在~~帮助下 under the leadership / care of 在~~领导/关心下2. be strict with sb. 对~人要求严格 be strict in sth. 对~事要求严格 3. at present=at the present time 目前 for the present 暂时 4. in the sun/sunshine 在阳光下 under the sun 在世界上 5. lie in 位于~~之内 lie on 同~~接壤 lie to 位于~~之外 6. at least 至少 in the least 丝毫,一点 7. by name 名叫 in the name of 以~~名义 8. in the air 空中,在流传 on the air 播出 9. in the way 挡路,障碍,用~~方法 in a way 在某点上,在某种程度上 get one’s own way to do 随心所欲 give way 让步,屈服 lose one’s way 迷路 by the way 顺便说一下 on one’s way to 在去~~的路上 Come this way 这边走 10. at the corner 在拐角处(外角) in the corner 在角落里(内角) on the corner 在角落上(外角上) 11. judge by / from 根据~~来判断 judge for oneself 由某人自己来判断 12. at the end (of) 在~~结束时 at the beginning of 在~~开始时 at the back of 在~~背后,支持 at the age of ~~岁时 at the foot of 在~~脚下 at the bottom of 在~~底部 at the top of 在~~顶上 at/on the edge of 在~~边上

语法知识—介词的分类汇编及解析

一、选择题 1.The Qingming Festival of this year falls _____ April 5th and thousands of cars poured into high-ways _____ the early morning of the holiday. A.on; in B.in; on C.on; on D.in; in 2.It is reported that he won an award________Best Actor________his role in that film. A.as; in B.as; for C.for;for D.for; in 3.Which of the following(下面) is right? A.The boy begin to clean the room with his sister. B.In the Spring Festival, the children often get lucky money. C.How is weather like in spring there? D.You’d b etter not read a book in the sun. 4.—What do you think your life will________next year? —My life will be________better than it is now. A.be like; very B.be like; a lot C.be; a lot 5.I bought the tomatoes ________ the vegetable stall. A.at B.in C.on D.from 6.The Beijing Daxing InternationalAirport opened________ September 25th, 2019. A.to B.at C.in D.on 7.The bird’s singing came into my room ______ the window and woke me up in the early morning. A.down B.from C.through D.across 8.--There are many theatres _________the island. --Yes, Broadway is the southern end of the island.. A.at; at B.on; on C.at; on D.on; at 9.Lily often goes to visit her grandma ______ Sundays. A.at B.in C.on D.to 10.She is talented ________ music but I am good at sports. A.at B.in C.on 11.My uncle has taught in this school________ he was twenty years old. A.after B.for C.until D.since 12.—I feel sad from time to time.Could you give me some advice? —________ sharing your worries with your parents? A.Why don't you B.How about C.Why not D.Would you like 13.Jenny’s math lesson is________nine________Friday morning. A.in; on B.at; on C.on; in D.at; in 14.—What is it _______ English ? —Sorry, I don’t know .

初中英语常用短语句型大全

短语、词组归纳 由动词开头构成的短语、词组很多。复习时应分类处理: 一、动词 +介词 1. look at ?看?, look like look after 照?料? 2. listen to 听??? 3. welcome to ?欢迎到?? 4. say hello to 向?? 问好 5. speak to ?对??说话 看?上去像??, 此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。如: This is my new bike. Please look it after.( ) × This is my new bike. Please look after it.( √) 二、动词 +副词 “动词 +副词”所构成的短语义分为两类: A .动词( vt. ) +介词、副词 1. put on 穿上2. take off 脱下 3. write down 记下 此类短语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副词的前面。试比较: First listen to the tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. ( First listen to the answer, then write down it.( ) × First listen to the answer, then write it down.( √) B .动词( vi ) +介词、副词。 1.come on 赶快2.get up 起床 3.go home 回家4.come in 进来5.sit down 坐 下 √) 6.stand up 起立 此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。 三、其它类动词词组 1.close the door 2.1ook the same 3.go to work/class 4.be ill 5.have a look/seat 6.have supper 7.1ook young 8.go shopping 9.watch TV/games 10. play games 介词短语聚焦 “介词 +名词 /代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl- 16 常用的介词短语按用法进 行归类。 1. in+ 语言 /颜色 / 衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着 ??。如: in English , in the hat 2. in + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade 等,表示“在??排 /队 /班级 /年级”等。 3. in the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午 /下午 / 傍晚”等一段时间。 4. in the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌 /铅笔盒 /卧室里”。 5. in the tree 表示“在树上(非树本身所有) ”; on the tree 表示“在树上 (为树本身所有) ”。如: There are some birds in the tree. There are many apples on the trees.

常用介词短语总结

常用介词短语总结 一、近义介词短语辨析 1. 表示原因(通常在句中作状语) 1) because of:表示实际原因(表达一种较强的因果关系) 2) on account of:常用来引述逻辑、理性和事实因素 3) out of + 抽象名词:常用来引述心理、情感因素,如out of one’s own will(出于自愿) 4) owing / due to:着重把原因归于某事物,既可作状语又可作定语,due to还可以作后置定语,如:Mistakes due to carelessness may cause serious consequence. 由于粗心犯的错误也许会引起严重的后果。 5) thanks to:后面通常接表示积极意义的原因,意为"多亏,幸亏由于"。例句: He walked slowly because of his bad leg. 他腿不好,所以走得很慢。Michel and Billy, on account of their wide experiences in climbing, were voted leaders. 迈克尔与贝利由于有丰富的登山经验,被选为队长。

She did it out of sympathy. 她这样做是出于同情。 Most of the problems were owing/due to human errors. 大部分问题都是由于人为的错误造成的。 Thanks to your energy and intelligence, the development scheme has been finally realized. 多亏了你的精力和智慧,这项发展计划终于实现了。 2. 表示排除 1) with the exception of意义与except, except for相同,但比它们正式 2) apart from (=美式英语中的aside from)是个复合介词,既可表示"除……之外",相当于except (for), 又可以表示"除……之外,(还,也)"相当于besides。例句: They all passed the physics examination with the exception of Tom. 除汤姆外他们物理考试都及格了。 We had a smooth journey apart from(= except for) a flat tyre. 我们一路上很顺利,只是车胎漏了一次气。 Apart from(= besides) a flat tyre, we had broken brakes. 我们不但车胎漏了气,而且刹车也出了毛病。

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