哈佛大学公开课justice自己整理版

This is a course about justice and we begi n with a story.

这是一堂关于公平与正义的公共课，让我们先从一个故事讲起

Suppose you ' re the driver of a trolley car, and your trolley car is hurtling down the track at 60 miles an hour.

假设你现在是一辆有轨电车的司机而你的电车正在铁轨上以时速60英里疾驶

And at the end of the track you no tice five workers worki ng on the track. 在铁轨末端，

你发现有五个工人在铁轨上工作

You try to stop but you can't, your brakes don ' t work.

你尽力想停下电车，但是你做不到，电车的刹车失灵了

You feel desperate because you know that if you crash into these five workers, they will all die.

你觉得十分绝望，因为你知道如果你就这样撞向这5个工人，他们必死无疑

Let ' s assume you know that for sure（假定你很清楚这一点

And so you feel helpless until you notice that there is, off to the right, a side track and at the end of that track, there is one worker, working on the track.

正当你感到无助的时候，你突然发现就在右边一条岔道，那根轨道的尽头只有一个工人在那里工作

Your steeri ng wheel works, so you can turn the trolley car, if you want to, on to the side track killing the one but sparing the five.

你的方向盘没有失灵，只要你愿意你可以让电车转向到那条分叉铁轨上撞死一个工人但却

因此救了另外5个人

Here ' s our first question: what ght thing t belci

现在提出第一个问题，我们该怎么做才对

What would you do Let ' s take a poll.

你会怎么做我们做个调查看看

How many would turn the trolley car onto the side track Raise your han ds.

有多少人会选择让电车转向到分叉铁轨上，请举手

How many wouldn ' t How many would go straight ahead

多少人不会多少人选择就这样笔直开下去

Keep your hands up those of you, who would go straight ahead. 选笔直开下去的人先另U放手

A han dful of people would, 少数人会

the vast majority would turn. 大多数人选择转向

Let ' s hear first, now we n eed to beg in to in vestigate the reas ons why you think 让我们先听听看现在我们研究下你为什么觉得

it's the right thi ng to do. 这样做是正确的

Let ' s beg in with those in the majority who would tur n to go

让我们先从大多数人开始吧，谁选择转向的

onto the side track. Why would you do it 你为什么这么选

What would be your reason Who ' s willing to volunteer a reason

你的理由是什么谁愿意给我一个理由的

Go ahead. Sta nd up.站起来说吧

Because it can't be right to kill five people whe n you can only kill one pers on in stead. 因为当你可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死5个人肯定是不对的

It wouldn ' t be right to kill five if you could kill one person instead. That 当可以只撞死一个人时却去撞死 5 个人肯定不对这是个好理由 That ' s aogdoreason. Who else 这是个好理由其他人呢

Does everybody agree with that reason Go ahead. 每个人都同意刚刚那个理由么 你来

Well I was thinking it ' s the same reason on 9/11 with regard to the people who flew the plane into the

Pennsylvania field as heroes because they chose to kill the people on the plane and not kill more people in big buildings.

我觉得这和的一项事件是同样原因 ,我们把那些将飞机撞向宾夕法尼亚空地的人视为英雄 .因

为他们选择只牺牲飞机里的人从而拯救了大楼里的更多生命

So the principle there was the same on 9/11. 所以原因和事件中那些人的选择是相同的 It ' s a tragic circumstance but better to kill one so taht five can live, is that the reason most of you had, those of you who would turn Yes 虽然一定会发生悲剧但只撞死一个人好过撞死五个 你们大多数人是不是都这么想选择转向 的各位 ,是么

Let ' s hear now from those in the minority, those who wouldn ' t turn. Yes. 现在让我们听听那些少数人的想法 选择直行的人……

Well, I think that sa 'mse tthyepe of mentality that justifies genocide and totalitarianism.

我觉得这和对种族灭绝与极权主义

的诡辩相似 In order to save one type of race, you wipe out the other. So what would you do in this case 为了拯救一个种族 ,你抹去了其他的种族，那么在这个事例中你会怎么做

You would, to avoid the horrors of genocide, you would crash into the five and kill them 你会,为了避免骇人的种族灭绝主义而选择撞死那

5 个人么 Presumably, yes. 理论上 ,是这样

You would 真的 -Yeah. 是

Okay. Who else That ' s a brave answer;还有谁这是个大胆的想法 Thank you. 谢谢

Let ' s consider another trolley car cas 让我们再考虑另一个有关电车的例子 and see whether those of you in the majority want to adhere to the principle should die so that five should live. ” 看看是不是那些占多数的人仍然会坚持刚才的原则 “牺牲一个人总好过撞死 5个人.” This time you ' re not the driver of the trolley c 这次你不是电车的司机了 you ' re an onlooker. Youe stand 'ing r on a bridge overlooking a trolley car track.

你是个旁观者 ;你站在桥上 俯瞰桥下电车的铁轨

And down the track comes a trolley car; at the end of the track are five workers; the brakes don work; the trolley car is about to careen into the five and kill them.

此时电车开过铁轨尽头有 5 个工人刹车失灵，电车马上就要冲向那 5 个人了

And now; you ' re not the driver; you really feel helpless until you notice standing next to you; leaning over the bridge is a very fat man.

而这次 ;你不是司机你真的感到毫无办法直到你突然发现

;你旁边一个非常非常胖的人靠在桥

上 s a good reaso better that one

And you could give him a shove. 你可以推他一下

He would fall over the bridge onto the track right in the way of the trolley

car他会摔下桥而且挡住电车的去路

He would die but he would spare the five.虽然他会被压死,但因此另外五个人将得救. Now, how many would push

the fat man over the bridge 这次,多少人会推一把桥上的胖子Raise your hand. 举起你的手

How many w ouldn '多少人不会这样做

Most people wouldn ' t. Here ' s the obvious q绝e大多数人不会问题显而易见

What became of the prin ciple “ better to save five lives even if it means sacrificin g 才T的

原则发生了什么牺牲一个人总比牺牲 5 个人好

What became of the principle that almost everyone endorsed in the first case I need to hear from someone

刚才第一个事例里几乎每个人都赞同的原则怎么了么我要听听。

who was in the majority in both cases. 两次都站在多数人阵营里的人的想法

How do you explain the difference between the two Yes.

你怎么解释前后不同的选择你来

The second one, I guess, involves an active choice of pushing a person down which I guess that person himself

would otherwise not have been involved in the situation at all. 第二个例子, 我觉得,涉及到主动选择的问题。我想去

推一个人,而那个人本不会涉及到这场事故里

and so to choose on his behalf, I guess, to involve him in something that he otherwise would have escaped is, I

guess, more than what you have in the first case where the three parties, the driver and the two sets of workers, are

already, I guess, in the situation.

我们替他做了选择, 把他卷入进来,而这件事本与他无关;但第一个例子里,三方, 司机、两队工人已经身在这麻烦

事当中了。

But the guy working, the one on the track off to the side, 但是那个在铁轨上单独工作的家伙he didn ' t choose to

sacrifice his life any more than the fat man did, did he他没有自己选择牺牲他的生命,而胖子也是这样, 不是么

That ' s true, but he was on the tracks and是的，但是他已经在铁轨上了所以 ......

This guy was on the bridge. 那那个胖子也已经在桥上了啊

Go ahead; you can come back if you want. All right. 你愿意的话可以待会儿接着说. 好吧.

It ' s a hard question. You did well. You did very wel这是个很困难的问题，你做的很好你做的很好It ' s a hard

question问题很难.

Who else can find a way of reconciling the reaction of the majority in these two cases Yes. 还有谁能综合解释一下为

何多数人在两个事例中的选择截然不同你。

Well, I guess in the first case where you have the one worker and the five, it

s a choice be those two and you have to make a certain choice and people are going to die because of the trolley car, not

necessarily because of your direct actions. The trolley car is a runaway thing and you're making a split second

choice.

是的, 我觉得在第一个例子中一个工人和五个工人这两者之间选择,你不得不做出选择,工人们是死于那辆电车而不

是因你直接行为必然造成的电车失控了, 你必须在一瞬间做出选

择

Whereas pushing the fat man over is an actual act of murder on your part. 而推那个胖子的话,就你的行为来说,是确

确实实的谋杀行为。

You have control over that where as you may not have control over the trolley car. 你可以控制自己是否推他,但你

没办法控制电车是否撞向工人

So I think it ' s a slightly different situ所以我认为这两个场合略有不同

All right, who has a reply Th at ' s good. Who has a way

很好, 谁想对他说的做出回应很好,谁想回应

Who wants to reply Is that a way out of this 谁想说有别的答案么

I don ' t think that ' s a very good reason because you -cheoitohseer wtoay you have to choose who dies because you either choose to turn and kill the person, which is an act of conscious thought to turn, or you choose to push the fat man over which is also an active, conscious action. 我觉得那不是一个很好的理由,因为你选择...无论你怎么选你都是在选择杀人。因为不管你是

选择让电车撞向另一边的一个人,这是你自己有意识的行为,还是你选去推桥上那个胖子,这

也是你自己主动, 而且有意识的行为

So either way, you e ma'kin r g a choice. 所以无论你怎么做,你都在做选择Do you want to reply 你想回应她的说法么

I ' m not really sure that that 我不是很确定我刚刚说的是完全对的

It just still seems kind of different. 它只是看起来好像有点不同

The act of actually pushing someone over onto the tracks and killing him, you are actually killing

him yourself. 把一个人推向铁轨的行为,他死了,你事实上是自己亲手杀了他

You' re pushing him with your own hands. 你亲手去推他了

You' re pushing him and that ' s different than steering something that is going to cause death into another. 你推他了这就造成了不同,前者则是你打方向盘造成了别人的死亡。

You kn ow, it does n ' t really sou nd right saying it nOW1巴,现在说起来似乎就不是那么对了

No, no.lt ' s good. It's good. What 不s y不L,r 你说e勺很好了你叫什么An drew.安德

鲁

Andrew. Let me ask you this question, Andrew. 让我问你个问题,安德鲁

Yes. 好的

Suppose standing on the bridge next to the fat man, 假如我站在桥上,在胖子身边

I didn ' t have to push him, suppose he was standing ov我不必一定要去推他,假设他站在一扇活动门旁

a trap door that I could open by turning a steering wheel like that. Would you turn 而我可以像这样用方向盘打开那扇门,你会开

么

trap [tr? p] n. 圈套, 陷阱,

trap door: 地板门; 天窗; 活板门

For some reason, that still just seems more wrong. 那个多少那个看起来更加不对了Right 是么

I mean, maybe if you accidentally like leaned into the steering wheel or something like that. 我是说, 可能你只是不小心靠到了方向盘上,或者类似的

But... Or say that the car is hurtling towards a switch that will drop the trap. 或者说电车冲到了那个转换器上导致活动门打开了

Then I could agree with that.那我会赞同That ' s all right. Fair enough好的

It still seems wrong in a way that it doesn ' t seem wrong in the first case 在第!r一you say.

种情况下是正确的选择,这会儿就不对了...你说

And in another way, I mean, in the first situation 换种说法, 我觉得, 在第一种情况下you ' re

involved directly with the situation. 你已经直接卷入事件中了

In the seco nd one, you ' re an onl ooker a而在e第二种情况下你只是个旁观者All right.好

的

-So you have the choice of becoming involved or not by pushing the fat man. 所以你不得不选择是否卷入进去,是否要推那个胖子。

All right. Let ' s forget for the moment about this好魅，让我们先暂且不考虑这个事例

That ' s good. Let ' s imagine a differen很好现l在想象一个不一样的场景imagine

[i'm? d?in] vt. 想象,幻想,猜测vi. 想象

This time you ' re a doctor in an emergency room and six pastiecnotme to you. 这次你是急诊室里的一个医生,有六个病人向你求助

They' ve been in a terrible trolley car wreck. 他们都被电车重重压过

Five of them sustain moderate injuries, one is severely injured, you could spend all da caring for the one severely injured victim but in that time, the five would die.

其中五个人中度受伤,另一个受到重伤, 你可以花一整天救治那个重伤的受害者，但是同时另外五人会因此死掉

Or you could look after the five, restore them to health but during that time, the one severely injured person would die. 或者你可以去照顾那五个让他们恢复健康,但是同时,那个受重伤的病人会死

How many would save the five Now as the doctor, 现在作为一个医生多少人会选择去救那五个人

how many would save the one 多少人选救那个重伤的

Very few people, just a handful of people. 很少人，非常非常少versus ['v?:s?s] prep.对

Same reason, I assume. One life versus five 我猜是同样理由吧,一条生命对五条生命transplant [tr? ns'pl a :nt] vt移居，移栽（植物）,移植（器官）n.移植,被移植的事物Now consider another doctor case. 现在考虑另一个关于医生的例子

This time, you ' re a transplant surgeon and you have five patients, each in desperate need of an organ transplant in order to survive.

这次,你是个器官移植的外科医生你有五个病人，他们每个人都迫切需要进行器官移植才能

活命lung [l ??] n.肺；kidney ['kidni] n 肾

One needs a heart, one a lung, one a kidney, one a liver, and the fifth a pancreas. 一个人需要心脏一个人需要肺脏,一个人需要肾，一个人需要肝脏，而第五个人需要胰脏pancreas

['p??kri? s] n. 胰脏

And you have no organ donors. You are about to see them die. 你因没有可用的捐献器官将不得不看着他们死去

And then it occurs to you that in the next room there ' s a healthy guy who -cuapm. e in for a check

然后你想到在隔壁的房间有一个健康的家伙来医院做检查

And he ' 申o-like that - and he ' s taking a nap, you could go in very quietly, yank out the five organs, that person would die, but you could save the five.

而且他正在,-你像那个家伙- 他正在打瞌睡你可以悄悄的走进去取出他的五个器官，虽然这个人会死但你却救了另五条人命

How many would do it Anyone How many 多少人会这么做有么多少人

Put your hands up if you would do it. 如果你会这么做举起你的手

Anyone in the balcony 二楼的呢balcony ['b? lk?ni] n. 阳台, 楼座, 包厢

I would. You would Be careful, don ' t lean over too我会。你会么小心，别走极端(不探出身

体太多)

How many wouldn ' t All right. What do you sa多少人不会好吧，你有什么说法么

Speak up in the balcony, 在二楼的同学，