战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文范文.doc

战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文范文.doc
战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文范文.doc

【主持词大全】

【提要】

冯谖和孟尝君之间的故事是千古流传的美谈,是古往今来有识之士人人皆知的名篇,战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文。二人之间的故事显示了孟尝君睿智大度、善御人才的领袖风度,更显示了冯谖高瞻远瞩、谋略深远的战略家的魅力。

【原文】

齐人有冯谖者,贫乏不能自存,使人属孟尝君,愿寄食门下。孟尝君曰“客何好?”曰“客无好也。”曰“客何能?”曰“客无能也。”孟尝君笑而受之曰“诺。”左右以君贱之也,食以草具。

居有顷,倚柱弹其剑,歌曰“长铗归来乎!食无鱼。”左右以告。孟尝君曰“食之,比门下之鱼客。”居有顷,复弹其铗,歌曰“长铗归来乎!出无车。”左右皆笑之,以告。孟尝君曰“为之驾,比门下之车客。”于是乘其车,揭其剑,过其友,曰“孟尝君客我。”后有顷,复弹其剑铗,歌曰“长铗归来乎!无以为家。”左右皆恶之,以为贪而不知足。孟尝君闻“冯公有亲乎?”对曰“有老母。”孟尝君使人给其食用,无使乏。于是冯谖不复歌。

后孟尝君出记,闻门下诸客“谁习计会,能为文收责于薛乎?”冯谖署曰“能。”孟尝君怪之,曰“此谁也?”左右曰“乃歌夫‘长铗归来’者也。”孟尝君笑曰“客果有能也,吾负之,未尝见也。”请而见之谢曰“文倦于事,愦于忧,而性?愚,沉于国家之,开罪于先生。先生不羞,乃有意欲为收责于薛乎?”冯谖曰“愿之。”于是约车治装,载券契而行,辞曰“责毕收,以何市而反?”孟尝君曰“视吾家所寡有者。”驱而之薛,使吏召诸民当偿者,悉来合券。券遍合,起,矫命以责赐诸民,因烧其券,民称万岁。

长驱到齐,晨而求见。孟尝君怪其疾也,衣冠而见之,曰“责毕瓿乎?来何疾也!”曰“收毕矣。”“以何市而反?”冯谖曰“君云‘视吾家所寡有者,’臣窃计,君宫中积珍宝,狗马实外厩,美人充下陈。君家所寡有者,以义耳!窃以为君市义。”孟尝君曰“市义奈何?”曰“今君有区区之薛,不拊爱子其民,因而贾利之。臣窃矫君命,以责赐诸民,因烧其券,民称万岁战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文。乃臣所以为君市义也”孟尝君不说,曰“诺,先生休矣!”

后期年,有毁孟尝君于闵王,齐王谓孟尝君曰“寡人不敢以先王之臣为臣。”孟尝君就国于薛,未至百里,民扶老携幼,迎君道中。孟尝君顾谓冯谖“先生所为文市义者,乃今日见之。”冯谖曰“狡兔有三窟,仅得免其死耳。今君有一窟,未得高枕而卧也。请为君复凿二窟。”孟尝君予车五十乘,金五百斤,西游于梁,谓惠王曰“齐放其大臣孟尝君于诸侯,诸侯先迎之者,富而兵强。”于是,梁王虚上位,以故相为上将军,遣使者,黄金千斤,车百乘,往聘孟尝君。冯谖先驱,诫孟尝君曰“千金,重币也;百乘,显使也。齐其闻之矣。”梁使三反,孟尝君固辞不往也。

齐王闻之,君臣恐惧,遣太傅赍黄金千斤,文车二驷,服剑,封书谢孟尝君曰“寡人不祥,被于宗庙之祟,沉于谄谀之臣,开罪于君,寡人不足为也。愿君顾先王之宗庙,姑反国

统万人乎?”冯谖诫孟尝君曰“愿请先王之祭器,立宗庙于薛。”庙成,还报孟尝君曰“三窟已就,君姑高枕为乐矣。”

孟尝君为相数十年,无纤介之祸者,冯谖之计也。

【译文】

齐国有个名叫冯谖的人,家境贫困,难以养活自己,托人请求孟尝君,愿意寄食门下。孟尝君问“先生有什么爱好吗?”冯谖说“没有。”孟尝君又问“先生有什么特长吗?”他说“也没有。”孟尝君笑了笑,接纳了他“好的。”孟尝君身边的人因为主人不太在意冯谖,就拿粗茶淡饭给他吃战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文文章战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文出自此链接!。住了不久,冯谖就背靠柱子,弹剑而歌“长剑呀,咱们回去吧,吃饭没有鱼。”左右把这件事告诉孟尝君。孟尝君吩咐说“给他一般门客待遇,让他吃鱼吧。”住了不久,冯谖又弹着他的剑,唱道“长剑呀,我们还是回去吧,出门没有车坐。”孟尝君说“替他配上车,按照车客的待遇。”于是冯谖驾车带剑,向他们的朋友夸耀“孟尝君尊我为上客。”这样过了一段日子,冯谖复弹其剑,唱道“长剑呀,咱们回去吧,无以养家,资料共享平台《战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文》(左右的人都厌恶他,认为他贪得无厌。孟尝君问道“冯先生有父母吗?”左右答道“有个老母。”孟尝君资其家用,不使他母亲穷困,而冯谖从此不再唱牢骚歌了。

后来,孟尝君出了一通告示,问门下食客“请问哪一位通晓账务会计,能替我到薛地收债呢?”冯谖署上名字说“我能。”孟尝君看了很诧异,向左右随从“这是谁呀?”人们答道“就是那个唱‘长剑呀,我们回去吧’的人。”孟尝君笑道“他果然有才能,我真对不起他,还未曾见过面呢。”于是请他来相见,道歉说“田文每日为琐事所烦,心身俱累,被忧愁弄得神昏意乱,而且生来懦弱笨拙,只因政务缠身,而怠慢了先生。好在先生不怪我,先生愿意替我到薛地收债吗?”冯谖说“愿效微劳。”于是孟尝君替他备好车马行装,让他载着债券契约出发。辞别时,冯谖问“收完债后,买些什么回来?”孟尝君回答“先生看着办,买点我家缺少的东西吧。”

冯谖赶着马车到薛地,派官吏把该还债的百姓都叫来核对债券,全部核对之后,冯谖站了起来,假托孟尝君的名义将债款赏给这些百姓,并烧掉了那些券契文书,百姓感激得欢呼万岁。

冯谖又马不停蹄地返回齐国都城临淄,一大早求见孟尝君,孟尝君很奇怪他回来得这么快,穿好衣服接见他说“收完债了吗?何以回来得这般快捷?”冯谖答道“都收完了。”“先生替我买了些什么回来?”冯谖说“殿下曾言‘买些家中缺乏的东西’,臣暗想,殿下宫中珠宝堆积,犬马满厩,美女成行。殿下家中所缺少的,惟有仁义了,因此臣自作主张为殿下买了仁义回来。”孟尝君说“你怎么买仁义的?”冯谖答道“殿下封地只有小小薛地,不但不好好体恤薛地子民,反而像商人一样在他们身上榨取利益。臣为君计,私自假传殿下的命令,将所有的债款都赐给他们,并焚毁债券,百姓莫不吹呼万岁,这就是臣替殿下买的仁义呀!”孟尝君很不高兴,说“我知道了,先生退下休息吧。”

一年以后,齐王对孟尝君说“寡人不敢用先王的旧臣为臣。”孟尝君回到封地薛,还差百里未到,当地百姓扶老携幼,在路旁迎接孟尝君。孟尝君回头对冯谖说“先生为我买的‘义’,

今天方才看到。”冯谖对孟尝君接着进言说“狡兔三窟,才可得以免死。如今殿下只有一洞穴,尚未能得以高枕无忧,臣愿替殿下再凿两穴。”孟尝君便给他五十辆车,五百斤金去游说魏国。冯谖西入大梁,对惠王说“齐国放逐了大臣孟尝君,诸侯谁先得到他,谁就能富国强兵。”于是魏王空出相位,让原来的相国做上将军,派出使节,以千斤黄金、百乘马车去聘孟尝君战国策--齐人有冯谖原文翻译译文古文典籍。冯谖先赶回薛地对孟尝君说“千斤黄金是极贵重的聘礼,百乘马车是极隆重的使节,咱们齐国该知道这件事了。”魏国使者接连跑了三趟,可孟尝君坚决推辞不就。

齐王听到这个消息,君臣震恐,连忙派遣太傅带着一千斤黄金,两乘四马花车及宝剑一把,外附书信一封向孟尝君道歉说“都是寡人行为的兆头不吉祥,遭受祖宗降下的神祸,听信谗言,得罪了先生。寡人无德,虽不足以辅佐,但请先生顾念先王宗庙,暂且回国执掌政务。”冯谖劝孟尝君说“希望殿下索取先王的祭器,立宗庙于薛。”宗庙落成,冯谖回报说“三窟已就,殿下可安心享乐了。”

孟尝君为相几十年,没有纤介之微的祸患,倚靠的正是冯谖的谋划啊!

【评析】

冯谖具有非凡的才智,但他却抱着“姜太公钓鱼,愿者上钩”的心理,从一开始就不断的索要,以检验自己准备辅佐的领导到底是不是一个胸怀宽广、礼贤下士的真正领袖。当他试探后发现孟尝君是一个不势利、非常大度、值得为他出谋划策的领袖时,毅然为孟尝君行了众多好事。我们在辅佐他人前,也要学学冯谖,要试探对方的胸怀和眼光,如果对方斤斤计较、心胸狭窄,那么完全不值得与他合作。

冯谖为孟尝君干得第一件好事就是在常人看来愚蠢之极的“千金买义”。说它愚蠢是因为它放弃了诸多眼前的金钱利益而正是这一点体现了冯谖的战略性眼光和深刻的洞察力,眼光短浅的常人只能看到眼前的小利,他却以损失眼前的利益换来了长远的更大的利益,常人只能看出多少多少的实物价值,他却评估出了“仁义”二字的巨大无形资产价值,实际上他是最为精明和最会算计的人中之杰。

“狡兔三窟”,任何人都要在一定时候想好、安置好自己的退路和后路。冯谖为孟尝君造“三窟”的过程非常有谋略。他善于左右造势、哄抬价值,他深知人性的奥妙,凡人都是失去的才觉得珍贵,凡人都拒绝他人直接推销自己,而如果由第三方推荐或者与第三方竞争人才,那么人们会非常珍重人才。冯谖使魏王珍重、竞争孟尝君,引起了齐王的高度重视,失去的才觉得珍贵了,冯谖遂成大计。

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应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金,洪城铱昌,宰瑾李, 刘链柱译 摘要:旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率,压降,并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50%的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积,体直径,减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法,用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词:吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子,工作场所,或其他建筑,因此,室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物,毒物,食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤,预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中,吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间,以及纸过滤器也应定期更换,由于压力下降,气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形,在粗颗粒(>2.0微米)模式为主要的外部来源,如风吹尘,海盐喷雾,火山,从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放,以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式,典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克,可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。

毕业设计外文翻译原文.

Optimum blank design of an automobile sub-frame Jong-Yop Kim a ,Naksoo Kim a,*,Man-Sung Huh b a Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Shinsu-dong 1,Mapo-ku,Seoul 121-742,South Korea b Hwa-shin Corporation,Young-chun,Kyung-buk,770-140,South Korea Received 17July 1998 Abstract A roll-back method is proposed to predict the optimum initial blank shape in the sheet metal forming process.The method takes the difference between the ?nal deformed shape and the target contour shape into account.Based on the method,a computer program composed of a blank design module,an FE-analysis program and a mesh generation module is developed.The roll-back method is applied to the drawing of a square cup with the ˉange of uniform size around its periphery,to con?rm its validity.Good agreement is recognized between the numerical results and the published results for initial blank shape and thickness strain distribution.The optimum blank shapes for two parts of an automobile sub-frame are designed.Both the thickness distribution and the level of punch load are improved with the designed blank.Also,the method is applied to design the weld line in a tailor-welded blank.It is concluded that the roll-back method is an effective and convenient method for an optimum blank shape design.#2000Elsevier Science S.A.All rights reserved. Keywords:Blank design;Sheet metal forming;Finite element method;Roll-back method

土木外文翻译原文和译文

A convection-conduction model for analysis of the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock wall of a tunnel in permafrost regions Abstract Based on the analyses of fundamental meteorological and hydrogeological conditions at the site of a tunnel in the cold regions, a combined convection-conduction model for air flow in the tunnel and temperature field in the surrounding has been constructed. Using the model, the air temperature distribution in the Xiluoqi No. 2 Tunnel has been simulated numerically. The simulated results are in agreement with the data observed. Then, based on the in situ conditions of sir temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind force, hydrogeology and engineering geology, the air-temperature relationship between the temperature on the surface of the tunnel wall and the air temperature at the entry and exit of the tunnel has been obtained, and the freeze-thaw conditions at the Dabanshan Tunnel which is now under construction is predicted. Keywords: tunnel in cold regions, convective heat exchange and conduction, freeze-thaw. A number of highway and railway tunnels have been constructed in the permafrost regions and their neighboring areas in China. Since the hydrological and thermal conditions changed after a tunnel was excavated,the surrounding wall rock materials often froze, the frost heaving caused damage to the liner layers and seeping water froze into ice diamonds,which seriously interfered with the communication and transportation. Similar problems of the freezing damage in the tunnels also appeared in other countries like Russia, Norway and Japan .Hence it is urgent to predict the freeze-thaw conditions in the surrounding rock materials and provide a basis for the design,construction and

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

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文献出处:Thronson P. Toward Comprehensive Reform of America’s Emergency Law Regime [J]. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 2013, 46(2). 原文 TOWARD COMPREHENSIVE REFORM OF AMERICA’S EMERGENCY LAW REGIME Patrick A. Thronson Unbenownst to most Americans, the United States is presently under thirty presidentially declared states of emergency. They confer vast powers on the Executive Branch, including the ability to financially incapacitate any person or organization in the United States, seize control of the nation’s communications infrastructure, mobilize military forces, expand the permissible size of the military without congressional authorization, and extend tours of duty without consent from service personnel. Declared states of emergency may also activate Presidential Emergency Action Documents and other continuity-of-government procedures, which confer powers on the President—such as the unilateral suspension of habeas corpus—that appear fundamentally opposed to the American constitutional order.

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南京理工大学 毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译 教学点:南京信息职业技术学院 专业:电子信息工程 姓名:陈洁 学号: 014910253034 外文出处:《 Pci System Architecture 》 (用外文写) 附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文。 指导教师评语: 该生外文翻译没有基本的语法错误,用词准确,没 有重要误译,忠实原文;译文通顺,条理清楚,数量与 质量上达到了本科水平。 签名: 年月日 注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。

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外文翻译原文

204/JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING/AUGUST1999

JOURNAL OF BRIDGE ENGINEERING /AUGUST 1999/205 ends.The stress state in each cylindrical strip was determined from the total potential energy of a nonlinear arch model using the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It was emphasized that the membrane stresses in the com-pression region of the curved models were less than those predicted by linear theory and that there was an accompanying increase in ?ange resultant force.The maximum web bending stress was shown to occur at 0.20h from the compression ?ange for the simple support stiffness condition and 0.24h for the ?xed condition,where h is the height of the analytical panel.It was noted that 0.20h would be the optimum position for longitudinal stiffeners in curved girders,which is the same as for straight girders based on stability requirements.From the ?xed condition cases it was determined that there was no signi?cant change in the membrane stresses (from free to ?xed)but that there was a signi?cant effect on the web bend-ing stresses.Numerical results were generated for the reduc-tion in effective moment required to produce initial yield in the ?anges based on curvature and web slenderness for a panel aspect ratio of 1.0and a web-to-?ange area ratio of 2.0.From the results,a maximum reduction of about 13%was noted for a /R =0.167and about 8%for a /R =0.10(h /t w =150),both of which would correspond to extreme curvature,where a is the length of the analytical panel (modeling the distance be-tween transverse stiffeners)and R is the radius of curvature.To apply the parametric results to developing design criteria for practical curved girders,the de?ections and web bending stresses that would occur for girders with a curvature corre-sponding to the initial imperfection out-of-?atness limit of D /120was used.It was noted that,for a panel with an aspect ratio of 1.0,this would correspond to a curvature of a /R =0.067.The values of moment reduction using this approach were compared with those presented by Basler (Basler and Thurlimann 1961;Vincent 1969).Numerical results based on this limit were generated,and the following web-slenderness requirement was derived: 2 D 36,500a a =1?8.6?34 (1) ? ??? t R R F w ?y where D =unsupported distance between ?anges;and F y =yield stress in psi. An extension of this work was published a year later,when Culver et al.(1973)checked the accuracy of the isolated elas-tically supported cylindrical strips by treating the panel as a unit two-way shell rather than as individual strips.The ?ange/web boundaries were modeled as ?xed,and the boundaries at the transverse stiffeners were modeled as ?xed and simple.Longitudinal stiffeners were modeled with moments of inertias as multiples of the AASHO (Standard 1969)values for straight https://www.360docs.net/doc/e88101048.html,ing analytical results obtained for the slenderness required to limit the plate bending stresses in the curved panel to those of a ?at panel with the maximum allowed out-of-?atness (a /R =0.067)and with D /t w =330,the following equa-tion was developed for curved plate girder web slenderness with one longitudinal stiffener: D 46,000a a =1?2.9 ?2.2 (2) ? ? ? t R f R w ?b where the calculated bending stress,f b ,is in psi.It was further concluded that if longitudinal stiffeners are located in both the tension and compression regions,the reduction in D /t w will not be required.For the case of two stiffeners,web bending in both regions is reduced and the web slenderness could be de-signed as a straight girder panel.Eq.(1)is currently used in the ‘‘Load Factor Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations ,and (2)is used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion for girders stiffened with one longitudinal stiffener.This work was continued by Mariani et al.(1973),where the optimum trans-verse stiffener rigidity was determined analytically. During almost the same time,Abdel-Sayed (1973)studied the prebuckling and elastic buckling behavior of curved web panels and proposed approximate conservative equations for estimating the critical load under pure normal loading (stress),pure shear,and combined normal and shear loading.The linear theory of shells was used.The panel was simply supported along all four edges with no torsional rigidity of the ?anges provided.The transverse stiffeners were therefore assumed to be rigid in their directions (no strains could be developed along the edges of the panels).The Galerkin method was used to solve the governing differential equations,and minimum eigenvalues of the critical load were calculated and presented for a wide range of loading conditions (bedding,shear,and combined),aspect ratios,and curvatures.For all cases,it was demonstrated that the critical load is higher for curved panels over the comparable ?at panel and increases with an increase in curvature. In 1980,Daniels et al.summarized the Lehigh University ?ve-year experimental research program on the fatigue behav-ior of horizontally curved bridges and concluded that the slen-derness limits suggested by Culver were too severe.Equations for ‘‘Load Factor Design’’and for ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’were developed (respectively)as D 36,500a =1?4?192(3)? ?t R F w ?y D 23,000a =1?4 ?170 (4) ? ? t R f w ?b The latter equation is currently used in the ‘‘Allowable Stress Design’’portion of the Guide Speci?cations for girders not stiffened longitudinally. Numerous analytical and experimental works on the subject have also been published by Japanese researchers since the end of the CURT project.Mikami and colleagues presented work in Japanese journals (Mikami et al.1980;Mikami and Furunishi 1981)and later in the ASCE Journal of Engineering Mechanics (Mikami and Furunishi 1984)on the nonlinear be-havior of cylindrical web panels under bending and combined bending and shear.They analyzed the cylindrical panels based on Washizu’s (1975)nonlinear theory of shells.The governing nonlinear differential equations were solved numerically by the ?nite-difference method.Simple support boundary condi-tions were assumed along the curved boundaries (top and bot-tom at the ?ange locations)and both simple and ?xed support conditions were used at the straight (vertical)boundaries.The large displacement behavior was demonstrated by Mi-kami and Furunishi for a range of geometric properties.Nu-merical values of the load,de?ection,membrane stress,bend-ing stress,and torsional stress were obtained,but no equations for design use were presented.Signi?cant conclusions include that:(1)the compressive membrane stress in the circumfer-ential direction decreases with an increase in curvature;(2)the panel under combined bending and shear exhibits a lower level of the circumferential membrane stress as compared with the panel under pure bending,and as a result,the bending moment carried by the web panel is reduced;and (3)the plate bending stress under combined bending and shear is larger than that under pure bending.No formulations or recommendations for direct design use were made. Kuranishi and Hiwatashi (1981,1983)used the ?nite-ele-ment method to demonstrate the elastic ?nite displacement be-havior of curved I-girder webs under bending using models with and without ?ange rigidities.Rotation was not allowed (?xed condition)about the vertical axis at the ends of the panel (transverse stiffener locations).Again,the nonlinear distribu-

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