刘润清《新编语言学教程》章节题库(心理语言学)【圣才出品】

第9章心理语言学

Ⅰ. Multiple Choices.

1. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.

A. Competence

B. Performance

C. Learning

D. Acquisition

【答案】C

【解析】在学校里我们会学到第二语言，对第二语言知识的这种有意识的积累，叫做“学习”。

2. _____ is the study of psychological aspect of language.

A. Language acquisition

B. Applied linguistics

C. Psycholinguistics

D. Pragmatics

【答案】A

【解析】语言习得是从心理学的角度来研究语言，主要研究儿童不自觉地自然地掌握母语的过程。

3. A child acquires his/her mother tongue invariably through these phases: _____, one-word, two-word and multiword.

A. no-word

B. babbling

C. talking

D. uttering

【答案】B

【解析】婴儿学习母语的过程分为四个阶段：呀呀学语阶段，单语词阶段，双语词阶段和多语词阶段。

4. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT ______.

A. lexical

B. syntactic

C. phonological

D. psycholinguistic

【答案】D

【解析】语言的变体可以是词法、句法、音位方面的变化。心理语言学是语言学的一个分支。

因此，本题的正确答案为D。

5. ______ is the study of language in relation to the mind.

A. Psycholinguistics

B. Sociolinguistics

C. Linguistics

D. Semantics

【答案】A

【解析】心理语言学是对语言和心理之间的关系所作的研究。顾名思义，心理语言学是心理学和语言学的交叉学科。因此，本题的正确答案为A。

Ⅱ. Briefly explain or answer the following questions.

1. What is the purpose of studying language and mind?（南开大学2004研）

【答案】The study of language and mind aims to model the workings of the mind in relation to language; for example, it helps explain how the language production and perception is achieved. Since structures and connections in the mind are inevitably unobservable, researchers put forward hypotheses based on fragmentary clues. The label most usually given to the study of “language and mind”is psycholinguistics, a term which is often perceived as being trendy. Psycholinguistics is concerned primarily with investigating the psychological reality of linguistic structures.

2. What are the factors influencing sentence comprehension?

【答案】

(1) Structural factors in comprehension. Comprehension of written and spoken language can be difficult because it is not always easy to identify the constituents

(phrases) of a sentence and the ways in which they relate to one another. Psycholinguists have proposed principles interpreting sentence comprehension with respect to the grammatical constraints. The most popular principle is Minimal attachment which defines “structurally simpler”, and it claims that structural simplicity guides all initial analyses in sentence comprehension. In this view, the sentence processor constructs a single analysis of a sentence and attempts to interpret it. The first analysis is the one that requires the fewest applications of grammatical rules to attach each incoming word into the structure being built; it is the automatic consequence of an effort to get some analysis constructed as soon as possible. Consider the sentence The second wife will claim the inheritance belongs to her. When the inheritance first appears, it could be interpreted as either the direct object of claim or the subject of belongs. It was found that readers’eyes fixated for longer than usual on the verb belongs, which disambiguates the sentence. They interpreted this result to mean that readers first interpreted the inheritance as a direct object. Readers were disrupted when they had to revise this initial interpretation to the one in which the inheritance is subject of belongs. They described the readers as being led down a garden path because the direct object analysis is structurally simpler than the other possible analysis.

(2) Lexical factors in comprehension. Psycholinguists have proposed that the human sentence processor is primarily guided by information about specific words that is stored in the lexicon. In the sentences like The salesman glanced at a/the customer with suspicion/ripped jeans, the prepositional phrases with suspicion or

with ripped jeans could modify either the verb glance or the noun customer, This is true only for action verbs, not for perception verbs like glance at. It has been noted that an actual preference for noun phrase modification only appeared when the noun had the indefinite article a.

3. What are the four stages of language production and how do you understand them?

【答案】

(1) Conceptualization

The notion is that thoughts take form in mentalese and are then translated into linguistic form.

(2) Formulation

Formulation is the second stage of speech production. It analysis on eventual output of the process, such as speech errors, and the choice of words or sentence structures can be a great help for understanding speech production.

Major types of slips of the tongue: shift, exchange, anticipation, perseveration, addition, deletion, substitution and blend.

(3) Articulation

Articulation of speech sounds is the third and a very important stage of production. Once we have organized our thoughts into a linguistic plan, this information must be sent from the brain to the muscles in the speech system so that they can then execute the required movements and produce the desired

sounds.

(4) Self-regulation

Self-regulation is the last stage of speech production. To err is human. So each person would do some self-correction over and over again while conversing.

4. What is psycholinguistics and what does it studies?

【答案】Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological states and mental activity associated with the use of language. It concerns the representation of language in the mind, the planning, production, perception, and comprehension of speech, and the language acquisition.

Ⅲ. Essay questions.

1. Research has found that two-year-old English children produce negative sentences such as a) to d), but not e):

a) He doesn’t like cabbage.

b) Doesn’t like cabbage.

c) Him no like cabbage.

d) No like cabbage.

e) *Him doesn’t like cabbage.

How can you account for this?（北外2006研）

【答案】

This founding firstly demonstrates one point that the acquisition of auxiliary