比较级及比较句型讲义
比较级及比较句型讲义 This model paper was revised by the Standardization Office on December 10, 2020
比较级及比较句型
一．基本特征
1. 形容词和副词比较级的形式应和比较连词对应出现，即应符合原级比较及比较级的结构。如：
---Do you enjoy listening to records
---I find records are often as good as, or better than an actual performance.
Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting than Thackeray’s.
---- Thackeray’s novels
3.比较级的修饰语如 a little, a lot, the, any, even, far, hardly, lots, much, rather，还有表示倍数比较的词等，他们的位置是：修饰语+as…as…, 或修饰语+more…than…。如：
Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills seven times more people each year than automobile accidents.
“Do you regret paying five hundred dollars for the painting” “No, I would gladly have paid twice as much for it.”
4.下列词和短语不用比较级形式却表示比较概念：
inferior，minor，senior，prior，prefer to，superior，major，junior，preferable，differ from，compared with，in comparison with，different from，rather than。如：
Their watch is superior to all the other watches on the market.
二．基本用法
1. 同级比较
A. 基本形式“as +原级+as”结构
eg. He’s as tall as I.
B.否定的同级比较常用not as… as或not so … as
eg. He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.
C.变体
1) as + much/many + 名词+ as
There are as many students in Class 3 as in Class 4.
2) as +形原级 + a + 名词 +as
He is as clever a boy as his brother.
3) as + 形+ 不可数名词+ as
4) 名词复数+as +形 + as
I used to have some dolls as lovely as yours.
5) the same as/ be similar to
2.比较级
A.基本结构“比较级+than” 结构
He is taller than I (am tall).
She sees me more often than she sees her brother.
B.变体
1) 形比较级 + 名 + than
He is a cleverer boy than his brother.
2) 名 + 形比较级 + than
He is a boy cleverer than his brother.
3) the + 形比较级 + of + the two
4) superior/ inferior to
3.最高级
A. 常用“the +最高级+比较范围”
eg. This is the best picture in the hall.
He sings the best in the class.
B. 变体
1) more… than any other
2) Not … + 比较等级
三. 值得注意的比较级句型
1. 比较级的特殊用法
1）the+比较级, the+比较级
此句型表示后者随着前者的变化而变化，意为“越……就越……”，如：
The better I knew him, the more I liked him.
The more difficult the less likely I’ll be able to answer them.
该结构一共有三条规则：
1）. the more
2）
3）
the more, the more其实是原因状语从句，前面是原因（从句），后面是结果（主句），倒装句中必须是主句倒装，从句绝对不能够倒装。
例1：The stronger __ magnet, the greater the number of lines of magnetic force.
(A) of (B) the (C) is the (D) is of the
分析：本题显然考查”the more … the more…”结构，the more后面的名词必须使用冠词或者所有格，因此只能选择B
例2：The less the surface of the ground yields to the weight of the body
of a runner, ___to the body.
(A) the stress it is greater (B) greater is the stress (C) greater stress is (D) the greater the stress
分析：正确答案为D。此题考the more … the more句型，只有D符合这一句型的要求，故选D。
--- the greater the stress it yields to the body
2) the+比较级+of the two：
He is the taller of the two.
She was the more promising worker of the two.
3)比较级+and+比较级
此句型表示“越来越…”，如：
Things are getting better and better every day.
It’s becoming more and more difficult to find a job.
2. as…as…的特殊用法
1)．as．．．as
个事物的状况处于同等程度或两个事物之间具有连带关系。
S1 + V1 + as + adj. 1+ S2+V2+adj.2
He was as experienced as his brother was green．
他经验丰富，而他弟弟初出茅庐。
She is as kind as her brother is honest．
crowded as the farmlands are empty．
监狱里人满为患，而农田却无人耕种。(两者程度相等，但是状况截然不同，以突出两者的对比)
2）．as．．．as
表示两个特征同时存在，具有both．．．and．．．的含义。
S +V+as + adj. 1+ as +adj.2
S+V+as +n.1+as +n.2
The problems are as numerous as trivial．
It is as your fault as your wife‘s．
3）．as．．．as．．．can be, as．．．as any（anything）， as．．．as ever lived：表示某事达到了无以复加的程度，最，极其。
He is as great a mathematician as any（as ever lived）．
My sister is as green as green can be．
He pretends to be as modest as anything．
4）as likely as not：
该结构并无否定含义，表示很可能之意，而且语气强烈。例如：
He will forget all about it as likely as not．
类似的用法还有：as often as not，more often than not，表示经常、往往之意。
3．not so much ．．．as．．．：
这个句型用以肯定as后面的内容，而在一定程度上否定as前面的内容，表示“与其说还不如说” 。
Experience shows that success is not so much due to ability as to passion．
---- not so much due to ability as (due) to passion
I was attracted not so much by the plot of the story as by the
actor’s excellent performance．
4．(1) As C is to D，so is A to B．：
这个句型表示A与B之间的关系就像X与Y之间的关系，以人们所熟知的两个事物之间的关系说明一个不被熟知或被忽视的两事物之间的关系，是一种类比：A对于B，犹如X对于Y。例如：
As the house is to the man，so is the nest to the bird．
As food is to the body，so is reading to the mind．
(2) A is to B what C is to D
The people is to the Party’s army what water is to fish.
Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body.
5．more than与less than的相关特殊用法
1）more A than B：
表示与not so much．．．as类似的含义，肯定的是A，而在一定程度上否定B。“与其说是B，还不如说是A”。
He is more brave than wise．
The child was more frightened than hurt
Many patients die more of worry than of cancer when they get to know the truth about their illness．
2) more…than…的特殊用法
对同一对象的两个方面进行比较：若是对同一个人或物在不同方面进行取舍时，意为“与其说……倒不如……”，。如：
He is more hungry than tired.
I was more annoyed than worried.
3）more than ＋名词／形容词／分词：
表示内容超出了后面词语所表达的范围，“不只于，超过，极其”。例如：If you tell your father what you’ve done，he‘ll be more than a
little angry．
We were more than happy to hear of your return．
4) no more…than与not more…than
no more…than表示对两者都否定，意为“同……一样不”(=neither ... nor)；
not more…than指两者虽都具有某种特征，但程度不同，意为“不如”、“不及”(= not so ... as)。
He is no more a writer than a painter. (= He is neither a painter nor a writer.)
He’s no more able to read Spanish t han I am.
(=Neither he nor I am not read Spanish.)
This book is not more difficult than that one.
(=This book is not so difficult as that one.)
5) no more …than 与no less…than
no more …than意为“与…一样不”，否定两者；
no less…than表示“和…一样”，肯定两者。
She’s no more a great singer than I am.
他不是优秀歌手，我也不是。
Your brother is no less wise than you.
你的兄弟跟你一样聪明。
6) not +比较级+ than /
no +比较级+ than
比较级前加not，表示前者不如后者，与not as…as相当；
比较级前加no是对两者的否定，意为“和……一样不……”，与neither…nor…或“as+相反意义的形容词或副词+as”相当。如：
He is not taller than me.
He is no taller than me.
他同我一样不高。(即一样矮)
His English is not better than mine.
His English is no better than mine.
他的英语同我的英语一样不好。(即一样差)
7) no more than与not more than表示数量时
no more than“仅仅”、“只不过”，强调少；
not more than表示“不多于”、“至多”。（无强调）
This test takes no more than thirty minutes.
For thirty years, he had done no more than he had needed to.
He has not more than three children.
他最多 3 个孩子(有或许还不到 3 个之意)。
8). no less than 与not less than表示数量
no less than意为“多达”、“有…之多”，强调多；
not less than表示“不下于”、“至少”。如：
He paid no less than $10,000 for it.
He paid not less than $10,000 for it.
He walks no less than five miles to school. 他上学至少要走五英里。
四．比较级及比较句型注意要项
比较结构中要注意：
1、倒装性
例1：Western Nebraska generally receives less snow than ___eastern Nebraska.
(A) does (B) in (C) it does in (D) in it does
分析：than引导比较状语从句，空格后面是个专有名词，肯定是比较从句的主语，空格处明显缺从句的谓语动词，只有（A）符合条件，故选（A）。
注意than eastern Nebraska does 是正确的语序，但是原文中使用了倒装；在比较结构的后面部分中，如果比较从句的主语长，谓语动词短，动词可放到主语前面进行到装。
例2： Hot objects emit ___do cold objects.
(A) rays more than infrared (B) rays are more infrared than
(C) more than infrared rays (D) more infrared rays than
分析：emit为及物动词，空格处缺宾语和引导比较从句的than, 只有（D）符合条件。注意空格后为倒装形式，do代替emit以避免重复。此题为常考的句子结构。2、对称性
比较结构中还需要注意相互比较的必须属于同一种事物,例
例3：The activities of the international marketing researcher are frequently much broader than___.
(A) the domestic marketer has (B) the domestic marketer does
(C) those of the domestic marketer (D) that which has the domestic marketer
分析：本题还是考查比较句，由于谓语动词是系动词are, 故先排除与其不对应的以has和does结尾的（A）和（B）。选项D则语义不清，也可排除。
C中those代替前面提到的activities以避免重复，those一定要具备，因为只有这样才能满足比较的都是activities，谓语动词are因与主句谓语动词相同而被省略，因此C为正确答案。
例4：The annual worth of Utah's manufacturing is greater than --.
(A) that of its mining and farming combined (B) mining and farming combination
(C) that mining and farming combined (D) of its combination mining and farming
分析：本题为比较句，一般来说，比较的双方应属于同一类事物。（B）、（C）、（D）均无法与the annual worth相对应，故可以排除。
（A）中代词that代替 the annual worth, 是英语中常见的避免重复的用法，故选（A）。
3. 省略性
than和as引导的比较状语从句，如果意义明确，than和as后面的任何部分都可省略。
A．当不同的主语进行比较时，一般省略从句中的谓语；
（1） He is taller than his brother （is） .
（2） You hate him as much as I （hate him） .
（3）We were as fortunate as them (they were)
B．当从句中的主语与谓语（ be 动词除外）和主句中的主语与谓语相同时，通常省略从句中的主语和谓语，只保留比较的部分。
（ 1） My mother is much better now than （ she was ） when I wrote to you last week.
（ 2） I have as much confidence in you as （ I have confidence ） in him. （3 ) We are less credulous than we used to be
than 后面省略了表语
--- than we used to be (credulous)
C. 从句中的主语和谓语与主句的都不相同，有时可以省略主语（或将than看作代词作为从句的主语。）
(1)He eats more than (it) is good for him.
(2)She has finished the work earlier than (it has been ) expected.
(3)There were not so many tickets available as (they) were asked for.