现代英语词汇学复习-参考模板

第一章词的概述；

1．识记：词的定义

2．声音与意义

识记：声音与意义的关系

3．声音与拼写

识记：读音与拼写不一致的原因

4．词汇

识记词汇的含义

5．词汇的分类

识记：词汇的分类原则；基本词汇的特点；四类外来语词的特点。

领会：基本词汇及本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性

What is word ?

词具有哪些特点？

词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;

2) A sound unity or a given sound ;

3) a unit of meaning;

4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.

以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释

词的分类（classification of a word）

词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？

1) simple words 2) complex words

单音节词例子：

e.g. Man and fine are simple

多音节词例子：

e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail

management 可以次划分为manage 和-ment

misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和fortune

blackmail 次划分为black 和mail

What is the relationship between sound and meaning?

1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the s ound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat

2)The relationship between them is conventional.

3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. What is relationship between sound and form?

1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.

2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English

3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.

What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?

1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.

2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.

3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.

4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.

要记住以上四句话中的关键词：

1) influenced by Romans

2) Pronunciation changed

3) early scribes

4) borrowing

你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？

e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)

外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。

What is vocabulary?

V ocabulary refers to the total number of the words in a language, but

it can stand for all the words used in a particular historical period.

V ocabulary also refers to all the words of a given dialect, given book,

a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person.

Classification of Words (本课的一个重点)

What is the classification of words? How to classify words in linguistics?

Three criteria :

1) By use of frequency 2) By notion 3) By origin

By use of frequency 可划分为：

1) The basic word stock 2) Nonbasic word vocabulary

By notion 可划分为：1）Content word 2) Functional word

Content words are also known as notional words . (Content words 的别称) Functional words are also known as empty words, or form words. ( Functional words 的别称)

Functional words possesses a characteristic of basic word stock, i.e. stability According to Stuart Robertson ,et al (1957),* the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,you

What are the characteristics of basic word stock?

1) All national character

2) Stability

3) Productivity

4) Polysemy

5) Collocability

要把握住‘All national character’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的，最普通的词稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点，请你举例说明？

e.g. man, woman , fire, water …

e.g. machine, video, telephone …

e.g. bow, chariot , knight

Stability is relative, not absolute.

根据词的use frequency 划分出的基本词之外，还有一类词叫作None basic

vocabulary, 非基本词有几大特点？或者是几大分类？

1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra

2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon )

3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang )

4) Argot e.g. persuader

5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE= blood)

6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will)

7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms )

beaver 是girl 的slang 表达方式，但是二者之间存在着Stylistic difference Which constitutes the larger number among English vocabulary, content

words or functional words ?

Answer : Content words

What is native words?

Answer : (1) By origin, English words can be classified into native

words and borrowed words.

(2) Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by

the German tribes: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus know as

Anglo-Saxon words.

(3) Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number ,amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000, but they form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language

什么叫borrowed words? Answer: (1) words taken over from foreign languages are know as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.

(2) It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary

(3) The English language has vast debts .In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed.

什么叫Denizens?

Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. In other words they have come to conform to the English way of pronunciation and spelling, such as port from portus (L).

‘Denizens’的例子都要记：Port from portus (L), cup from cuppa (L),

shift from skipta (ON), shirt from skyrta (ON), change from changier

(F), pork from porc (F).

什么叫Translation-loans ?

Translation-loans are words and expressions formed form the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language, such as ‘ long time no see from haojiumeijian (Ch)

什么叫Semantic-loans ?

words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form ,But their meaning are borrowed , in other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language ,such as the word dream ,which originally meant ’joy’ and ‘music ’, and its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.

6．英语词汇的形成与发展

1)印欧语系的谱系关系

a)识记：印欧语系的主要分支以及分支的主要现代语言。

2)英语词汇发展的历史回顾

a)识记：英语词汇发展的三个历史阶段：古英语词汇、中古英语词汇和现

代英语词汇及其特点。

3)当代英语词汇发展的状况

a)识记：当代英语词汇发展的现状。

b)领会：词汇发展的主要原因。

4)词汇发展的方式

识记：英语词汇发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新义、借用外来语词。

领会：各种方式在现代英语词汇发展中的地位和作用

The development of the English vocabulary

The Indo-European Language Family

It is assumed that the world has approximately 3,000(some put it 5,000)languages ,which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar . (重点：语系划分的标准）What is the criteria to divide language families ?

The answer : 1. the basis of similarities in their basic word stock 2. grammar

(重点)The Balto-Slavic comprises such modern languages as(选择题内容：) Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgarian ,Slovenian and Russian.

‘Indo-European’两大分支：

1.Eastern set

2.Western set

Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albanian

Western set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.

In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic.

Celtic ：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, Breton

The five Romance languages, namely ,Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Roumanian all belong to the Italic.The Germanic family consists of the four Northern European Languages:

Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English. With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came into the English language.

It is estimated that at least 900 words of Scandinavian origin have survived in modern English.

Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000 words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.

重点句: Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England

古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts )

古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了( early scripts)

Sound and form 真正达到统一是在什么时期？

.Sound and form reached their concord in ( Modern English period )

如果从词汇变化的角度而言，Modern English 又可以细划分为early period , modern period.

*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期（重要的选择或填空内容）Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance

Modern English period 有什么样的外来语的进入？

The Latin words swarmed into English in early modern English period

现代英语时期，英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)

The richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises from

(Colonization )

The English language has evolved from a synthetic language to the

present analytic language ( 重要选择或填空内容)

Growth of Present-day English V ocabulary

Three main sources of new words :

1)The rapid development of modern science and technology

2)Social, economic and political changes;

3)The influence of other cultures and language

Modes of V ocabulary Development

1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing

2)Semantic change （还包括外来词的Semantic loans ）

Elevation, degradation, extension, narrowing, transfer

外来词可以被称作borrowed words , 因此又可以被称作.

重点句：borrowed words are also known as loaned words .

恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色

Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant. This is especially true of American English.

英语从synthetic language 发展到present analytical language 是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的？

答案：Modern English period

文艺复兴时期，恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?

答案：Early Modern English period

在英语发展过程在哪个阶段出现三语鼎立的现象？

French, Latin, English in Middle English period

easel, port, freight, 出现于英语发展的哪个阶段，属于哪一种外来词的引入？

答案：Middle English , Dutch

在英语发展的某一个阶段，有一种语言进入英语，它一共带来了2500 个词汇，这种语言是什么？

答案：Dutch

据现代语言学家的统计，英语中目前所占本族词的数量有多少?

答案：50,000 to 60,000他们的来源是(Anglo_Saxon tongue )

第二次世界大战以后，大量外来词进入英语中，如：Mao jackets , black belt , kongfu, 这些词属于英语词汇发展的Present - day English V ocabulary

注意：第二章出大题的内容无非就是请简述印欧语系的发展与组成。

Old English 和Middle English 最大的striking distinction 存在于哪一个方面?

答案：Old English was a language of full endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings.

文艺复兴时期，哪两种文化得到了复兴，这对英语词汇的丰富具有什么样的影响? 答案：Greek , Roman culture

某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?

答案：Modern English

十六世纪，有一种新工业出现对词汇的发展产生重要的影响，这是哪一种industry?

答案：Printing

这导致sound and form 出现concord , 出现standardization.

第二章词的结构和词的构成方式；

词的结构

1．词素morpheme

识记：词素的概念

2．词素变体

识记：词素变体的概念

3．词素的分类

领会：词素、自由词素、自由词根、黏附词素、黏附词根、词缀、派生词缀、屈折词缀、前缀和后缀之间的相互关系。

4．词根和词干

领会：词根和词干的区别

运用：运用本章所学的知识分析英语词的结构。

The smallest unit in the English language refers to (morphemes)

The minimal free form in the English language refers to (word)

In the plural form changing, some of the words will take internal vowel change , this internal vowel change is called (allomorphs)

Deer 复数没有变,还是deer, sheep 复数没有变,还是sheep, 因此,这种变化被称作(zero derivation)

名词解释:

Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language are known as morphemes. In other words, the morphemes is ’the smallest functioning unit in com position of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs are known as allomorphs,

e.g.the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats in bags, matches It can be realized by the change of an internal vowel as in foot-feet, man-men, goose-geese or by zero morphs as in deer-deer, fish-fish

简答题：what are the types of morphemes ? ( 答简答题时,名词解释)

答案：Free morphemes and bound morphemes

Free morphemes :

1) Free morphemes are independent of other morphemes and are considered to be free.

2) These morphemes have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.

3) They are identical with root words, as each of them consists of a single free root words ,as each of them consists of a single free root

4) free morphemes are free roots.

bound morphemes:

1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound..

2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words.

3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affix

affix 分为两类: inflectional and derivational affixes.

Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes.

Derivational affixes: 1)derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create now words.

2) Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.

root : 1) a root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.

2) the root, whether free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning in a word

3) a ’root is that part of a wordform that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed’

stem : 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff.

2) It can be a root morpheme plus one or more affixational morphemes as in mouthful, underestimate.

3) Therefore, a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

问题：Stem 和root 有一个最大的区别在哪里? (答案：a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.

问题：请加以区别下面两个词的特征: nation , dict 请加以理论的分析?

Both nation and dict belong to roots, nation is free root, which can function alone in a sentence,

Nation as a free root, has complete meaning, when both prefixes and suffixes attached to it are removed, nation as a free root, still remains

Dict is a bound root, which can not function alone grammatically , dict carries the fundamental meaning of words, dict has to combine with the other morphemes to create new words , for example , dictionary , contradiction .

问题：分析下面一句话: He is much more cleverer than any other one in the village, too heads are better than one.

请从构词角度分析以上的例子,

cleverer , better

cleverer (-er : inflectional affixes )

better ( good , well 的特殊变化) It is allomorph of good and well.

Language segment

English language grammatically can be segmented into five ranks: