2015现代语言学2

I. True or False questions. Decide whether the following statements are True or False. (20%, 1% each item)

( ) 1.In the sentence “The hunter killed the lion.” the semantic role of “the hunter” is agent. T

( ) 2.In the antonym pair old :young, old is the marked item. T

( ) 3.“Ank” is a morpheme, because it appears in different words, such as tank, bank, rank. F

( ) 4.The word “depend” includes 2 syllables, in which the sound [p] is the coda of the first syllable. F

( ) 5.The semantic relationship between the two sentences “The president was assassinated” and “The president is dead” is presupposition.F

( ) 6.The sentence“I’ll be back.”is a commissive. T

( ) 7.The word “book” is a closed-class word. F

( ) 8.Affixes are always bound. T

( ) 9.Thestructure of the word “unhelpfulness” can be analyzed as [un[[[helpful]ness]]. T

( ) 10.Both English and Chinese are typical tone languages. F

II.Fill in the blanks with proper terms. (20%, 2% each item)

1.The difference between consonants and vowels lies in__the obstruction of air

stream

2.The sounds that is described as “voiced alveolar stop” is consonant ___.

3.Those morphemes that can be used on their own are called ___Free Morphemes

4.The relationship of hyponymy is between the more general term such as color

and the more specific instances of it such as red, blue and white. The general term color is called the __superordinate

5.If A is a kind of B, then in terms of semantic relation, B is a(n) _ hyponymy

____ of A.

6.The utterance “I order you to leave the room.”performs a _directive eech act.

7.The pronoun “him” performs a personal ference in sentence “She must be

furious with him when Mike said he was leaving her.”

8.The distinction between linguistic competence and performance was proposed

by _Chomsky

9.The hypothesis that claims that language shapes the way we think and

determines what we can think about is called__The Sapir Whorf

10.In English, all rounded vowels are back_ vowels.

III.Definition. Define following terms. (20%, 5% each item)

1.Phoneme

A collection of abstract sound features, unlike a phone, (which is a speech unit),

it is a phonological unit; allophones are actual realization of a phoneme in different phonetic context.

2.cooperative principle

Cooperative Principle： It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviors. The content is： Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

3.Lingua Franca

Lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between people who do not speak one another’s native language.

4.Dialect

A language variety characteristic of a particular social group; dialects can be

characteristic of regional, social, temporal, occupational or gender groups.

IV. Questions. Answer the following questions. (40%，20% each question)

1.Are /lb?k/, /kn?st/ and /kr?st/ possible syllables in English? Why?

Among the three phoneme strings, only /kr?st/ is a possible syllable in English. /lb?k/ is not a possible syllable because it violates the typical pattern of syllables, which require the center of the syllable to have little or no airflow obstruction and greater airflow obstruction before or after the center. /kn?st/ does not violate the typical pattern of syllables, but it is not consistent with the pattern of English syllable, which specifies that if a syllable begins with an obstruent other than /s/, the phoneme after the obstruent cannot be a /n/.

2.Discuss your understanding about part of speech.

In grammar, a part of speech (also a word class, a lexical class, or a lexical category) is a linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items), which is generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question. Common linguistic categories include noun and verb, among others. There are open word classes, which constantly acquire new members, and closed word classes, which acquire new members infrequently if at all.

There are mainly three criteria we can use to determin e a words’ part of speech.

(1) Semantic criterion. For example, nouns usually denote humans, animals, things and objects. (2) Morphological criterion. For example, verbs can be used with -ing or –ed suffix. (3) Syntactic criterion. For example, nouns can be preceded by an article (determiner) like the, followed by one or more adjectives, and followed by a verb.

一, 1-5 T T F F F 6-10 T F T T F

二

1.the obstruction of air stream

2. consonant

3. Free Morphemes

4. superordinate

5. hyponymy

6. directive

7. personal

8. Chomsky

9. The Sapir Whorf

10. back

三

1. A collection of abstract sound features, unlike a phone, (which is a speech unit),

it is a phonological unit; allophones are actual realization of a phoneme in

different phonetic context.

2. Cooperative Principle： It is principle advanced by Paul Grice. It is a principle that guides our conversational behaviors. The content is： Make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

3. Lingua franca is a language or way of communicating which is used between

people who do not speak one another’s native language.

4. A language variety characteristic of a particular social group; dialects can be characteristic of regional, social, temporal, occupational or gender groups.

四

1.

Among the three phoneme strings, only /kr?st/ is a possible syllable in English. /lb?k/ is not a possible syllable because it violates the typical pattern of syllables, which require the center of the syllable to have little or no airflow obstruction and greater airflow obstruction before or after the center. /kn?st/ does not violate the typical pattern of syllables, but it is not consistent with the pattern of English syllable, which specifies that if a syllable begins with an obstruent other than /s/, the phoneme after the obstruent cannot be a /n/. 2.

In grammar, a part of speech (also a word class, a lexical class, or a lexical category) is a linguistic category of words (or more precisely lexical items), which is generally defined by the syntactic or morphological behaviour of the lexical item in question. Common linguistic categories include noun and verb, among others. There are open word classes, which constantly acquire new members, and closed word classes, which acquire new members infrequently if at all.

There are mainly three criteria we can use to determine a words’ part of speech.

(1) Semantic criterion. For example, nouns usually denote humans, animals, things and objects. (2) Morphological criterion. For example, verbs can be used with -ing or –ed suffix. (3) Syntactic criterion. For example, nouns can be preceded by an article (determiner) like the, followed by one or more adjectives, and followed by a verb.