最新环境工程专业英语翻译Disposal-of-Solid-Wastes

P158Unit 23

Disposal of Solid Wastes

Abstract This investigation is conducted to measures of solid waste disposal.The result indicated that there are three ways to deal with it. They are: landfill, incineration and other conversion process.It was shown that landfill is the most economical and consequently common of solid waste disposal.And about incineration, how to volume reduction and energy recovery is urgent affairs.And we may use chemical or biological processes abroad in the future.

固体废物的处置

摘要本文主要讲了关于固体废物处理的一些方法。结果表明大体上有三种固废的处理方法。他们分别是：土地掩埋，焚烧和其他的一些转化过程。结果显示土地掩埋是最经济最常用的方法。关于焚烧，处理好减容和能量回收才是当务之急。在未来我们会更广泛的使用化学或生物转化。

土地掩埋

很多发达国家不允许在海里填埋城市固体废物，除了在海里填埋之外，

发达国家的固体垃圾以及它在某种形式上的残余品必须要在陆地上被

处理。土地掩埋是最经济的方法，因此它成为了固体废物处置的常用

方法，在英国，北美甚至是像西德和瑞士这样的欧洲国家里90%的城市

垃圾用土地掩埋，他们在焚烧和植物堆肥方面做了大量的投资，超过60%

的国内垃圾和商业废物都被土地掩埋。当然，焚烧不能消除掩埋。事实上，

焚烧制产生了更多的集中的残渣，这种残渣的危害比未燃烧的固体垃圾

危害更大。固体垃圾掩埋所需的土地面积大约是每年每25,000人/1ha。下

面的例子将解释说明这一数据是如何产生的。

示例

对于25,000的人口，估计每年对面积要求是（不包括缓冲区）通常要有一

个垃圾填埋场，不包括覆盖材料的话它的深度是4米。

解决方案假设一代人产生的人均垃圾是2.0kg/d,并且一个压实得很好的

垃圾填埋场的密度是450kg/m3，那么一年所需的面积就是：

25000×2.0kg/d×365d/yr / 450kg/m3×4m×10000m2/ha=1.0ha

土地掩埋对于面积的要求有很大的不同，这跟不同类型的垃圾以及实压程

度有关。具体设计和卫生填埋的运营正在被讨论。

这一部分的平衡的流程可以用于土地处置之前减少废物的体积和/或者利

用废物组件，从而减少对于垃圾填埋池的需求，

焚烧

减容。大量分批投料的用于垃圾减容的焚烧炉建于1930到1940年间，它们

是空气污染的最大元凶，并且表现很差，并且维护起来非常昂贵。其中一

些焚烧炉被升级改造，但是大多数都被关闭并且被土地处置法尽可能得所

取代。然而，随着土地掩埋能力的下降，缩小体积变得更加重要。同时，

废物的燃料价值正稳步上升。结果，通过焚烧的方法来减容（减少了大约

90%）和减体积（少了75%）从而尽可能制造更多的能源恢复的这一方法，

在上世纪七十年代成为了垃圾处理过程中非常通用的选择。

较新的城市焚烧炉通常属于持续燃烧型，很多都带有“水墙”式结构，取

代了陈旧的通常难以处理的衬里。水墙由带有水的垂直管插入锅炉所组成，

水管吸收热量从而为蒸汽提供了热水，并且水管同样控制了炉子的温度。水

墙单元的使用让昂贵的耐火维护被消除，污染控制的要求被减少（因为骤冷

水和天然气量的治理需求的减少），热量恢复更简单，不幸的是，根据欧洲

人经验的判断，水墙单元的腐蚀会是一个严峻的问题。

传统焚烧炉由水引发的燃烧温度大约是760摄氏度（1400华氏）在合适的炉

子里（不足以融化玻璃），温度超过870摄氏度（1600华氏）的二次燃烧室。

这些温度需要避免来自不完全燃烧的气味，达到1650摄氏度（3000华氏）的

温度和补充燃料能减少物体97%的体积，并且能让金属和玻璃转化成灰。虽然

第一个高温实验装置建于1966年，但全面的单元应用并没有跟进。大概是因

为开销过高。

能量回收。燃烧固体垃圾来产生蒸汽用来加热或发电这一方法在西欧和日本

已经变得非常普遍而且用了很多年。然而，随着燃料价格在上世纪70年代末和

80年代持续上升，使能量回收经济更加具有了关注度，实践在北美是非常少的。

减容的废污燃烧不需要任何的辅助燃料，起始阶段除外。另一方面，当目的

是为了生产蒸汽，供给的燃料（通常是天然气）必须用粉状垃圾，因为水中

含有的多变的能量成分或垃圾中的可用质量是不足的。亚铁金属通常能在灰烬

中恢复出来。

售出的蒸汽必须离垃圾焚烧炉很近，从而让这些燃烧系统相对其他加热能源

更有优势。威尔逊（1977）曾经建议过最大的距离为1英里（1.6公里），但

尽管这一距离可能很远，芝加哥市（西北工厂）和汉密尔顿市，安大略（SWARU

工厂）是两个在最开始的十年间没有运行焚烧蒸汽市场的地点（APWA,1979）。

加拿大蒙特利尔市的焚烧炉直到1983年都没有水墙固体焚烧蒸汽的市场（大约

在它建立后的15年）。

和焚烧有关的问题是解决起来最困难的。像空气污染的控制，特别是对于

细颗粒物和有毒气体（包括二恶英）的去除。可燃的，含碳的污染物可以通过优化燃烧过程来控制。氮氧化物和硫以及其他的气态污染物并不是问题，因为他们

的溶度相对较低。其他令人担忧的问题比如处理来自地漏，骤冷水的液态水，

和由于重金属燃烧产生的土地填埋灰尘处理。相对于焚烧炉的使用，公众的

反对也是严重的障碍。日生产的资本成本（1987年的价格）是每1000吨1亿2千万美元，运营成本是每吨15到30美元，这适用于30万人口的城市。对于较小的

中心来说，单位成本会更大。这从趋势上限制了大城市对于焚烧炉的使用，

当然，因为公众对于有毒气体的关注（及大量证据）是因为固体垃圾的燃烧，

焚烧炉很少被提出，除非因为土地填埋的缺少让人们没有其他的选择。这是

1987年底特律的情形，在那里尽管有环保主义者和邻近国加拿大的温莎市的

强有力的抗议，但是5亿美元，有4000吨垃圾转化为能量的日处理量的工厂

还是被美方批准建立。

其它的转化过程

化学过程（比如硫化沙板燃烧法，热解，湿法氧化）和生物过程（堆肥和

厌氧消化）是另外的减少城市垃圾体积和/或将垃圾变为有用的东西的潜在方法。

这些过程的信息被固体焚烧管理指南和另一些研究者所证明。然而，对于所有的

化学和生物的转化过程来说，目前只有热回收焚烧炉和堆肥被广泛地接受。

堆肥处理时有机物的微生物厌氧降解过程，微生物主要是细菌和真菌。

这个反应会产生热量，在制肥过程中提高堆肥的温度，废物体积的减少小至报纸

废纸的30%，大至花园碎片的60%。

堆肥可能在可控的条件下很自然地发生，或在机械的操作下进行。在自然系统下，经处理的垃圾，最好是玻璃或金属，它们包含了营养资源（污水污泥，动物

粪便，人的粪便）和填料（木屑，地面上玉米的穗），这些东西能让空气进入

到堆肥里面。混合物被放在了风干系统中并且保持了大约50%的水分构成，混合物

的宽度为2米到3米，并且一周被翻转一次或两次。在第四周到第六周之间，当

混合物的颜色变得更黑，温度下降，霉味上升时，整个过程就完成了。填料可能

会被移除，剩下的“腐殖质”被作为土壤改良剂。随着机械化工厂内的持续通风

和混合使得堆肥的时间减少了大约50%。机械化过程后通常伴随的是一段很短的

时间段，这一时段让堆肥物变得“成熟”。

北美洲有一个土壤调节剂的有限市场。随着第一个堆肥厂于1951年建于阿尔图纳（宾夕法尼亚州），美国又有20或30个垃圾堆肥厂被建了起来。所有这些工厂

或两座三座现已关闭。较新的堆肥工程像德拉瓦尔州的复垦和其他位于美国东北部

的项目，这些项目混合了城市固体垃圾产生的污水污泥堆肥，这种方法表明了

高效堆肥一体化成为了污泥处理和固体垃圾管理的发展方向。到1985年，大约有

60所主要负责处理污水污泥的堆肥厂在30个州里运行，开于1987年的一所位于

科罗拉多州丹佛的工厂是美国最大的通风风干系统。这一情况与西欧，以色列，日本以及其他的发达国家截然不同，这些国家致力于土地复垦，且固体垃圾堆肥厂已经

成功地在那里运行了很多年。荷兰的鹿特丹地区已经成为了欧洲最大的热回收焚烧点。它有大多数的堆肥厂用来补充它的垃圾管理项目。有趣的是，堆肥也同样存在于

第三世界国家，但在这些地区，风干系统是被优先考虑的方法。

节选自“Glyun Henry,Gray W Heike,Envirom.Sci.and Eng,”

Prentiu Hall Inter,Edition USA,1989"

新英语四级翻译模拟训练附答案(20)

最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.360docs.net/doc/f1960862.html,/ielts/xd.html（报名网址） 1: The truck driver is __________________________________(对这起交通事故负全责). 2:In the court, the defendant ____________________________(声称自己是清白的). 3:Unemployed, John ________________________________(几乎无法维持生计). 4:________________________________(中国政府声明任何情况下都不首先) use nuclear weapons. 5:___________________________(要想他人尊重你),you should learn to respect them first. 答案： 1: The truck driver is _ responsible for the transportation accident. _( 对这起交通事故负全责). 2:In the court, the defendant _ claims himself innocent _( 声称自己是清白的). 3:Unemployed, John _ nearly couldn’t live on himself _( 几乎无法维持生计). 4:_ Chinese Government declares that under no circumstance will China _( 中国政府声明任何情况下都不首先) use nuclear weapons. 5:_ If you want to be respected by others _( 要想他人尊重你),you should learn to respect them first. 1.The club __________ （采用一套新的制度）concerning its membership. 2.My parents are ________ （不同意）our picnic plan. 3.The swimmer caught in the whirlpool__________ （挣扎着避免溺水. ） 4.The carpet was __________ （固定在地板上）with tacks. 5. （ 2 天了都没有走出沙漠，又没有水喝）__________his thirst was unquenchable. 答案： 1.dopted a new set of rules 2.averse to 3.struggled to keep from drowning 4.fastened to the floor 5.Having been in the desert without water for two days 1. （只要看一眼这封信）____________ ，will convince you that you have been taken in. 2. Please don’t stand in the kitchen, you’re________________ （挡路了）. 3. ________ （如果暴露在空气中）, iron will react with the oxygen of the air. 4. ________ （对听到的事情感到震惊）, he placed both his hands on his mouth. 5. We’d better struggle for the future ________ （而不是为过去而懊悔）. 答案：

英文翻译练习作业

英文翻译练习（一） The status of Philosophy in Chinese culture has always been regarded as a comparison with that of religion in other cultures. In China, Philosophy is the concerned field by each educated one. Long time ago in China, a person would firstly accept enlightened education in Philosophy if he could be given education. Children should read the Analects, Mencius, The great Learning, The Doctrine of mean once they entered school. The Four Books were regarded as the most important documents after Song(regarded as “new Confucianism”in west).When children began to learn words, the commonly used textbook is Three Words, in which every three words a group, every six words one sentence, and the even sentence rhyme has rhyme, easy to read aloud and easy to remember. In fact, this book is used to learn words for Chinese children. The first sentence of Three Words “Man’s nature is good at birth.” Is the basic idea of philosophy of Mencius.

英语翻译作业

安乐死（个案研究）达克斯柯沃特在一次严重的汽车爆炸事故之后，达克斯柯沃特就一直忍受着身体被强烈灼伤的痛苦。他说：“我承受着如此剧烈的痛苦以至于在事故爆发前的几个月我就已经不想再活下去了”。在此后长达数十年的痛苦治疗中，达克斯反复要求他的医生，亲人，朋友帮助他结束他痛苦的人生。达克斯失去了双目和双手，但是其他的身体器官还是健康的，目前，他正在从事律师的工作。他始终坚信，他安乐死的要求被拒绝是错误的，鉴于此，一个有关本案的包括达克斯本人，他的医生以及他的朋友和家庭成员在内的互动小组正在被建立起来。戴安娜普瑞特戴安娜普瑞特患有运动神经元疾病，而且面临着一个她并不想面对的痛苦的死亡。她说，“我想在我的家人的陪伴下，选择一种快速的，没有痛苦的死亡方式”。她向英国法院进行呼吁，不过没有成功，最终，欧盟人权法院允许她的丈夫对她进行安乐死。杰克科沃基安医生因为拍摄快要死亡的病人的眼睛，科沃基安医生赢得了“死亡医生”的称号。在他以后的职业生涯中，他开始为病患提供“死亡指导”，当绝症患者意识到他在帮助人们安乐死的时候，越来越多的人们开始来到他这里，尽管有一些失败的诉讼案件，但是科沃基安医生还是帮助了超过130人实施了安乐死。科沃基安医生认为仅仅帮助他人去死是不够的，他杀死了一个叫托马斯的人，并把他的死亡过程拍摄成了一部六十分钟长的纪录片，最终，他在自己的工作室被铺，并且由于在法庭上他没有成功的对自己的行为进行无罪辩护，他被判处10-25年的有期徒刑，他在2006年成为末期与C型肝炎病患者，并要求被赦免。以上内容来自BBC网站案例一：托尼布兰德，1989年当约克郡Airedale 医院的医生们要求高等法院准许他们撤销安插在

2018年英语四级翻译答案

2018年12月（卷一）由于通信网络的迅速发展，中国智能手机用户数量近年来以惊人速度增长。这极大地改变了许多人的阅读方式。他们现在经常在智能手机上看新闻和文章，而不买传统报刊。大量移动应用程序的开发使人们能用手机读小说和其他文学作品。因此，纸质书籍的销售受到了影响。但调查显示，尽管智能手机阅读市场稳步增长，超过半数成年人仍喜欢读纸质书。 Thanks to the rapid development of communication networks,the number of smart phone users in China has seen a stunning growth in recent years,which has dramatically changed the way many people read.Instead of buying traditional newspapers,they now often read news and articles via smart phones.The development of numerous mobile apps makes it possible for people read novels and other forms of literature on their phones,resulting in the declining sales of paper books.But surveys suggest that despite the steady growth of the smart phone reading market share.over half of adults still prefer paper books. （卷二）过去几年里，移动支付市场在中国蓬勃发展。随着移动互联网的出现，手机购物逐渐成为一种趋势。18到30岁的年轻人构成了移动支付市场的最大群体，由于现在手机付款很容易，许多消费者在购物时宁愿用手机付款，而不愿用现金或信用卡。为了鼓励人们多消费，许多商店给使用移动支付的顾客打折。专家预测，中国移动支付市场未来仍有很大的发展潜力。 Over the past few years,the mobile payment market has flourished in China.With the advent of the mobile Internet,mobile shopping has gradually become a trend.Young people aged between 18 and 30 constitute the largest group in this market.Instead of using cash or credit cards when shopping,many consumers prefer mobile phone payment since it is now easy to do so.To encourage people to spend more ,many shops offer discounts to customers using mobile payment.Experts predict that great potential still waits to be tapped in China’s mobile payment market in the future.

英语翻译作业

Americans are much more likely than citizens of other nations to believe that they live in a meritocracy, i.e. Government by people selected according to merit. But this self-image is a fantasy: America actually stands out as an advanced country in which it matters most who your parents were, the country in which those born on one of society’s lower rungs have the least chance of climbing to the top or even to the middle. And if you ask why America is more class-bound in practice than the rest of the Western world, a large part of the reason is that our government falls down on the job of creating equal opportunity. The failure starts early: in America, the holes in the social safety net mean that both low-income mothers and their children are all too likely to suffer from poor nutrition and receive inadequate health care. It continues once children reach school age, where they encounter a system in which the affluent send their kids to good, well-financed public schools or, if they choose, to private schools, while less-advantaged children get a far worse education. 美国人可能比任何其他国家的人都更相信他们生活在一个精英制度之下，人们推选的政府也是据其优势。然而，这个自我形象是一种幻想：作为先进国家，实际上美国的突出特点是出身至关重要，在这个国度里，来自社会底层的人几乎没有机会爬到社会中层，更不用说社会顶层。如果你要问为什么实际上美国比其他西方国家都要阶级分明，主要原因就是我们的政府在创造公平机会方面的失败。这种不公平很早以前就开始了：在美国，由于社会安全网存在漏洞，这就意味着低收入的母亲和他们的孩子完全有可能存在营养不良，得不到足够的医疗服务。孩子到了上学年龄这种情况也不会得到改观，他们所遇到的体制是富人可以送自己的孩子到资金充足的好的公立学校上学，如果愿意，还可以从送到私立学校上学，而穷人孩子接受的教育却非常差。

英语段落翻译

The patient-physician interaction proceeds through many pases of clinical reasoning and decision making . The interaction begins with an elucidation of complaints or concerns , followed by inquiries or physical examination , ordering of diagnostic tests , integration of clinical findings with the test results , understanding of the risks and benefits of the possible courses of action , and careful consultation with the patient and family to develop future plans . Physicians increasingly can call on a growing literature of evidence-based medicine to guide the process so that benefit is maximized , while respecting individual variations among different patients. 医患沟通贯穿于临床推论和临床决策的各个阶段.医患沟通始于主诉的阐述或关心的表达,并以越来越精确的方式,通过学问或评估得以继续,这一过程通常需要仔细的病史(采集)和体格检查,安排诊断性实验,并使实验结果与临床发现一体化,以及对可能所采取行动的风险和好处的理解，与病人及其家庭之间细致的商讨以产生将来的计划。医生越来越（趋于）访问日益增多的循证医学文献去指导这个过程，以使取得最大的收益，同时对于不同的病人充分考虑个体的不同变化。 Chapter 8 第四段 Fourth , cognitive impairment increases in prominence as people age. Cognitive impairment is a risk factor for a wide range of adverse outcomes ,including falls , immobilization , dependency , institutionalization , and mortality . Cognitive impairment complicates diagosis and requires additional care giving to ensure safety . Chapter 21 第六段 A new device for visualizing the entire gastrointestinal mucosa consists of a small camera in an ingestable capsule that transmits images to receivers attached to the patient~s abdomen diagnostic yield of capsule enteroscopy is not yet clear,but this approach may potentially visualize segments of the small bowel that were previously inaccessible . No therapeutic maneuvers are possible with the device.

英语四级翻译真题及范文答案(2017-12)

2013年12月大学英语四级考试翻译题目许多人喜欢中餐，在中国，烹饪不仅被视为一种技能，而且也被视为一种艺术。精心准备的中餐既可口又好看，烹饪技艺和配料在中国各地差别很大。但好的烹饪都有一个共同点，总是要考虑到颜色、味道、口感和营养(nutrition)。由于食物对健康至关重要，好的厨师总是努力在谷物、肉类和蔬菜之间取得平衡，所以中餐既味美又健康。 Most people like Chinese food. In China, cooking is considered as not only a skill bu t also an art. The well-prepared Chinese food is both delicious and good-looking. Alth ough cooking methods and food ingredient vary wildly in different places of China, it is common for good cuisine to take color, flavor, taste and nutrition into account. Sinc e food is crucial to health, a good chef is insistently trying to seek balance between ce real, meat and vegetable, and accordingly Chinese food is delicious as well as healthy. 信息技术(Information Technology)，正在飞速发展，中国公民也越来越重视信息技术，有些学校甚至将信息技术作为必修课程，对这一现象大家持不同观点。一部分人认为这是没有必要的，学生就应该学习传统的课程。另一部分人认为这是应该的，中国就应该与时俱进。不管怎样，信息技术引起广大人民的重视是一件好事。 As China citizens attaching great importance to the rapidly development of Informati on Technology, some college even set it as a compulsory course. Regarding to this ph enomenon, people holding different views. Some people think it is not necessary, for s tudents should learn the traditional curriculum. Another part of people think it is a nee d, because China should keep pace with the times. Anyway, it is a good thing that Inf ormation Technology aroused public concern. "你要茶还是咖啡?"是用餐人常被问到的问题，许多西方人会选咖啡，而中国人则会选茶，相传，中国的一位帝王于五千年前发现了茶，并用来治病，在明清(the qing dynasties)期间，茶馆遍布全国，饮茶在六世纪传到日本，但直到18世纪才传到欧美，如今，茶是世界上最流行的饮料(beverage)之一，茶是中国的瑰宝。也是中国传统和文化的重要组成部分。 "Would you like tea or coffee?" That’s a question people often asked when having meal. Most westerners will choose coff ee, while the Chinese would like to choose tea. According to legend, tea was discove red by a Chinese emperor five thousand years ago, and then was used to cure disease . During the Ming and Qing dynasties, tea houses were all over the country. Tea drin king spread to Japan in the 6th century, but it was not until the 18th century does it s pread to Europe and America. Nowadays, tea is one of the most popular beverage in the world, and it is not only the treasure of China but also an important part of Chine se tradition and culture. 中国结最初是由手工艺人发明的，经过数百年不断的改进，已经成为一种优雅多彩的艺术和工艺。在古代，人们用它来记录事件，但现在主要是用于装饰的目的。“结”在中文里意味着爱情，婚姻和团聚,中国结常常作为礼物交换或

英语翻译作业1

一、改译宰客slaughter customers(cheating customers) 自学self learn(study on one’s self) 彩票colorful tickets(lottery) 救火save a fire(Firefighting) (电脑)死机systerm dead(computer crash) 吃食堂eat the canteen(eat in the canteen) 风凉话cold word(sarcastic remark) 太平门safe door(emergency exit) 三角债triangle debts(chain debts) 扣帽子put a hat on(put a label on) 文化程度cultural degree(education level) 抓紧时间grasp time firmly(hurry up) 来信写道the latter writes(the letter reads) 提高英语水平raise the level of one’s English(Improve one’s English) 胸有成竹have a bamboo in one’s stomach(have a well-thought-out plan) 二、直译大海捞针Look for a needle in the ocean 猫哭耗子假慈悲Cat cry for mouse 嫁鸡随鸡嫁狗随狗Marry a chicken with chicken married dog follows dog 挥金如土Spend money like water 易如反掌As easy as to turn one's hand 打草惊蛇To beat the grass and frighten away the snake 呆若木鸡Dumb as a wooden chicken 千里之行始于足下Every journey begins with the first step 瑞雪兆丰年A timely heavy snow promises a good harvest . 跑得了和尚跑不了庙Run a monk can not run the temple 三、重点翻译她经常在邻里之间搬弄是非 She always makes mischief between neighbors. 她毛遂自荐来这所学校当老师 She recommending herself to be a teacher in this school. 正真的好朋友应该是雪中送炭 True friend is who provides you timely help. 我要有个三长两短，你给我娘捎个话 If something happens to me, please give my mother a massage. 留得青山在，不愁没柴烧 As long as the green mountains are there, one need not worry about firewood. 你这人真的是狗嘴里吐不出象牙他对你的许诺不过是个空头支票而已 His promise to you just a blank check. 我喜欢那套房子，但美中不足的是离上班的地方太远 I like that house,but the fly in the ointment is too far away from the work place.

经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇

1.意大利著名旅行家马可。波罗曾这样叙述他印象中的杭州：“这是世界上最美妙迷人的城市，它使人觉得自己社在天堂。”在中国，也流传着这样的话：“上有天堂，下有苏杭。”杭州的名气主要在于风景如画的西湖。西湖一年四季都美不胜收，宋代著名诗人苏东坡用“淡妆浓抹总相宜”的诗句来赞誉西湖。在杭州，您可以饱览西湖的秀色，也不妨漫步街头闹市，品尝一下杭州的名菜名点，还可购上几样名特土产。 The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangz hou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products. 2.在设备制造期间，雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验，同时检查其制造进度。这一切应在工作时间内于承包商的工厂里进行。如果工程设备正在其它第三方工厂制造，承包商应为卖方代表获得他能在该工厂进行此类检查、研究和检验的许可。此类检查、研究或检验不应解除承包商在合同中的任何义务。 The Employer’s representative shall be entitled during manufacture to inspect, examine and test the materials and workmanship and check the progress of manufacture of all Plants to be supplied under the Contract. This shall take place on the Contractor’s promises during working hours. If the plant is being manufactured on other premises, the Contractor shall obtain permission for the Employer’s representative to carry out such inspection, examination and testing on those premises. 3. 雇主或项目经理提交给承包商的雇主的图纸，技术规格以及其它资料仍应为雇主的财产。除非是为了合同的需要，未经雇主同意，承包商不得使用、复制这些材料或将之传递给第三方。承包商应对承包商的图纸中的任何错误或遗漏负责，除非他们可归因与雇主或项目经理提供的不正确的雇主图纸或其它书面资料。项目经理对承包商的图纸的批准不应解除本款规定的承包商的任何责任。 The Employe r’s drawings, specification and other information submitted by the Employer or the Project Manager to the Contractor shall remain the property of the Employer. They shall not, without the consent of the Employer, be used, copied or communicated to a third party by the Contractor unless necessary for the purposes of the Contract. The Contractor shall be responsible for any errors or omissions in the Contractor’s Drawings unless they are due to incorrect Employer’s Drawings or other written information supplied by the Employer or the Project Manager. Approval by the Project Manager of the Contractor’s drawings shall not relieve the Contractor from any responsibility under this Sub-Clause.

英语翻译作业

AC500kV Substation Design In China Transmission and Substation Department,CPECC Abstract:Some brief informations about AC500kV substations in China,historical data of their design and essential design principles are presented in this paper.Some technical and engineering problems of AC500kV substation design and construction are discussed.It is emphasized to introduce the500kV substation scales,main electrical connections,selection of equipment and apparatus,insulation coordination,distribution switchyard,control and protection etc.Here we also discuss the policy of project cost control at present time and a prospective view of China AC substations in future. 1.Introduction The research and design of500kV substations in China were started in1977,and the first substation was put into operation in1981.From that time,because of the rapid development of electricity demand in China,design and construction of500kV substations have a great development.Especially in recent years,due to the increase of capital investment for power system construction from the State Government,500kV power system has developed even faster.Till1998about55substations(500kV)were already put into operation,in which217transformers were installed,and the total capacity reached60410 MVA.At present,there are30substations(total capacity26500MVA)under construction.In addition,it has been planned to construction/extends30substations(33transformers,24750 MVA)in accordance with the power delivery from Three Gorges Power Plant. A complete design system of AC500kV substation in China has been gradually established based on the past design and construction experiences and the use of new technologies.This system includes design procedures,design standards,rules and regulations, design management and so on. The essential design principles are safe and reliable,technically advanced,economical and reasonable,and good quality. 2.Size of Substations China is a developing country with broad territory.The economic development is very different from one region to another.In accordance with this fact,the500kV substation size is different at different time and for different region.

英语四级翻译汇总(共20题)

1、上个世纪90年代以来，气候问题日渐被世人关注并演化成为一个全球政治议题。20年的气候谈判展现出气候政治博弈的复杂局面，利益主体的分化和博弈主题的扩展造成了气候政治合作这一全球性难题。在这样的背景下，我国应当做出如下战略选择加以应对：一是掌握主动，坚持低碳发展；二是积极应对，争取话语优势；三是广泛参与，改造游戏规则。参考译文 Since the 1990's, climate problems have become a global concern as a topic on the world political agenda. Climate negotiations in the past 20 years have ended in a compli cated situation of political game on climate, and the differentiation of the interest subjects and the extension of the theme of the game have become a global dilemma in the politica l cooperation on climate. Under such circumstances, China should respond with the follo wing strategic choices: 1. taking the initiative in our own hands and sticking to low-carbon emission development; 2. making active responses and striving for a bigger say; and 3. t aking an extensive participation, and trying to reform the game rule 2、徐霞客一生周游考察了十六个省，足迹几乎遍及全国。他在考察的过程中，从不盲目迷信书本上的结论。他发现前人研究地理的记载有许多很不可靠的地方。为了进行真实细致的考察，他很少乘车坐船，几乎全靠双脚翻山越岭，长途跋涉；为了弄清大自然的真相，他总是挑选道路艰险的山区，人迹稀少的森林进行考察，发现了许多奇山秀景。 Xu Xiake toured and investigated 16 provinces in his lifetime, covering almost the whole country. When he was carrying out his investigations, he never took blind belief in the co

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