《护理学导论》(专升本)参考答案第一章

《护理学导论》(专升本)参考答案第一章
《护理学导论》(专升本)参考答案第一章

《护理学导论》(专升本)参考答案第一章

一、单项选择题:1.C 2. D 3. B 二、多项选择题:1.ABDE 2.A B C D E 三、填空题:1.国际护士会

2.个案护理综合护理四、简答题:

1.护理学的四个基本概念为人、环境、健康和护理人:是护理的服务对象,是实施各种护理的中心。健康:护理服务的中心是人的健康。

环境:环境是护理的场所及影响护理的因素。

护理:护理的目标是促进健康、维持健康、保护健康、预防疾病、恢复健康及减轻痛苦,或让病人安全有尊严的离开人世。2.专业护士的角色:护理者;决策者;计划者;沟通者;管理者及协调者;促进康复者;教育者及咨询者;代言人及保护者;研究者及著作者;权威者。

第二章

一、单项选择题:

1.C 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.B 9.D 二、多项选择题:1.ABCDE 2.ABDE 3. ABCDE 4.ABCE 5.ABE 三、填空题:1.病人角色行为缺如2.正性影响负性影响四、名词解释:

1.WHO的生存质量概念:是不同文化和价值体系中的个体对与他们生活目标、期望、标准,以及所关心的事情的有关生活状态的体验,包括个体生理、心理、社会功能及物质状态4个方面。

2.角色:是社会心理学中的一个专业术语,是对某特定位置的行为期待与行为要求,是一个人在多层面、多方位的人际关系中的身分和地位。即一个人在某种特定场合下的义务、权利和行为的准则。

3.初级卫生保健:是人们所能得到的最基本的保健照顾,包括疾病预防、健康维护、健康促进及康复服务。

五、简答题:

1.初级卫生保健的原则:公平可近性冲能文化感受性自我决策2.病人角色的特点:

脱离或减轻日常生活中的角色及义务;

病人对于其陷入疾病状态是没有责任的,他们有权利接受帮助;病人有希望康复的义务;病人有配合医疗和护理的义务。六、论述题:(答案要点)1.患病后病人的主要心理反应:

焦虑及恐惧;依赖性增强;自尊心增强;猜疑心加重;主观感觉异常;情绪易激动;孤独感;害羞和最恶感;心理性休克及反常行为。

第三章

一、单项选择题:

1.D 2.A 3. B 4.C 5.B 6.D 7.D 8.A 9.D 二、多项选择题:1. ABC 2. B D 3. A B C E 三、名词解释:

1.人的基本需要:是人类所共有的,用以维持个体生存、成长与发展以及保持其身心平衡的所有最基本的需求。包括生理的、社会的、情绪的、知识的及精神的需要。四、简答题:

1.马斯洛的人类基本需要理论:生理的需要安全的需要爱与归属的需要自尊的需要自我实现的需要。

2.满足一般病人安全需要的护理措施:①对病人进行入院介绍、术前教育等解除病人对住院、手术及治疗的担忧②为病人提供安静、整洁、安全设施齐全的住院环境,使病人在这样的环境中治疗疾病有安全和舒适的感觉。③耐心解答病人提出的有关疾病的情况或所要进行检查和治疗的注意事项等,以减轻病人的焦虑④护士良好的服务态度及过硬的护理操作技术也会使病人产生安全感⑤应用各种保障病人安全的措施。

3.马斯洛的人类基本需要理论中各需要层次之间的相互关系:①生理的需要是人类生存所必需的最基本、最低级的需要,必须首先得到满足;②有些需要必须立即且持续的予以满足,而有些需要可以暂时延缓满足,还有些需要可以无限期的延缓;③当较低一层的需要

被满足或基本被满足后,高一层的需要便会出现,并逐渐明显而强烈;

④各需要层次满足的顺序并不是固定不变的,最明显、最强烈的需要应首先得到满足;⑤层次高的需要,其满足的方式差异越大;⑥有些层次的需要虽然并非生命所必需的,但他能促进生理功能更加旺盛;

⑦不同层次需要的同时满足

第四章

一、单项选择题:

1.D 2. B 3. B 4.B 5.D 6.B 二、多项选择题:1. ACDE

2. BE 3.A C D E 4.ABD 三、填空题:1.跨文化护理2.文化的整合四、名词解释:

1.文化:是在某一特定群体或社会的生活中形成的,并为其成员所共有的生存方式的总和,包括价值观、语言、知识、信仰、艺术、法律、风俗习惯、风尚、生活态度及行为准则,以及相应的物质表现形式。

2.亚文化:当一个社会的某一群体形成一种既包括主文化的某些特征,又包括一些其他群体所不具有的文化要素的生活方式时,这种群体文化成为亚文化。

3.文化休克:又译为文化震撼或文化震惊,是指生活在某一种文化环境中的人初次进入到另一种文化环境,如到了不同的民族、社会群体中或地区甚至国家时所产生的思想混乱与心里上的精神紧张综合征。五、简答题:

1.文化休克的分期:兴奋期意识期转变期接受期。

2.文化护理的原则:综合性原则;教育原则;调动原则;疏导原则;整体原则。六、论述题:(答案要点)

1.如何预防和减轻住院病人的文化休克,使其适应医院的文化环境?

帮助病人尽快熟悉医院环境;建立良好的护患关系;尊重病人的风俗习惯;寻找支持系统;注意价值观念的差异;掌握文化护理技巧;遵循文化护理原则。

第五章

一、单项选择题:

1.D 2.C 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.C 9.C 10.A 二、多项选择题:1. ABDE 2. AD 3.ACE 4.BCE 5.ABCDE 6.ACE 7.ACD 三、填空题:

1.编码信息及传递途径信息的反馈2.技术性关系非技术性关系四、名词解释:

1.人际关系:是在社会交往过程中所形成的、建立在个人情感基础上的人与人之间相互吸引或排斥的关系,反映人与人之间在心理上的亲疏远近距离。

2.护患关系:在护理过程中护士与病人之间产生和发展的一种工作性、专业性、帮助性的人际关系。3.人际沟通:指人与人之间信息传递的过程,简称沟通,又称为交往、交流等。

4.首因效应:即日常生活中的第一印象或“先入为主”的效果,在社会认知过程中首先对人的认知有极其重要的影响。5.晕轮效应:即人际关系中的光环效应,是人际交往中对一个人的某种人格特征形成印象后,以此来推测此人其他方面的特征。

五、简答题:

1.人际关系的特征:人际关系的情感互动性;人际关系是人与人之间心理距离状态,而这种心理距离状态是由社会需要的满足程度决定的。人际关系是人们在精神及物质交往过程中发生、发展及建立起来的人与人之间的关系,是交往双方的反映。2.人际关系发展的三个阶段:觉察阶段;表面接触阶段;亲密互惠阶段。亲密互惠关系分为三个水平,合作水平;亲密水平;知交水平。

3.护患关系的基本模式及适用范围:主动-被动型,适用于昏迷、休克、全麻、有严重创伤及精神病的病人;指导-合作型,适于急性病病人;共同参与型,适于慢性病病人。六、论述题:(答案要点)1.促进护患关系的方法:①创造良好护患关系的气氛及环境;

②与病人建立充分的信任关系;③良好的人际沟通技巧;④为病人树

立角色榜样;⑤健康的工作情绪,良好的工作热情。

第六章

一、单项选择题:

1.A 2.D 3. A 4.D 5. A 6.B 7.D 8.D 9.A 10.D 11.C 二、多项选择题:1. ADE 2.BD 3.ADE 三、填空题:1.本我自我超我

2.感觉运动期前运思期具体运思期形式运思期四、名词解释:

1.本我:人格中与生俱来的、最早的及最原始的部分,由思维、感觉、欲念构成,是生物性冲动及欲望的储存库,具有强大的非理性能量,处于潜意识的深层。

2.成长:是由于细胞的增殖及改变而产生的生理上的改变,使人体形体的增长及量的增加或改变。

3.发展:是人的生命过程中一种有顺序的、可以预测的功能及技巧的演变过程,包括心智、情绪、感情、能力等诸多方面的变化。发展是学习的结果及成熟的标志,主要是人质方面的改变,一般不容易用量化的方法测量。

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1.弗洛伊德的人格发展理论中人格发展的主要时期及特点:

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性蕾期(3~6岁)此时的儿童喜欢触摸自己的性器官,为快感的主要

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