词汇学复习提纲
词汇学复习提纲
1 Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary
1.1What is a word
(1) a minimal free form of a language
(2) a sound unity
(3) a unit of meaning
(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence
1.2Sound and meaning
Arbitrary (conventional) relationship between linguistic unit and its reference
1.3Sound and form
Theoretically sound and form should agree with each other, but actually there are many differences between the two.
Reasons: 1 Alphabet from the Romans, where letters do not correspond to each sound
2 Pronunciations changed more rapidly than spelling over the years
3 Early casualness in spelling
4 Borrowing words are not all assimilated
1.4What is V ocabulary?
1.5Classification of words
1.5.1Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary (classification via use frequency)
1.5.2Content words/notional words and functional words/empty/form words (via notion)
1.5.3Native words and borrowed words (via origin)
2 The Development of the English Vocabulary
2.1 A historical overview of the English vocabulary
The first major languages were Celtic of Celts, first inhabitant of the British Isles. The second major language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. When the Roman Empire began to crumble, the Germanic tribes (Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) came in.
2.1.1 Old English (450-1150)
?Anglo-Saxon
?Highly-inflected
?At the end of the 6TH century, Christianity was introduced into Britain.
?In the 9TH century, there was the invasion by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.
2.1.2 Middle English (1150-1500)
?1066: the Norman Conquest
?1340-1400: Chaucer
?Trade with Holland
2.1.3 Modern English (1500-now)
Early Modern English (1500-1700):
?Shakespeare (1564-1616)
?Printing
?Renaissance
Late Modern English (1500-1700):
?The industrial revolution and the colonization.
?Borrowing, word formation.
?(P32) table of English development
2.2 growth of present-day English vocabulary (pp32-33)
2.3 Modes of V ocabulary Development
?creation
?semantic change
?borrowing
3 Morphological structure
3.1 morphemes
3.2 allomorphs, mono-morphemic words
3.3 types of morphemes
Free morpheme: free root
Bound root
Morpheme
Bound morpheme prefix
Derivational
Affix suffix
Inflectional
3.4 root and stem
? A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. It is the part
of a word that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.
? A stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. (cf. Base/root/stem)
4 Word Formation I
4.1 The most productive means of word formation are affixation, compounding and conversion.
Prefixation
Affixation (derivation)
Suffixation
Compounding
Word formation
Conversion
Clipping
Shortening
Acronymy
Blending
Back formation
Proper Names
4.2 Affixation
Derivation, derivatives
What is affixation? (p50)
4.2.1 Prefixation
What is prefixation? (p50)
Classification of prefixes
4.2.2 Suffixation
What is suffixation? (p53)
Suffixes mainly change the grammatical function of the stems.
Concrete
Denominal nouns
Abstract
1) Noun suffixes
Deverbal nouns
De-adjective nouns
Noun and adjective suffixes
Denominal suffices
2) Adjective suffixes
Deverbal suffixes
3) Adverb suffixes
4) Verb suffixes
5 Word Formation II
5.1 Compounding
What is compounding? (56)
Composition, compounds, solid / hyphenated / open
5.1.1 Characteristics of Compounds
Phonetic features
Semantic features
Grammatical features
5.1.2 Formation of Compounds
1)Noun compounds
2)Adjective compounds
3)Verb compounds
5.2 Conversion （Also known as functional shift or zero derivation ）.
1)Conversion to nouns
a.Verb to noun
b.Adjective to noun full conversion & partial conversion
c.Miscellaneous conversion
2)Conversion to verbs
a.Noun to verb
b.Adjective to verb
c.Miscellaneous conversion
5.3 Blending
Blends / portmanteau words
1)head + tail
2)head + head
3)head + word
4)word + tail
5.4 Clipping
1)front clipping
2)back clipping
3)front and back clipping
4)phrase clipping
5.5 Acronymy: Initialisms / Acronyms
5.6 Back formation
5.7 Words from Proper Names
6 Word Meaning
6.1 The Meaning of 'Meaning'
Reference, Concept and Sense
6.2 Motivation
Onomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation & etymological motivation 6.3 types of meaning
5.3.1 Grammatical meaning and lexical meaning
5.3.2 Conceptual meaning and associative meaning
7 Sense Relations: Polysemy and Homonymy
7.1Polysemy
7.1.1 Two approaches to polysemy
1.Diachronic approach
2. Synchronic approach
7.1.2 Two process of development
1.Radiation
2. Concatenation
7.2Homonymy:
1.Perfect homonyms
2. Homographs
3. Homophones
7.2.1. Origins of Homonyms
1.Change in sound and spelling
2. Borrowing
3. Shortening
7.2.2. Differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemants
?Homonyms refers to different words which happen to share the same form
?Polysemants refers to the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.
8 Sense Relations: Synonymy and Antonyms
8.1 Synonymy
8.1.1 Definition of synonyms
8.1.2 Types of synonyms
8.1.3 Sources of synonyms
8.1.4 Discrimination of synonyms
8.2 Antonymy
8.2.1 Types of Antonyms
1.Contradictory terms
2.Contrary terms
3.Relative terms
8.2.2 Some of the characteristics of Antonyms.
8.2.3 The use of Antonyms
9 Sense Relations: Hyponymy and Semantic Field
9.1 Hyponymy: relationship between specific and general lexical items, the former included in the latter
?Hypernym: the general item (olso known as superordinate term, or the upper term)
?Hoponym: the specific item (also known as subordinate term, or the lower term)
9.2 Semantic Field: fields or areas within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways
?Word frequency in one field varies.
?Words of the same field are joined together by one common semantic feature.
?Words of the same field tend to have a number of collocations in common.
10 Changes in word meaning
10.1 Types of changes
Extension; narrowing; degradation; elevation; transfer
10.1.1 Extension is also known as generalization. It is a process by which a word which originally had a
specialized meaning has now become generalized.
10.1.2 Narrowing of meaning, also called specialization, is the opposite of widening in meaning.
10.1.3 Elevation / amelioration
10.1.4 Degradation / pejoration
10.2 Causes of Changes
10.2.1. Linguistic factors
10.2.2 Extra-linguistic factors
1.Historical reason
2. Class reason
3. Psychological reason
4. linguistic factor
11 Meaning and Context
11.1. Types of Context
Narrow sense --- the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears
(Linguistic context) a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book
Broad sense ---physical situation included as well
(Non-linguistic or extra-linguistic context)
11.1.1. Extra-linguistic context (pp.161-163)
11.1.2. Linguistic context: a. lexical context b. grammatical context
11.2. The role of context: 1. Elimination of ambiguity
2. Indication of referents
3. Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning
12 English Idioms
12.1. Characteristics of Idioms
a.semantic unity
b. structural stability
12.2. Classification of Idioms
1. Idioms Nominal in Nature
2. Idioms Adjective in Nature
3. Idioms Verbal in Nature
4. Idioms Adverbial in Nature
5. Sentence Idioms / proverbs
12.3. Use of Idioms
9.3.1. Stylistic features
Colloquialisms / Slang / Literary expressions
12.3.2. Rhetorical Features
Phonetic manipulation: Alliteration / Rhyme / Reiteration
Lexical manipulation: Repetition / Juxtaposition ( of antonyms)
Figures of speech
a.Simile
b. Metaphor
c. Metonymy
d.Synecdoche
e. Personification
f. Euphemism
12.3.3. Variations of idioms
Replacement / Addition or deletion / Position-shifting / Shortening / Dismembering
词汇学考试题型举例说明
I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30%)
从ABCD四个选项中选出最好的答案
II．Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10%)
根据要求填空
III．Match the words or expressions in Column A with those in Column B (10%) 配对：把B栏的标号填入A栏的括号里
A B
1. Me (c) a. compound
2. Blackboard (a) b. blending
3. Brunch (b) c. mono-morphemic word
IV．Put the following into groups (10%)
分组，把标号数字填入相应的括号里：
1.me
2. jet.
3. housework
4. housewife.
Mono-morphemic words：(1, 2,)
Compound：(3,4)
V．Define the following terms. (10%)
解释名词
VI．Answer the following questions. Y our answers should be clear and short. Write your answers in the space given below. (12%)
简答，必要时提供例子
VII．Analyze and comment on the following. Write your answers in the space given below.
(18%)
分析和讨论
A．Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.
分析单词的结构，指出词素的种类
internationalize
(1) international (stem) -ize (suffix)
(2)inter- (prefix) national (stem)
(3)nation(stem, root) –al (suffix)
B．C omment on…
讨论题，根据要求做出回答，必要时提供例子。
词汇学的基本知识
词汇学的基本知识 词汇学是研究词语的学问，它是传统语言学（语法、语音、词汇）的一个分支。词汇学的 主要研究的内容是：词的性质、词的构成、词义的本质及发展、词的各种关系（同音、同 义、反义等）。 一、什么是词 词是有意义的能够独立运用的造句的最小单位，它具有固定的语音形式。汉语词的划分有一 定的困难，因为在书写时词和词之间是不分开的。就“独立运用”而言，许多虚词和量词是 不能独立运用的。于是增加了一条补充，一句话中把能独立运用的词划分出去，剩写的也是词。如：“我把这本书包了个书皮。”这个句子中的“本”“个”和“把”也是词。汉语中词 和短语的界限也不很清楚。一般可以用扩展插入法来区分。能插入的是短语，不能插入的是 词（意义不能变）。比如：钢笔——钢的笔、白菜——白的菜、白布——白的布、吃饭——吃 了饭、鸡蛋——鸡的蛋、睡觉——睡不睡觉。“钢笔”不能插入词，“白菜”插入后意思变了，它们肯定是词。“白布”可以插入且意思不变，可以做为短语。“吃饭”可以插入，“鸡蛋”可 以插入，但“鸡蛋”的频度很高，可以把它做为词。睡觉可以插入，但两个语素的组合是固 定的，把这类词做为离合词（理发、洗澡、打仗等）。 一个语素（有意义的汉字）能独立运用就是词。（米、吃、红、个、从） 两个语素组合后，意义不是它们的简单相加，就是词。（钢笔、金鱼、） 两个语素组合后，不能扩展插入词，就是词。（钢笔，白菜） 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们是不能用别的语素替换的，则是一种特殊的词 ——离合词。 两个语素组合后，虽能扩展插入词，但它们的使用频度很高，且大家约定俗成认为它是词。（“鸡蛋”是词、“鹰蛋”就有人认为是短语）。 综上所述，汉语的词与短语之间的界限是有模糊地带的。 人们对客观世界的认识形成了概念，词是反映概念的，但它们之间的关系不是一一对应的。 比如，“月亮”、“月球”对应的是一个概念，“人民”这个词可以对应不同的概念。 二、现代汉语词汇的构成 词汇由词和固定的短语——熟语、谚语等构成。 词可以从不同的角度分类： 1.语法分类——实词、虚词（词类） 2.结构分类——单纯词、合成词 3.音节分类——单音节词、多音节词 4.常用——常用词汇（基本词汇）、一般词汇 5.口语词汇——书面词汇 6.普通话词汇——方言词汇 7.汉语词汇——外来语词汇 8.古词语——新词语 熟语可以包括成语、谚语、歇后语等。成语表意凝炼、形象，在书面语中广泛运用。它来源 于古代的典故，有的选取原句中最能概括原句意思的成分（乘风破浪——愿乘长风，破万里浪），有的用四个字概括寓言、故事等（刻舟求剑、狐假虎威），有的增加个别字（短兵相接——车错毂兮短兵接）。成语的意思有的是语素义的简单相加（汗流浃背、无稽之谈、自圆其说）；多数成语的意思不是语素义的相加，有的意思是约定俗成的（高山流水——表示知己知音），有的是取字面的比喻义（水落石出——比喻真相毕露了）。
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习大纲整理
1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念 1.1 the definition of a word （ alone in a sentence. A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.） 1.2 sound and meaning ：symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional . A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question. 1.3 sound and form ： 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇 nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇 by notion 按概念分： content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性 stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性 terminology 术语 jargon 行话 slang 俚语 argon 黑话 dialectal words 方言词 archaism 古语词 neologism 新词 neutral in style 文体上中性 frequent in use 使用频繁 native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词 aliens 异形词 translation-loans 译借词 1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin 2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly 3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition 4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obvious characteristics 明显的特点 (Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation between notions, words, etc.)
词汇学复习重点
Terms: 1. lexicology 2. morpheme 3. root 4. derivational affixes 5. affixes 6. compounding 7. blending 8. conversion 9. back formation 10. synonymy 11. homonymy 12. hyponymy Questions: 1. Explain the relationship between sound and meaning with examples. There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional. E.g. “woman” means “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “Funv” in Chinese. On the other hand, the same sound /rait/ can mean right, rite and write, though denoting different things, yet have the same sound. 2. Illustrate four types of antonyms with examples. 3. What are allomorphs? Please list the allomorphes of the morpheme{plural} in English. The different morphological or phonetic forms of a morpheme are allomorphs of the morpheme. The noun plural morpheme {plural} in English has a numer of allomorphs, such as [-s] in cats, [-z] in bags, [-iz] in fishes, [-ai] in mice, [-n] in oxen, [-i:] in geese and so on. 4. As language changes over time, the meaning of a word may deviate from its original denotation. Discuss the major types of semantic changes. Major types of semantic changes are semantic broadening, semantic narrowing and semantic shift. Semantic broadening refers to the process in which the meaning of a word becomes more general or inclusive than its historically earlier denotation. Take the word “holiday”for example, the orlder meaning was a “holy day”. Today everyone enjoys a holiday, regardless of religious background. Semantic narrowing is a process in which the meaning of a word becomes less gneral or inclusive than its historically earlier meaning. For example. “wife”used to mean “any woman”, but now it only means “a married female”. Semantic shift is a process of semantic change in which a word loses its former meaning and acquires a new, sometimes related, meaning. For example, the word silly meant “happy”in Old English, and naive in Middle English, but “foolish”in Modern Engilsh. 5. Illustrate four types of synonyms with examples.
00832英语词汇学1107全国试题
全国2011年7月高等教育自学考试 英语词汇学试题 课程代码：00832 I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. (30 %) 1. Grammarians insist that a word be a __________ form that can function in a sentence. ( ) A. small B. large C. fixed D. free 2. In the earliest stage of English, the written form of a word should ________ that of the oral form. ( ) A. agree with B. disagree with C. be the same as D. be different from 3. ____________consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicine, mathematics, etc. ( ) A. Terminology B. Jargon C. Slang D. Argot 4. Social, economic and political changes bring about such new words as the followings EXCEPT_________. ( ) A. fast food B. TV dinner C. Mao jackets D. Watergate 5. Reviving archaic words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary. For instance, “loan”, which was prevalent in the thirteenth century, was replaced by “ __________ ” in American English. ( ) A. own B. let C. rent D. lend 6. If we say that Old English was a language of __________ endings, Middle English was one of leveled endings. ( ) A. full B. short C. long D. paralleled 00832# 英语词汇学试卷第1页共6页
(2014.10.陕理工)《英语词汇学》作业题(附答案)
陕西理工学院成教院《英语词汇学》自测题 Self-Assessment Exx on English Lexicology 一. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that best completes the statement and put the letter in the bracket. 1. Words fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by ______. （） A. use frequency B. notion C. productivity D. origin 2. Words like bear, nut, knocked out can be categorized as ______. （） A. terminology B. jargon C. slang D. neologisms 3. Identify the word that is of Scandinavian origin among the following. （） A. Skirt B. Dress C. Model D. Status 4. Which of the following statements is NOT true? （） A. Old English was a highly inflected language. B. Reviving archaic or obsolete words also contribute to the growth of English vocabulary C. The word cloak is of French origin. D. Modern English is a synthetic language. 5. The root of the word ―antecedent‖ is ______. （） A. ante- B. -ced- C. -dent D. -ent 6.Shortening a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains is called ____.（） A. blending B. clipping C. acronymy D. back-formation 7. Associative meaning of words comprises the following except ______. （） A. connotative meaning B. lexical meaning C. affective meaning D. collocative meaning 8. What is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages? （） A. Suffixation. B. Polysemy. C. Allomorph. D. Variation. 9. Which word that formerly meant animal, and later animal from Latin and beast from French found their way into English?（） A. Deer. B. Cattle. C. Sheep. D. Bird. 10. When a word with multiple meanings is used in an inadequate context, this word may create ______. （）
英语词汇学考试重点整理
Explain the following terms 一1) free morpheme/ A free morpheme is one that can be uttered发出，表达alone with meaning. It can exist on its own without a bound morpheme. In the traditional sense, a free morpheme is a word. 例如hand ,eat, get 2) bound form/never used as sentences. – ess in countess, lioness and duchess –ish in boyish, childish and greenish –s in hats, books and cups 3) function words/ function words are often short words, they do not have much lexical meaning and some of them have no lexical meaning of their own; They are often short words such as determiners限定词, conjunctions连词, prepositions介词, auxiliaries辅助物, and so forth. 如to, the , of , by 4) content words实词/ They are used to name objects, qualities, actions, processes or states, and have independent lexical meaning. They are the nouns, main verbs, adjectives形容词and adverbs副词of a language. 二1) syntheti c综合的language / inflectional grammatical markers, French, German and Russian. 2) analytic language/word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs , English and Chinese 3) Indo-European family of languages/ Europe and parts of Southern Asia Eight groups 三1) morphemes /The morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible可分的or analyzable into smaller forms. 2) allomorphs/variants变体of the same morphem如im-, ir-, il- : allomorphs of the morpheme in- 3) root / is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word. work able, work er, work ed, and work ing 4) stem /A stem is of concern only when dealing with inflectional morphology. Inflectional (but not derivational) affixes are added to it. It is the part of word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. 如undesirables, undesirable; desired, desire 5) base / A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. Desirable, desire - base and root, not stem; undesirable, desirable-base, not root and stem 6) inflectional affixes/A inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality复数, tense, and the comparative比较的or superlative 最高的degree. 如-s, -ed, -er, -est 7) derivational affixes / When they are added to another morpheme, they derive a new word. re+write, mini+car, super+market, modern+ize, work+er 8) compounding 复合法/Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of combining two or more bases to form a compound word 9) derivation 派生法/Derivation or affixation is generally defined as a word-formation process by which new words are created by adding a prefix or a suffix or both to the base 10) conversion 转化法/Conversion is a word-formation process in which a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix. 11) initialism/It is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term, or a phrase. 12) acronym首字母缩略词/Acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of an organization or a scientific term, etc. Acronyms differ from initialisms in that they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters. 13) blending拼缀/Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by
词汇学知识点总结
Language Language is a system of symbol based on physiology, psychology, and physics. It’s a special social action and a carrier of information used for human communication in a society. The relationship between Language, Society, and Thought: 1. any language reflects the culture of the society in a particular period. Therefore language is the mirror reflecting the culture of a society. 2. Language is a product of society. Language is inseparable from human society. 3. Language is used as a means of communication in a society. Outside society there is no language. 4. Society depends upon language for its existence. For example, there are many words connected with carriage. Buggy, a light one-horse carriage with two wheels. Coach, a large closed four-wheel horse-drawn carriage. 5. moreover, man’s thought is indispensable to language just as language is indispensable from society. We know that language is used to express man’s thought. The process of thinking is closely connected with language. That is to say, without thinking, there would be no human language. 6. language serves society as a means of intercourse between people. Linguistics is the scientific study of language. The scope of linguistics include phonology, syntax, semantics, phonetics, philology, lexicology, stylistics, general linguistics, descriptive linguistics…… Lexicology is a branch of linguistics concerned with the study of the vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, their origin, development, history, structure, meaning, and application. Aim of English Lexicology is to give a systematic description of the English vocabulary. It offers students an insight into the origin and development of the English vocabulary. The significance of English Lexicology: help the learners to enlarge their vocabulary and improve their ability to analyze and use the words. Two approaches to the study of English Lexicology: synchronic and diachronic. Synchronic means describing a language as it exists at one period of time. Diachronic means concerned with the historical development of a language. For example: January, February, march, synchronically, they are the words of the months of one year. Diachronically, they are all borrowed words. Synchronically, we consider words like eventful, talkative as derivatives. Diachronically, they are hybrids, that is, words that are made of two parts, each from a different language. Etymology is the study of the origin and history of words and their meanings. Significance: 1.to provides background information and knowledge about the history, origin and development of the English language. 2. To increase the learner’s enjoyment and real understanding of English words from their changes of forms including their spelling and pronunciation to that of meanings. English is classified as a Teutonic language, that is, a Germanic language. English belongs to the Low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Division of the history of the English language: 1. the period from 450 to 1150 is known as the Old English or Anglo-Saxon period. It’s described as the period of full inflection. 2. The period from 1150 to 1500 is known as the Middle English period, also as the period of leveled inflections. 3. The period from 1500 to the present day is called the Modern English period, also as the period of lost inflection. There are two classes of language in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of word in a sentence largely by means of inflection. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, preposition or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflection. Old English the a synthetic language, while Modern English is an analytic language. Modern English can be divided into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. Dean Swift was a conservative and he opposed the tendency to shorten words, such as ad
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