2016年南京农业大学博士研究生入学考试英语试题(附答案解析)

南京农业大学2016年博士研究生入学考试英语试题

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PART I Vocabulary (15points)

Section A

Directions: Choose the word that is the closest synonym to the underlined word.

1. The government slated new elections in the spring, largely as a result of the public clamor.

A. demand

B. view

C. request

D. opinion

2. The most prolific writer is not necessarily the best.

A. written-about

B. productive

C. artful

D. religious

3. Imagine my vexation when they said they would come to dinner and then didn't show.

A. enlightenment

B. astonishment

C. annoyance

D. contrariness

4. Any troop of wild animals should be approached warily.

A. fearlessly

B. confidently

C. silently

D. prudently

5. There is little learning involved when one is reprimanded two or three months after the deed.

A. recommended

B. reproached

C. recompensed

D. reversed

6. Archaeologists are interested in pottery, figurines and other vestiges of ancient civilizations.

A. traces

B. shards

C. products

D. artifacts

7. Packaging is designed so as to encourage impetuousshopping.

A. extravagant

B. careful

C. impotent

D. impulsive

8. Pan of his general thrift is to be meticulous in verifying monthly expenses.

A. painstaking

B. dilatory

C. meretricious

D. gaudy

9. The jurors came to a deadlock in the defendant's trial for murder.

A. a decision of guilty

B. a decision to punish by electrocution

C. an impasse

D. an unusual verdict

10. Among the lowest of the judicial ranks, justices of the peace nevertheless frequently exercisejurisdiction

over a variety of misdemeanors.

A. guidance

B. sovereignty

C. authority

D. suzerainty

11. A mistake is rarely atoned for by a single apology, however profuse.

A. extravagant

B. produced

C. divergent

D. repetitious

12. Her office in the First National Bank building is provisional.

A. permanent

B. temporary

C. corrupt

D. craven

13. The burglars ransacked the room taking anything of value they found.

A. demolished

B. took over

C. inhabited

D. thoroughlysearched

14. The whole of the endowment was used to refurbish the school gymnasium.

A. millionaires

B. endorsements

C. governments

D. donations

15.The massacre of innocent people cannot ever be condoned.

A. overlooked

B. praise

C. condemned

D. satisfied

Section B

Directions: Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.

16. When he realized the true nature of the proposal, he ________ all communication with the group.

A. convert

B. averted

C. severed

D. make

17. The worsening financial situation made it obvious that an economic depression was _____.

A. attainable

B. remote

C. imminent

D. eminent

18. All of the dental instruments need to be _______ before the next patient isseen.

A. heated

B. scalded

C. sterilized

D. burned

19. Rock climbing is so popular now that many people are able to ________ the steepest face withgreat agility.

A. scale

B. surpass

C. overcome

D. mount

20. If you call the 911 emergency number, they will ________ firemen, policemen, and paramedics

immediately.

A. assign

B. detach

C. attach

D. dispatch

21. His evident _______ to his wife despite her indiscretion proved him to be a man of integrity.

A. personality

B. character

C. fidelity

D. morality

22. I don't know why he has been given ________. It wasn't his accomplishment but his wife's.

A. acclaim

B. confidence

C. reimbursement

D. robustness

23. After a concert tour in Asia, Canada and the U. S., he will _______ work on a five-language opera.

A. confine

B. indulge

C. resume

D. undergo

24. When Ph. D candidates ________ their impending professorships, they consider housing benefitsoffered

by the prospective universities.

A. anticipate

B. assume

C. apply

D.demand

25. My supply of confidence slowly ________ as the deadline approached.

A. withdrew

B. eliminated

C. exterminated

D. diminished

26. The battle is of great significance when viewed in the ________ of the progress of the war.

A. prospective

B. respective

C. perspective

D. prescriptive

27. It has long been known that total sleep ________ is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet, upon examination of the

dead bodies, the animals look completely normal.

A. deposition

B. destruction

C. deprivation

D. reduction

28. In that country, hospital doctors don't go sightseeing very often because their work ________ almost all

their time.

A. takes up

B. takes off

C. takes apart

D. takes over

29. According to the law of that country, the Parliament will have to be ________ before the General Election.

A. decomposed

B. dispersed

C. dissolved

D. disintegrated

30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to ________

theconsequences.

A. answer for

B. run into

C. abide by

D. step into

PART Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)

Section A

Directions: Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence.

31. Switzerland is best known for its majesty mountain range and thousandsflock to the Alps

A B C

eachyear to take advantage of their ideal skiing conditions.

D

32. Police were sent to disperse the crowds but ended up by shooting down protesters and it

A B

was inthis chaos that the seeds of political liberation were sown.

C D

33. Even today, through the hustle and bustle of Nevsky Prospect, St Petersburg's main street,

A B

theclassical beauty of the city mesmerizes the eye.

C D

34. She is furious of her son's grades in school, which explains why Mark is jealous of Julia's highA B C marks on the exam.

D

35. Smog-choked Southern California demands them. It's a car for people who never want to go

A

toa gas station again. But the fact is, for all the talk, selling gas-less machines has been a

B C

hard-sell.

D

36. People thought: Hey, eat a carp and you will be taking in what it is that gives you these fish

A B

their long life-span. Of course, it hasn't done a lot of good for these carp.

C D

37. In deciding to undertake dangerous pursuits, people usually strive for their maximum

A

personalability rating, when they are challengedbut can he victorious, rather than merely

B C

surmounting the mediocre.

D

38. In proposing such philanthropic donations, the director of the company certainly spoke from

A B

a genuine concern for theneedyand not any desire for personal accolades.

C D

39. The armor, infantry and other military forceswere held up by the enemy counter attack,

A B C

thus caused the delay in the advance.

D

40.Just as children the world over like Christmas rooming, adults so like Christmas evening

A B C

when peace and calm return to the household.

D

41. Each employee with a modicum of intelligencewould be able to undertakesuch a basic process.

A B C D

42. The economic situation will improve given that there is forecast to be less unemployment

A B

and closures than in previous years.

C D

43. The three most important issues of concern tocitizens today are prison reform,

A B

abusing childrenand toxic waste.

C D

44. I was on the verge of incurringMr. Rochester's wrath by not listening to his prohibitions,

A B

while a ray once more shone almost imperceptibly on the hallway wall and I heard his muffled

C D

step onthe carpet.

45. The above is the most important aspect which apes can be told from more primitive social

A B C D

groupings.

Section B

Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.

46. ________ that the earth was flat?

A. Used it to be thought

B. Did it used to be thought

C. Was it need to being thought

D. Does it used to be thought

47. It is most inappropriate ________in the college VIP lounge.

A. for any students to be there

B. for there to be any students

C. to be any students there

D. to have there any students

48. She ________ much more accurate responses now, had she taken more pains in devising thequestions.

A. got

B. would have got

C. had got

D. would be getting

49. An extensive foundation in the basic sciences should be required of all science students, ________.

A. whether they are future physicists or chemists.

B. be they future physicists or chemists.

C. they are future physicists or chemists.

D. they should be future physicists or chemists.

50. The general opinion is that he is ________ to complain.

A. so much a milquetoast

B. too a milquetoast

C. too much of a milquetoast

D. so much of a milquetoast

51. Although of course there are exceptions, it seems reasonably dear that in certain countries -Rwanda,

Somalia and parts of the former Yugoslavia come to mind-hunger is less a result of an absolutefoodshortage, ________ a policy decision or the political situation.

A. than of

B. rather than

C. but the result of

D. than is

52. The ozone layer plays as great arole in the suability of spaceship Earth as ________ the waters ofits lakes,

ponds, oceans, rivers, and streams.

A. do

B. does

C. play

D. are

53. Perhaps I should not have done so, but I changed my mind about the new job even though I was ________

last week.

A. to be started

B. to have started

C. to have been starting

D. start

54. Despite an overlay of quasi-literary French vocabulary stemming from the Norman Invasion of1066, the

daily vocabulary of English remained Germanic, _______ its grammatical structure.

A. the same are

B. and so are

C. as did

D. and so were

55. Although money is always useful, it isn't all ________.

A. what there is to life

B. to which there is in life

C. there is to life

D. that is in life

56. ________ ever so humble, there's no plane like home.

A. It be

B. Be it

C. It was

D. Was it

57. ________ all customs, no matter how sacrosanct, are essentially learned reactions appropriate, perhaps

only to the holders thereof is a basic assumption of anthropologists.

A. Nearly

B. It is nearly

C. That nearly

D. When nearly

58. Although women cluster to him like moths around a flame, he is none______ happier for it.

A. but

B. the

C. match

D. any

59. The major reason why Americans enjoy an abundant food supply is that the arable land at theirdisposal for

food production is ________.

A. three times more the world average

B. three times as much the world average

C. three times the world average

D. the world average is three times

60.The sound of the roaring of a tiger is ________ heard by jungle dwellers ________ feelings of unease,for a

year does not elapse without victims falling to the tiger's ferocity.

A. always...with

B. ever...without

C.ever...with

D. never...without

PART ⅢClone test (10 points)

Directions: Choose the word that best completes the meaning.

One of the basic characteristics of capitalism is the private ownership of the major means of production-capital. The ownership of large amounts of capital can bring __61__ profits, as well as economic andpolitical power. Some recent theorists, 62 have argued that our society has moved to a new stageof 63_that they call "postindustrial" society. One important change in such society is that the ownershipof 64 amounts of capital is no longer the only or even the most important 65 of profits and influence; knowledge as well as 66 capital brings profits and influence.

There are many 67 with the thesis above, not the least of 68 is that wealthy capitalists canbuy the experts and knowledge they need to keep their profits and influence. But this does not 69 theimportance of knowledge in an advanced industrial society, as the 70 of some new industries indicates.71, genetic engineering and the new computer technology have 72 many new fines and madesome scientists quite rich. In 73 with criticism of the postindustrial society thesis, however, it mustalso be74 that those already in control of huge amounts of capital (i.e., major corporations) soon75 to take most profits in these industries based on new knowledge.

Moving down from the level of wealth and power, we still find knowledge increasingly 76. Manynew high-tech jobs are being created at the upper-skill, low-paying service77. Something like acaste line is

emerging centered around knowledge. Individuals who fall too far behind in the 78 ofknowledge at a young age will find it almost impossible to catch up later, nomatter how hard they try. Illiteracy in English language has been a severe79 for marry years in the United States, but we are alsomoving to the point when computer illiteracy will hinder many more people and 80 them to a life oflow-skill and low-paid labor.

61. A. quantitative B. extensive C. comprehensive D. sophisticated

62. A. moreover B. however C. thereforeD. nevertheless

63. A. aggression B. proficiency C. productivity D. evolution

64. A. dominant B. impressive C. magnificent D. significant

65. A. source B. factor C. component D. element

66.A. adequate B. profitable C. material D. spiritual

67. A. advantages B. consequences C. problems D. potentials

68.A. them B. those C. which D. that

69. A. deny B. refuseC. admit D. acknowledge

70. A. emergenceB. innovation C. extinctionD. discovery

71. A. In addition B. For example C. Above all D. In short

72. A. produced B. created C. improved D. facilitated

73. A. line B. need C. doubt D. match

74. A. idealized B. recognizedC. supervised D. summarized

75. A. stepped in B. settled down C. leaned over D. mined out

76. A. accessibleB. important C. popular D. abundant

77.A. enterprises B. employment C. professions D. industries

78. A. control B. mastery C. searchD. pursuit

79. A. handicap B. penalty C. inconvenience D. shortcoming

80. A. enforce B. punish C. confine D. condemn

PART ⅣREADING OOMPREHENSION (30 points)

Directions: Answer all questions based on the information in the passages below.

Passage 1

Let us assume, for the moment, that labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage and that a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead, through strikes or otherwise, to a withdrawalfrom the labor market of labor which is now employed. Does it follow from this that the existing level of real wages accurately measures the marginal disutility of labor? Not necessarily. For, although a reduction in theexisting money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor, it does not follow that a fall in the value of theexisting money-wage in terms of wage-goods would do so, if it were due to a rise in the price of the latter.In other words, it may be the case that within a certain range the demand of labor is for aminimum money-wage and not for a minimum real wage. The classical school has tacitly assumed that this would involve nosignificant change in their theory. But this is not so. For if the supply of labor is not a function of realwages as its sole variable, their argument breaks down entirely and leaves the question of what the actual employment will be quite indeterminate. They do not seem to have realized that, unless the supply of labor is a function of real wages alone, their supply curve for labor will shift bodily with every movement ofprices. Thus their method is tied up with their very special assumptions, and cannot be adapted to dealwith the more general case.

Now ordinary experience tells us, beyond doubt, that a situation where labor stipulates (within limits)for a money-wage rather than a real wage, so far from being a mere possibility, is the normal case. Whilstworkers

will usually resist areduction of money-wages, it is not their practice to withdraw their labor whenever there is a rise in the price of wage-goods. It is sometimes said that it would be illogical for labor to resist a reduction of money-wages but not to resist a reduction of real wages. For reasons given below, thismight not be so illogical as it appears at first; and, as we shall see later, fortunately so. But, whether logical or illogical, experience shows that this is how labor in fact behaves.

Moreover, the contention that the unemployment which characterizes a depression is due to a refusal by labor to accept a reduction of money-wages is not clearly supported by the facts. It is not very plausibleto assert that unemployment in the United States in 1932 was due either to labor obstinately refusing to accept a reduction of money-wages or to its obstinately demanding a real wage beyond what the productivity ofthe economic machine was capable of furnishing. Wide variations are experienced in the volume of employment without any apparent change either in the minimum real demands of labor or in its productivity. Laboris not more truculent in the depression than in the boom-fax from it. Nor is its physical productivity less.These facts from experience are a prima facie ground for questioning the adequacy of the classical analysis.

81. "Labor is not prepared to work for a lower money-wage". The sentencemeans ________.

A. a fall in the value of the existing money-wage would lead to a withdrawal of labor

B. a rise in the price of wage-goods would lead to a withdrawal of labor

C. the demand of labor is for a rise of existing money-wage

D. the demand of labor is for reduction in the value of real wages

82. The classical school refers to ________.

A. those scholars with traditional idea

B. the traditional school

C. the experts who hold to the standard theory

D. all of the above

83. According to the author, the supply curve for labor depends on the ________.

A. red money wages

B. movement of price

C. function of money-wages

D. both A & B

84. “Their" method cannot be adapted to deal with the more general case because they have not realized that

________.

A. a fall in the value of real wages would lead to a withdrawal of the labor from market of labor

B. a reduction in the existing level of money-wages would lead to a withdrawal from the labor marketof

labor

C. the supply of labor is not a function of real wages

D. the demand of labor is only for a minimum money-wages

85. How dose labor usually behave?

A. Labor would stipulate for money-wage.

B. Labor would violently resist a reduction of real wages.

C. Labor would strenuously resist a reduction of both money-wages and real wages.

D. Labor would stipulate for real wages.

86. The last paragraph of thus passage indicates that ________.

A. labor resisted a reduction of money-wages, which characterized the depression of the 1930s in the U.S.

B. labor demanded a real wage, which characterized the depression of 1930s in the U. S.

C. neither labor refusing to work for a lowermoney-wage nor demanding a real wage could characterizethe

depression of 1930s in the U. S.

D. both A & B

Passage 2

The law of private international tribunals with respect to conflicts of interest of arbitrators is quite extensive, albeit by no means uniform. It relates both to what will disqualify an arbitrator and to what the arbitrator must disclose during the selection process. Most national legal systems have statutory rules as to thetype of interests, relationships, and experiences that disqualify an arbitrator. Not infrequently, the disqualifying factors are identical for arbitrators and judges, although they may treat domestic and internationalarbitration somewhat differently, and may indeed supplement the international roles with additional features. A closer look reveals that courts and arbitration agencies tend to apply the regulations relatively lightly, recognizing that arbitrators move in the highly interconnected world of affairs, and do not stand alooffrom commerce as judges do. Accordingly, acquaintanceship with the parties and their counsel does notsuffice to disqualify, whereas actual business or legal connections will. Inasmuch as judges do not seek more work, although arbitrators generally do, suspicions arise that an arbitrator's favor may incline to theparty or counsel who has in the past and may again in the future provide employment.

The uncertainty in the held is at its most troubling when arbitrators are party-appointed. Some arguethat such arbitrators should fulfill he same functions and satisfy the same qualifications as third-party arbitrators, others dispute any real claim to objectivity. The latter view has had considerable currency, particularly in the United States, where courts and drafters of state laws regard such advocates as pawns of the appointers. Imposing standard of neutrality and disinterestedness on them would he futile.

It follows from this dichotomy between party-appointed and non-party-appointed arbitrators that opinionon the question of their nationality is also split. A party needs to be expected to choose a fellow national.This question of nationality is acute when one party to the arbitration is a governmental agency and one ormore of the arbitrators are likewise nationals; a foreign enterprise contract calling for such arbitration may be foolhardy.

The slate is largely blank with respect to roles for the conduct of arbitrators outside the field of conflictof interests. Considering only the matter of ex-parte communications, American case law is astonishing lax,refusing to set aside awards where such communication obtained between an arbitrator and a party withoutthe presence of the other party, thereby violating evidentiary rules requiring the attendance of both patties.The differences in views on this topicindicate how useful a set of guidelines might be.

87. The best title for this passage is __________.

A. International Arbitrators: Causes and Solutions

B. Arbitrators: Causes and Solutions

C. Arbitrators: Problems in Practice

D. International Arbitrators and Conflicts of Interests

88. The expression"They may treat" refers to __________.

A. arbitrators and judges

B. national legal systems

C. experiences

D. disqualifying factors

89. Courts and agencies __________.

A. do not apply their regulations strictly

B. often consider arbitrators as judges

C. understand the general relationship between business and arbitrators

D. may be described by all of the above

90. A third-party arbitrator is one who is chosen __________.

A. to supplement the two arbitratorschosen by the contending sides

B. to reach a finaldecision after the two arbitrators have submitted their decision

C. by someone not involved in the matter in dispute

D. as a pawn of the appointers

91. A foreign enterprises contract is a bad idea __________.

A. in all cases

B. when each partner picks an arbitrator

C. when third party arbitrators are involved

D. when a government agency is one side of the contract

92. "Ex-parte communications" refer to __________.

A. something that cannot be determined by the text

B. all parties being present when matters involving them are discussed

C. the requirement to set aside a decision

D. impartiality

Passage 3

Ask an American schoolchild what he or she is learning in school these days and you might even get areply, provided you ask it in Spanish. But don't bother, here’s the answer: Americansnowadays are not learning any of the things that we learned in our day, like reading and writing. Apparently these are considered fusty oldsubjects, invented by white males to oppress women and minorities.

What are they learning? In a Vermont college town I found the answer sitting in a toy stone book rack,next to typical kids' books like "Heather Has Two Mommies and Daddy is 'Dysfunctional"'. It's a teacher's guide called "Happy to Be Me", subtitled "Building Self-Esteem”. Self-esteem as it turns out, is abig subject in American classrooms. Many American schools see building it as important as teaching readingand writing. They call it "whole language" teaching, borrowing terminology from the granola people to compete in the education marketplace.

No one ever spent a momentbuilding my self-esteem when I was in school. In fact, from the day I first stepped inside a classroommy self-esteem was one big demolition site. All that mattered was "the subject", be it geography, history, or mathematics. I was praised when I remembered that "near", "fit","friendly", "pleasing", "like" and their opposites took the dative case in Latin. I was reviled when I forgotwhat a cosine was good for. Generally, I lived my school years beneath a torrent of castigation asconsistent I eventually ceased to hear it, as people who live near the sea eventually stop hearing the waves.

Schools have changed. Reviling is out, for one thing. More important, subjects have changed.

Whereas I learned English, modern kids learnsomething called "language skills". Whereas I learned writing, modern kids learn something called "communication". Communication, the book tells us, is seven percent words, twenty three per cent facial expression, twenty per cent tone of voice, and fifty percent bodylanguage. So this column, with its carefully chosen words, would earn at most a grade of seven per cent. That is, if the school even gave out something as oppressive and demanding as grades.

The result is that, in place of English classes, American children are getting a course in "How to WinFriends and Influence People". Consider the new attitude toward journal writing: I remember one highschool English class when we were required to keep a journal. The idea was to emulate those great writerswho confided in dimes, searching their soul and honing their critical thinking on paper.

"Happy to Be Me" states that journals are a great way for students to get in touch with their feelings.Tell students they can writeone sentence or a whole page. Reassure them that no one, not even you, will read what they write. After the unit, hopefully all students will be feeling good about themselves and willwant toshare some of their entries with the class.

There was a time when no self-respecting book for English teachers would use "great” or "h opefully"that way. Moreover, back then the purpose of English courses (an antique termfor"Unit") was not to helpstudents "feel good about themselves". Which is good, because all that reviling didn’t make me feel particularly good about anything.

93. In paragraph 2, "whole language"teaching is in inverted commas because __________.

A. the writer is using direct speech

B. the writer is questioning the education concept

C. the words quoted have been extracted from a translation

D. the writer is quoting from another source

94. In paragraph 3, the authoris clearly expressing his idea about self-esteem. He believes that it is

__________.

A. essential that self-esteem should be promoted in American schools because the author used to sufferfrom

a lack of self-esteem as a child

B. equally important to equip children with the necessary skills and knowledge they will require in thefuture

C. important to remember how mush school childrenused to suffer from a lack of self-esteem

D. reassuring to observe that children benefit from the promotion of a positive image

96. Which of the following is the writer implying in paragraph 4?

A. Self-criticism has gone too far.

B. Evaluating criteriaare inappropriate nowadays.

C. Communication is a more comprehensive category than language skills.

D. This column does not meet the demanding evaluating criteria of today.

96. We may infer from paragraph 4 that the writer generally disagrees with one of the following ideas

__________.

A. the whole concept of communication is being perceived differently

B. the way American children communicate among themselves is more important than anything else

C. academic skills should be encouraged and promoted in the American education system

D. the progress that American children could be monitor with more traditional methods

97. In this passage, the writer is clearly stating the intention which is to get the reader to _____.

A. confirm current education trends and teaching methods

B. rethink and reorganize educational strategies

C. think about the various elements which constitute what we call "communication"nowadays

D. reassure the parents about the methodology currently being used in American schools

98. What's the best summary for this passage?

A. New educational theories will revolutionize the way our children learn.

B. The influence of new methodologywill spread worldwide.

C. Personal values like self-esteem will become predominant for school children in the future.

D. Current education trends may jeopardize the prospects of future generations.

Passage 4

"Sloganeering" did not originate in the 1960s. The term has a rich history. It originated from theGaelic word slaughgharim, which signified a "host-shout," “war c ry," or "gathering word or phrase of oneof the old Highland clans; hence the shout or battle cry of soldiers in the field." English-speaking peoplebegan using the term by 1704. The team at the time meant "the distinctive note, phrase, or cry of any person or body of persons." Slogans were common throughout the European continent during the middle age,and they were utilized primarily as "passwords to insure pooper recognition of individuals at right or in the confusion of battle." The American revolutionary rhetoric would not have been the same without "the BostonMassacre,""the Boston Tea Party,""the shot heard around the world," and shouts of "no taxation without representation" .

Slogans operate in society as social “symbols" and, as such, their intended o r perceived meaning may be difficultto grasp and their impact or stimulation may differ between and among individuals and groups. Because slogans may operate as "significant symbols" or as key words that have a standard meaning ina group, they serve both expressive and persuasive functions. Harold Lasswell recognized that the influencing of collective attitudes is possible by the manipulation of significant symbols such as slogans. He believed that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction or organize collective attitudes around a symbol.Murray Edelman writes that “to the po litical scientist patterning or consistency in the context in which specific groups of individuals use symbols is crucial, for only through such patterning do common political meaning and claims arise." Thus, the slogans a group uses to evoke specific responses may provide us withan index for the group's norm, values, and conceptual rationale for its claims.

Slogans are so pervasive in today’ssociety that it is easy to underestimate their persuasive power.They have grown in significance because of the medium of television and the advertising industry. Television, in addition to being the major advertising medium, has altered the nature of human interaction. Political images are less personal and shorter. They function as summaries and conclusions rather than base for public interaction and debate. The style of presentation in television is more emotion, but the content is less complex or ideological. In short, slogans workwell on television.

The advertising industry has made a science of sloganeering. Today, communication itself is a problem because we live in an “overcommunicated" society. Advertisers have discovered that it is easier to linkproduct attributesto existing beliefs, ideas, goals, and desires of the consumer rather than to change them.Thus, to say that a coo kie tastes “homemade" or as good as "Mom used to make" does not tell us if thecookie is good or had, hard or soft, but simply evokes the fond memories of Mother's baking. Advertisers, then, are more successful if they present a product in a way that capitalizes on established beliefs or expectations of the consumer. Slogans do this well by crystallizing in a few words the key idea or theme one wantsto associate with an issue, group, product, or event. "Sloganeering" has become institutionalized as a virtual art form, and an advertising agency may spend month, testing and creating the right slogan for a product or a person. Slogans have a number of attributes that enhance their persuasive potential for social movements. They are unique and readily identifiable with a specific social movement organization social movement organization. "GrayPower," for instance, readily identifies the movement for elderly Americans, and "Huelga" (strike inSpanish) identifies the movement to aid Mexican American field workers in the west and southwest.

99. "Sloganeering" stems from a word that was used _________.

A. in the United States

B. in the Inland

C. on the European continent

D. frequently in revolutionary rhetoric

100. What is the writer's main purpose?

A. To explain the history of slogans.

B. To explain the persuasiveness of slogans.

C. To explain how slogans have changed.

D. To explain how slogans are used on television.

101. Because slogans a re “social symbols" they _________.

A.can have different meanings in different culture and economic settings

B. are widely used as status symbols

C. can be used to demonstrate high social standing

D. are perceived as difficult to grasp

102. Lasswell's and Edelman's studies are important in that they _________.

A. believe that a verbal symbol might evoke a desired reaction

B. demonstrate that patterning and consistency is crucial to the use of symbols

C. organize collective attitudes around a symbol

D. demonstrate a culture's principles are indicated by the slogans which are used

103. Television _________.

A. has distorted the purpose of slogans

B. has kept consistent the nature of human interaction

C. has made political images personal and shorter

D. utilizes slogans well

104. Products sell better if _________.

A. slogans change the consumer’s beliefs

B. slogans agree with the consumer’s beliefs

C. slogans identify a social movement

D. advertisers use slogans on television

Passage 5

A number of researchers have examined the variables/strategies that affect students' learning Englishas a second language. This report identifies some of the learner variables/strategies used by two students ina Hong Kong Technical Institute. The instruments for data collection included observation, interviews and questionnaires.The findings are discussed and some implications highlighted.

What makes a "good" language learner "good", and what makes a "poor" language learner"poor"?What does this imply for the teaching of language in the Hong Kong context? These are the central questionsof this assignment. The existing body of research attributes the differences between language learners to learner variablesand learner strategies. Learner variables include such things as differences in personality,motivation, style, aptitude and age (Ellis, 1986: chap 5) and strategies refer to "techniques, approaches, or deliberate actions that students take in order to facilitate the learning and recall of both linguistic and content area information" (Chamot, 1987: 71). It is important to note here that what we are considering is not the fact that language learners do and can learn, but why there should be such variations in speed oflearning, ability m use the target language, and in achieving examination grades, areas which generallylead to the classification of students as being either "good" or "poor".

Learner variables mod strategies have been the focus of a number of research projects, (O’Malley etal, 1985, Oxford, 1989). However, to the best of my knowledge, this area has not been researched inHong Kong classrooms. Since I am a teacher of English working in Hong Kong, gleaning a little of what learner variables

and strategies seem to work for local students seems to be a fruitful area of research.

In discussing learner variables and strategies, we have to keep in mind the arbitrary nature of actuallyidentifying these aspects. As the existing research point out, it is not possible to observe directly qualities such as aptitude, motivation, and anxiety(Oxford, 1986). We cannot look inside the mind of a languagelearner and find out what strategies, if any, they are using. These strategies are not visible processes. Also, as Naiman and his colleagues (1978) point out, no single learning strategy, cognitive style or learner characteristic is sufficient to explain success in language learning. The factors must be considered simultaneously to discover how they interact to affect success of failure in particular language learning situation.

Bearing these constraints in mind, the aim of this assignment is to develop two smallscale studies ofthe language learners attempting to gain an overall idea of what strategies are in use and what variables seemto make a difference to Hong Kong students.

105. In paragraph 2,"learnervariables" and “strategies" are defined by reference to other writers _________.

A. because these writers are authorities in the field and these arerecognized as important concepts

B. because these writers are authorities in the field and these are recognized as important definitions

C. because the present author is not sure what these terms mean

D. because the present author wishes to redefine the scope of research in this area

106.The main point of paragraph 2 is _________.

A. to define technical terms

B. to define terms and scope of the study

C. to outline the main sections of the report

D. to summarize the area to be covered in the article

107. In paragraph 3 the writer uses the phrase "to the best of my knowledge..." because _____.

A. she has good knowledge of this area

B. she is not sure if the area has been researched in Hang Kong

C. she thinks the area has been researched in Hong Kong

D. she does not wish to take responsibility for any omissions in the bibliography

108. The reference to "Naiman and his colleagues (1978)"in paragraph 4 is made _________.

A. to point out the advantages of an analytical approach

B. to point out that language learning strategies can he identified

C. to point out that different learners learn differently

D. to point out the uniqueness of language learning situations

109. The main point of paragraph 5 is _________.

A. to describe the existing search in the field

B. to point out the limits of research in this area

C. to describelearning strategies identified as so

D. to summarize the scope of the present article

110. According to this passage, research in this area is characterized as _________.

A. empirically observable

B. often impossible to observe directly

C. poorly defined in the research literature to date

D. easier to theorize about than to carry out directly

PART V Translation (30 points)

Direction: Write your translations in your answer sheet.

Section A: Translate the underlinedsentences into good Chinese. (15 %)

"The Child is Father of the Man,” wrote the English p oet William Wordsworth. Adults today areas aware as Wordsworth of the importance of childhood experiences that a cherished and well-behaved childhas a better chance of growing into a balanced, loving and law-abidingadult than anunloved one. (1)The Children Act of 1989, created to give children much-needed protection against abuse, in the processlegalized the ideology: the child comes first.

But while nurturing of self-esteem in children is now accepted as a requisite of their development, the social and economic demands on over-worked, harassed parents often prevent them from putting this theory into practice where it matters most－in the home.（2）Indeed，much of the time it seems that parents themselves are suffering a crisis of self-esteem.

Reports show that teenagers are increasingly obese and slothful. They watch on average between four and six hours of television a day. No longer subject to the discipline of the evening family meal－the cradle of manners and civil behavior－one in three people eats his or her dinner in front of the television. (3) The fashion industry is increasingly targeting guilty parents and their demanding children; it is not uncommon to see children wearing designerjeans and the latest trainers that they will soon grow out of.

Pre-Christmas toy advertising is designed to strike terror into the hearts of parents and make theirchildren even more demanding and greedy. (4) Every office in the land harbors parents who are exasperated especially by boys who are arrogant, rude, boastful and undisciplined. Many parents are too guilt-ridden or too bewildered by conflicting child-rearing advice to do anything other than wring their hands with worry. (5) The language of civil rights has entered childhood. Children as young as six are now so keenly aware of their "rights" that they freely complain of "unfair" treatment by their elders.

Section B: Translate the following sentences into good English（15%）

1、为了保证国民经济持续、快速、健康地发展，我们必须加快国有企业的改革步伐。

2、孝道是儒家教育的基石，它宣扬不仅要孝敬父母，而且要臣服于各级各类的权威。

3、目前在中国正进行着一场意义深远的社会和经济改革。这个伟大的改节使封闭的计划经济变成了以市场为基础的开放经济。

4、一个母亲如果没有文化，很难担负教育好下一代的责任。占中国人口半数的妇女的文化素质提不高，全民族的文化素质也难提高

5、我们正努力教育公民不要像西方国家那样过分消费，比如使用过多的空调，私人汽车，以及随意处理的产品。

试题详解

PART I Vocabulary（15 points)

Section A

1. A clamor大声的要求;demand要求（强烈的）；view观点，见解；request请求，要求（委婉的）；opinion 意见，看法。

2. B prolific多产的；productive多产的；artful狡猾的；religious虔诚的。

3. C vexation恼怒，烦恼；annoyance烦恼，恼怒；enlightenment启迪，教化；astonishment惊讶；contrariness 反对。

4. D warily小心警惕地；prudently 谨慎地，慎重地；fearlessly勇敢地；confidently信赖地，安心地；silently 默默地，静静地。

5. B reprimand斥责，谴责；reproach责备；recommend推荐；recompense报偿；reverse翻转。

6.A vestiges遗迹，痕迹；traces痕迹，踪迹；shards（玻璃或陶瓷器皿的）碎片；products产品；artifacts 史前古器物。

7.D impetuous冲动的；impulsive冲动的；extravagant奢侈的，浪费的；careful小心的，仔细的；impotent 无力的，虚弱的。

8.A meticulous非常仔细的,严谨的，注意细节的；painstaking仔细的，精心的，用心的；dilatory不慌不忙的；meretricious俗气的，金玉其外的，虚饰的；gaudy华而不实的，俗丽的。

9.C deadlock僵局；impasse僵局；guilty有罪的；electrocution电刑；verdict裁决，判决。

10. C jurisdiction权限；authority职权；guidance指导；sovereignty主权；suzerainty宗主权。

11. A profuse极其丰富的；extravagant过分的，丰饶的；produced畸形生长的；divergent分歧的；repetitious 重复的。

12 .B provisional临时的;temporary临时的;permanent永久的;corrupt贪污的;craven胆小的。

13.D ransacked彻底搜索，仔细检查;thoroughly searched彻底搜查；demolished毁坏，破坏；took over 接收，接管；inhabited居住。

14.D endowment捐赠;donations捐赠；millionaires百万富翁;endorsements背书；goverments政府。

15.A condoned宽恕，赦免；overlooked宽恕，宽容；praise表扬；condemned谴责；satisfied感到满意的。

Section B

16.C sever communication with切断与……的联系;convert转变;avert回复。

17. C imminent即将来临的,逼近的；attainable可到达的；remote遥远的；eminent优质的。

18. C sterilized消毒的；heated加热；scalded烫洗；burned烧。

19.A scale攀登，爬越；surpass超越，胜过；overcome战胜；mount登上。

20.D dispatch派遣；assign分配；detach派遣（军队）；attach系上，贴上。

21.C fidelity忠实，忠诚;personality个性;character特性，特征;morality道德。

22.A acclaim称赞；confidence信心；reimbursement赔偿；robustness精力充沛。

23.C resume继续，重新开始；confine限制;indulge纵容;undergo经历，遭受。

24.A anticipate期望，预见；assume假设;apply申请，应用；demand要求。

25.D diminished减少；withdrew撤回；eliminated排除；exterminated消除。

26. C in the perspective of从……的角度；prospective预期的;respective分别的，各自的;prescriptive说明性的。