同义词解析.doc

同义词解析.doc
同义词解析.doc

1、forbid;ban;prohibit,都含“禁止”的意思。

forbid系常用词,指“命令某人不做某事”,如:

The doctor forbids him to smoke.医生禁止他吸烟。

ban语气较重,指权威机关“正式禁止”,含“严厉谴责”之意,只能用事物作其宾语,如:Ban atomic and nuclear weapons!禁止原子武器和核武器!

prohibit指“通过法律或政府法令禁止”,如:

The soldiers were prohibited from leaving camp after dark.天黑后士兵不准离开营房。

2、permit;allow;let,都含“准许”的意思。

permit和allow在许多情况下可以通用,但它较allow正式,含有“积极地、从正面地允许”的意义,如:They don't permit you to smoke.他们不允许你抽烟。

allow指“并不反对”或“不加阻止”,偏重“默许”或“听任”,含义较消极,如:

Each passenger is allowed twenty-five kilogrammes of luggage.每位旅客允许携带二十

五公斤的行李。

let是三个词中最不正式的,较口语化,而语意最弱,指“给予可能或同意”,有时含“难以阻止或限制”之意,如:

Let him wait.让他等一等。

3、Let;allow;permit;grant,这组动词都有“允许”或“让”的意思。

let是个普通词,常要求复合宾语,在不定式作宾语补足语时,总省去不定式符号to,有时在一定的上下文中可省去宾语补足语:let,allow这两个动词都有“让”或“允许”的意思,仔细研究后可以看到许多情况下,这两个词并不能通用。let 所表示的“允许”含有“不阻止”(n otto prevent)的意思。

Let's go into the garage and have a look at it.咱们到汽车修配厂去看看吧。

She said her future husband would not let her make another film.

她说她的未婚夫不会让她再拍电影了。(此句用would not let,意思是“阻止”。)

When the bull got close to him,he clumsily stepped aside to let it pass.

当公牛接近了他时,他笨拙地向一旁一闪,把公牛让了过去。

Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out.

然后它坐着吠叫,直到有人把它放出去为止。

The third baseman let the ball roll between his feet.

第三名垒手让球从他的两只脚之间滚了过去。

而allow所表示的“允许”含有“容忍”(forbearance of prohibition)的意思。

Please allow me to introduce Mr Brown to you.请允许我把布朗先生向你介绍一下。

Now we are not allowed to touch it.现在是不让我们碰一碰它的。

注:let somebody do something(让某人做某事)作宾语补足语的不定式省去to,而allow somebody to do something(让某人做某事)作宾语补足语的不定式带to allow与permit也可

以用于allow(permit)somebody to do something的句子结构,但也可以要求简单宾语或表示行为的名词作宾语。这三个词都能表示“没能阻止”或“不去阻止”,但是let并不包含allow和permit所共有的这层含义:有能力、有权威不去禁止或不去防止某事,有时表示由于笨拙疏忽而放过去。

The teacher allows too much noise in the classroom.那位老师听任教室内有过分的嘈杂声。

He should have known that the police would never allow this sort of thing.

他应该知道,警察是不会允许这种事情的。

The dogs have greater freedom too,for they are allowed to wander outside their enclosu re.

那些狗也有了较大的自由,因为允许它们在栅栏外面到处跑跑。

而permit又不包含allow的这样一层含义:克制着自己不去禁止,而allow却不包含pe rmit的这样的含义:同意或者默许。

We do not allow(or permit)gambling.我们不允许赌博。

grant 所表示的“允许”包含这样的意思:上级就下级的要求,把自认为是一种恩惠或权利给予别人。

He requested that the premier grant him an internview. 他要求那位总理接见他一次。

Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a call-box.

获得了许可后,一名警察陪他来到公用电话亭。

composed of men of the same nationality or who spoke a common language.

法令指出连队应当尽可能地由同一民族的人或操同一语言的人组成

4、lift ;raise; elevate,都含“举起”的意思。

lift指“用体力或机械力把某物从地面举到一定的高度”,如:

She can lift a pail of water from the ground.她能把一桶水提起来。

raise与Lift可换用,但着重“垂直高举”或“将物件由较低处移至较高处的适宜位置,以发挥应有的作用”,如:

raise a flag.升旗。

elevate指“提高(嗓子、思想等)”,如:

Good reading elevates the mind.阅读好书可使思想高尚。

Lift ;raise; rear; elevate ;hoist,这组动词的一般含义是“提起”,“举起”。

lift强调“提升很重的或者抬起比较重的东西”,当用于比喻时,可以指雄伟高大的建筑物或大山的“高耸入云”。

The dish now had to be lifted vertically because one edge was resting against the side o f the canal.

现在必须垂直着提升馅饼盘,因为盘的一边靠在运河的侧面上。

raise在用于“提升”的意义时,可包含费力也可能不包含费力,但总带有“垂直”提升的意思;在用于比喻时,可以表示喂羊家畜、家禽,照料农作物的生长,募集资金,抬募军队,养育儿童等。

There was tremendous excitement on board when a chest was raised from the bottom.

当从海底提上来一只箱子时,船上出现了极为兴奋的场面。

Our vicar is always raising money for one cause or another.

我们的牧师老是在为这桩或那桩事募款。

5、rear和raise在文学语言中常互换使用。在表示养育儿童时,rear为美国南方各州惯用词。

She bore three children and reared(or reaised)two of them.

她生过三个孩子,养大了两个。

elevate一般具有lift和raise的含义,但elevate 常用于抽象概念的提高,如“提高文学鉴赏力”,“提高情操”等。

Good reading elerates the mind.读好书可以提高情操。

hoist尤指“以机械提升重物”。

The cargo was soon hoisted into the ship.贷物很快就被吊进船舱。

6、change;alter;vary;modify,这组动词的一般含义是“改变”或“变化”。

change是通用词,它有两层基本含义:“变”和“换”。“变”可以指和原来的样子或性质稍有不同,也可以指有本质的差异。

At first,she decided to go to the police,but fearing that she would never see Rastus a gain-the letter had made that quite clear-she changed her mind.

起初,她决定去警察局,但是她由于担心再也见不到拉斯特斯了-那封信说得相当清楚-她改变了主意。

He then changed into overalls and spent the next eight hours as a dustman.

然后他换上工装裤,作为清洁工人度过接下去的八小时。

alter所表示的“改变”只是细节的,或外表的变化,并不表示本质的改变。如:把一件衣服改小一些或只把衣袖稍放肥一些,但衣服的式样仍然不变,这时用alter便很确当。

He may gently reprimand an official or even suggest to parliament that a law be alltere d.

他可以温和地指责一个官员,或者甚至建议议会修改法律条款。

vary一般表示转换、变易、增生所致的“变化”或“不同”。

The action he takes varies according to the nature of the complaint.

他所采取的行动,根据怨言的性质,而有所不同。

modify主要用来表示有局限性的“改变”,当用于事物时,它所表示的“改变”,在程度上要大于alter,在用于人的态度时,它仅仅表示略加修饰,并不含有很大的变化。

The industrial revolution modified the whole structure of English society.

工业革命变革了英国的整个社会结构。

7、change;alter;vary,都含“改变”的意思。

change指“使改变得与原物完全不同”或“使发生以新代旧的变化”,如:

The appearance of the town is quite changed.这个城镇的外观变化颇大。

alter指“局部的、外表的变化,但特点不变”,如:

This coat should be altered.这件外套应该改改。

vary指“不规则或连续地改变”,如:

Customs vary with the times.习俗随时代而异。

8、keep;retain;withhold;reserve,都含“保持”、“保存”的意思。

keep系常用词,指“使继续下去”、“使较长时期地置于不脱离控制、掌握、照料或变化之下”,如:

keep the room clean.保持室内清洁。

retain较正式,强调“继续保持”,特指“保持使不失去或被夺走”,如:

He has managed to retain most of his fortune.他设法保存了他的大部分财产。

withhold强调“保留”、“隐匿”,指“阻止其离去或泄漏”,如:

Fear made him withhold the truth.恐惧使他不敢说实话。

reserve指“为一目的保持,或保存一段时间”。

A great future is reserved for you.光明的前程在等待着你。

remain;stay都指“继续停留”或“继续保持某种状态、关系或行动。”

remain常可与stay 互换,但它强调“继续停留于一处或保持原状态、情况性质而不改变”,如:

This place remains cool all summer.这个地方整个夏天都凉爽。

stay强调“某人[物]继续留在原地而不离开”,如:

He stayed to see the end of the game.他一直呆到比赛结束。

9、ability;capacity;faculty;talent;skill;competence;aptitude.

These nouns denote the qualities in a person that permit or facilitate achievement or acc omplishment.

这些名词都表示某人具有取得进步或成功的素质。

Ability is the power,mental or physical,to do something.

Ability是指智力或体力上具有做某事的能力.。

“To make a fortune some assistance from fate is essential. Ability alone is insufficient”(Ihara.Saikaku).

“要致富,光靠能力是不够的,还得看机遇”(伊哈拉.塞科古)。

Capacity refers to an innate potential for growth,development,or accomplishment.

Capacity 指天赋的,如生长、发展或成功的潜力。

“Not by age but by capacity is wisdom acquired”(Plautus).

“智慧的获得是依靠才能而不是年龄”(普洛提斯)。

Faculty denotes an inherent power or ability.

Faculty指内在的力量或能力。

An unerring faculty for detecting hypocrisy is one of her most useful attributes.

能无误地看出伪善的能力是她身上最有用的特征之一。

Talent emphasizes inborn ability,especially in the arts.

Talent强调天生的才能,尤其是在艺术方面。

“There is no substitute for talent. Industry and all the virtues are of no avail”(Aldous H uxley).

“勤奋及其他的品质都不能弥补天分的不足”(阿尔多斯。赫胥黎)。

Skill stresses ability that is acquired or developed through experience.

Skill强调由经验而获得或发展的能力。

“The intellect,character and skill possessed by any man are the product of certain origi nal tendencies and the training which they have received”(EdwardL.Thorndike).

“任何人的知识、性格和能力都是由起初的兴趣加上后来接受的训练而得到的。”(爱德华L.桑戴克)。

Competence suggests the ability to do something satisfactorily but not necessarily outsta ndingly well.

Competence指能做到使人满意但并不一定特别出众的能力。

The concerto was performed by a violinist of unquestioned competence but limited imag ination.

小提琴家所演奏的协奏曲毫无疑问是出色的,但是缺乏想像力。

Aptitude implies inherent capacity for learning,understanding,or performing.

Aptitude暗指内在的学习、理解和表演的才能。

Even as a child he showed an unusual aptitude for mathematics.

甚至孩童时他就显露出非同一般的数学才能形容词complete和perfect虽然都有“完全的”含义,但并非同义词,在许多情况下它们只是词义相近而已。

complete的含义是“完整无缺的”、“圆满的”。He is a complete stranger to me.

我一点也不认识他。(可以和perfect换用)

Before long,the noise dropped completely.不久,那轰鸣声就完全消失了。

perfect不仅可表示“完整无缺”、“完全”或“纯粹”,而且含有“完美无缺”、“匀称”或“健全”的含义,总之它可以表示“尽善尽美”。由上可见,perfect可以表示complete 的含义,而co mplete只能表示perfect的一部分含义。但是,a complete stranger和a perfect stranger没有什么差异,complete happiness和perfect happiness都表示了“美满的幸福”。

But as they soon discovered,disguises can sometimes be too per fect.

正象他们不久就发现的那样,化装效果有时可能太完美无缺了。

It is a perfect alibi.这完全是在开脱罪责。

It's a perfect stranger here.我在这里完全是个陌生人。(可以换用complete)

注:perfect的同义词有whole,entire;complete的同义词有full,plenary.

complete,close,end,finish,conclude,terminate These verbs mean to bring or to co me to a natural or proper stopping point.

这些动词都是指达到一个自然或适当的终点。

Complete suggests the final stage in bringing an undertaking to fruition.

Complete暗指取得成功的最后一步。

“Nothing worth doing is completed in our lifetime”(Reinhold Niebuhr).

“我们这辈子连一件有意义的事也没完成”(莱因霍尔德。尼泊赫)。

Close applies to the ending of something ongoing or continuing.

Close指正在进行的事件接近终点。

The orchestra closed the concert with an encore.交响乐团在再来一次的欢呼声中结束了音乐会。

If there is a further falloff in ticket sales,the play will close.

如果门票销售进一步下跌,这个剧目就会停演。

End emphasizes finality.

End强调结果。

We ended the meal with fruit and cheese.我们最后吃的是水果和奶酪。“Where laws end,tyranny begins”(William Pitt).

“哪里没有法制,暴政就从哪里开始”(威廉姆。皮特)。

Finish is sometimes interchangeable with complete.

Finish有时可与complete互换。

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