上海交通大学2019年博士入学考试考博英语真题共15页word资料

2019 上海交大考博英语真题

客观题部分

II. V ocabulary (10 points)

Part A (5 points)

1. International sport should create goodwill between the nations, but in the present organization of the Olympics somehow encourages__ patriotism.

A. obsolete

B. aggressive

C. harmonious

D. amiable

2. One call understand others much better by noting the immediate and fleeting reactions of their eyes and __ to expressed thoughts.

A. dilemmas

B. countenances

C. concessions

D. junctions

3. People innately _____ for superiority over their peers although it sometimes takes the form of an exaggerated lust for power.

A. strive

B. ascertain

C. justify

D. adhere

4.Some scientists have suggested that Earth is a kind of, zoo or wild life for intelligent space beings, like the wilderness areas we have set up on earth to allow animals to develop naturally while we observe them.

A. conservation

B. maintenance

C. storage

D. reserve

5. According to the latest report, consumer confidence___ a breathtaking 15 points .last month, to its lowest level in 9 years.

A. soared

B. mutated

C. plummeted

D. fluctuated

6. Melissa is a computer___ that destroyed files in computers and frustrated thousands of users around the world.

A. genius

B. virus

C. disease

D. bacteria

7. The emphasis on examinations is by far the worst form of competition in schools.

A. negligent

B. edible

C. fabulous

D. disproportionate

8. The boy seemed more _____ to their poverty, after seeing how his grandparents lived.

A. reconciled

B. consolidated

C. deteriorated

D. attributed

9. During his two-month stay, in China, Tom never____ a chance to practice his Chinese.

A. passed on

B. passed up

C. passed by

D. passed out

10. When a person dies, his debts must be paid before his ____ can be distributed.

A. paradoxes

B. legacies

C. platitudes

D. analog in

Part B (5 points)

11. He claims that advertising today tends to portray women in traditional roles such as cooking or taking care of the baby.

A. depict

B. advocate D; criticize D. analyze

12,. They achieved more than they had eye dreamed, lending a magic to their family story that no tale or ordinary life could possibly rival.

A. confirm

B. achieve

C.match D exaggerate

13. The most urgent thing is to find a dump. for those toxic____ industrial wastes.

A. imminent

B. recyclable

C. smelly

D. poisonous

14. British Prime Minister Tony Blair promised the electorate that guns would nor be fired without an attempt to win a further U.N. sanction.

A. allies

B. delegates

C. voters

D. juries

15. The analysis suggests that the tradeoff between our :children's college and

our own retirement security is ,chilling.

A. frightening

B. promising

C. freezing

D. revealing

16. Their signing of the treaty was regarded as a conspiracy against the British Crown.

A. secret plan

B. bold attack

C. clever design

D. joint effort

17. Evidence, reference, and foments by the thousand testify to a scrupulous researcher who does considerable justice to a full range of different beneficial and political positions.

A. trustworthy

B. intelligent

C. diligent

D. meticulous

18. Despite their Spartan, isolated lifestyle, them are no stories of women being raped or wanton violence against civilians in the region.

A. intriguing

B. exasperating:

C. demonstrative

D. unprovoked

19. The gang derived their nickname from their dark clothing and blacked up faces for .nocturnal raids in the forest.

A. illegal

B. night-time C, brutal D. abusive

20. Though sometimes too lazy to work as hard as her sisters, Linda has a more avid fondness for the limelight,

A. mercurial B, gallant C. ardent D. frugal

III. Cloze (10 points).

Like many other aspects of the computer age, Yahoo began as an idea, ___ 21 ___ into a hobby and Lately has ____22 ____ into a full- time passion. The two developers of Yahoo, David Filo and Jerry Yang, Ph. D candidates ___ 23 _ Electrical Engineering at Stanford University, started theirguide in April 1994 as a way to keep 24 of their personal interest on the Internet. Before long they ___25 ___ that their home, brewed lists were becoming too long and ____26____ Gradually they began to spend more and more time on Yahoo. During 1994, they ____ 27____ yahoo into a customized database de

signed to____28_____ the needs of the thousands of users____29____ began to use the service through the closely ___ 30____ Internet community. They developed customized software to help them___ 31 ___ locate, identify and edit material ___32___ on the Internet. The name

Yahoo is ____ 33____ to stand for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle". but Filo and Yang insist they selected the ___34 ___ because they considered themselves yahoos. Yahoo? itself first ___ 35 ___ on Yang's workstation, "akebono", while the search engine was ___ 36 ___ on Filo's computer, "Konishiki". In early 1995 Marc Andreessen, co-founder of Netscape Communication in Mountain View, California, invited Filo and Yang to move their files ___ 37___ to larger computers ___38____ at Netscape. As a result Stanford's computer network returned to ___ 39___ , and both parties benefits. Today,Yahoo___ 40 ___ organized information on tens of thousands of computers linked to the web.

1. A. became B. grew C. mm D. intend

2. A. made B. saw C. looked D. turned

3. A. in B. on C. about D. for

4. A. touch B. contact C. back D. record

5. A. founded E. found C. argued D. reported

6. A. unwieldy B. tough C. tamable D invaluable

7. A. exchanged B. shank C. sold D. converted

8. A. explain B. serve C. discover D. evaluate

9. A. which B. that C. actually D. eagerly

10. A. relative B. interactive C.bound D. contacted

11. A. fluently B. efficiently C.exactly D. actually

12. A. transmitted B. purchased C. sold D.

13. A. about B. bound C. going D. supposed

I4. A. fable B. model C. name D. brand

15. A. supported B. resided C. lived D. launched

16. A. connected B. lodged C. introduced D. linked

17. A. over B, away C. inside D. beneath

18. A. housed B. caught C. hosed D. bidden

19. A. average B. normal C. ordinary D. equal

20. A. attains B.detains C. maintains D. contains

IV. Reading Comprehension (20 points)

Passage 1

Guthrie's contiguity principle offers practical suggestions for how to break babies.

One application of the threshold method involves the time young children spend on academic activities. Young children have short attention spans, so the length of time they can sustain work on one activity is limited. Most activities are scheduled to last no longer than 30 to 40 minutes. However, at the start of the school year, attention spans quickly wane and behavior problems often result. To apply Gutiarie's theory, a teacher might, at the start of the year, limit acti-vities to 15 to 20 minutes.Over the next few weeks the teacher could gradually increase the time students spend working on a single activity.

The threshold method also can be applied to teaching printing and handwriting. When children first learn to form letters, their movements awkward and they lack free motor coordination. The distances between lines on a page are purposely wide so children can fit the letters into the space. If paper with narrow lines is initially introduced, students' letters would spill over the borders and students might become frustrated. Once students can form letters within the larger borders, they can use paper with smaller borders to help them refine their skills.

The fatigue method can be applied when disciplining disruptive students who build paper airplanes and sail them across the room. The teacher can remove the students from the classroom, We them a large stack of paper, and tell them to start making paper airplanes. After

the students have made several airplanes, the activity should lose its attraction and paper will become a cue for not building airplanes.

Some students continually race around the gym when they first enter their physical education class. To employ the fatigue method, the teacher might decide to have these students continue to run a few more laps after the class has begun.

The incompatible response method can be used with students who talk and misbehave in the media center. Reading is incompatible with talking. The media center teacher might ask the students to find interesting books and read them while in the center. Assuming that the students find the books enjoyable, the media center will, over time, become a cue for selecting and reading books rather than for talking with other students.

In a social studies class some students regularly fall asleep. The teacher realized that using the board and overhead projector while lecturing was very boring. Soon the teacher began to incorporate other elements into each lesson,such as experiments, videotapes, and debates, in an attempt to involves students and raise their interest in the course.

41. The purpose of this passage is to___

A. inform

B. persuade

C. debate

D. narrate 42. Guthrie identified three methods for__

A. educating students

B. altering bad habits

C. avoiding undesired action

D. forming good hobbies

43. Which of the following is not the example of applying the threshold method?

A. Parents introduce spinach in small bites or mixed with a food than the child enjoys over time so that the child will not refuse to eat it.

B. Teachers introduce academic content in short blocks of time for young children and gradually increase session length but not to where students become frustrated or bored.

C. Paper with wider lines is first used and then paper with narrow lines is introduced step by step to help children learn printing and handwriting.

D. A child might be made to throw toys until it is no longer fan by his parents in order to change his behavior of repeatedly throwing toys.

44. To stop snacking while watching television, people should keep their hands busy by sewing, painting, working crossword puzzles, and so forth. Over time. watching TV becomes a cue for engaging in an activity other than snack'king. What method is used in this example?

A. The threshold method.

B. The fatigue method.

C. The incompatible response method.

D. The punishment method.

45. We can draw the conclusion from the passage that

A. The incompatible response method is to force child to make unwanted response repeatedly in presence of stimulus until he or she becomes exhausted

B. The threshold method refers to introducing undesired behavior with a response incompatible with the undesired response so they can not be performed simultaneously

C. The fatigue method means that engaging in the behavior is transformed into avoiding it by introducing the stimulus at full strength so it becomes a cue for not performing it

D. The fatigue method is that in presence of stimulus teachers have child make response incompatible with unwanted response

Passage 2

The increase in global trade means that international companies cannot afford to make costly advertising mistakes if they want to be competitive.

Understanding the language and culture of target markets in foreign countries is one of the keys to successful international marketing. Too many companies, however, have jumped into

foreign markets with embarrassing wrests .

Translation mistakes are at the heart of many blunders in international advertising.

General Motors, the US auto manufacturer, got a costly lesson when it introduced its Chevrole Nova to the Puerto Rican market. "Nova" is Latin for new (star)" and means "star" in many languages, but in spoken Spanish it can sound like "no va", meaning "it doesn't go". Few people wanted to buy a car with that cursed meaning. When GM changed the name to Caribe, sales picked up" dramatically.

Marketing blunders have also been made by food and beverage companies.3ne American food company's friendly "Jolly Green Giant" (for advertising ,vegetables) became something quite different when it was translated into Arabic as "Intimidating Green Ogre".

When translated into German Pepsi's popular slogan, "Come Alive with Pepsi" came out implying "Come Alive from the Grave". No wonder customers in Germany didn't rush out to buy Pepsi. Successful international marketing doesn't stop with good translations--,-other aspects of culture must be researched and understood marketers are to avoid blunders.

When marketers do not understand and appreciate the values, tastes, geography, climate, superstitions, religion, or economy of a culture, they fail to capture their target market.

For example, an American designer tried to introduce a new pentane into the Latin American market but the product aroused little interest. The mail reason was that the camellia used in it was traditionally used for funerals in many South American countries.

Having awakened to the special nature of foreign advertising, companies are becoming much more conscientious in their translations and more sensitive to cultural distinctions. The best way to prevent errors is to hire professional translators who understand the target language and its idiomatic usage, or to use a technique called "back translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders.

The process uses one person to translate a message into the target language and another to translate it back. Effective translators aim to capture the, overall message of an advertisement because a word-for-word duplication of the original rarely conveys the intended meaning and often causes misunderstandings.

In designing advertisements for other countries, messages need to be shot and simple. They should also avoid jokes, since what is considered funny in one part of the world may not be so humorous in another.

46. The best title of this passage might be __ .

A. Culture Is Very Important is Advertising

B. Avoid Cultural Misunderstanding between Nations

C. Overcome Cultural Shock in Different Countries

D. Advertisements Reflect Various Life Styles

47. What does the word "blunder" mean in this passage?

A. hesitation

B. mistake

C. stutter

D. default

48. Which of the following statements can be used to summarize the gist from Paragraph 3 to Paragraph 6?

A. Cultural shocks

B. Faulty translations

C. Avoid cultural oversights

D. Prevent blunders

49. We can learn from the context in Paragraph 9 that the word "ca " most probably mean____

A. an animal used in perfume for its smell

B. a piece of fabric used both in perfume and at funerals

C. a flower used in perfume for its fragrance and used for funerals

D. an ornament used in perfume and at funerals

50. One way to prevent errors in advertising in different countries is to___

A.fire the translators who don't know the target language.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/f712678799.html,e the technique called "literal translation" to reduce the possibility of blunders

C. avoid cultural oversights and avoid certain jokes

D. explain in details when designing advertisement for other countries

Passage 3

It is not unusual for chief executives to collect millions of dollars a year in pay, stock options, and bonuses. In the last fifteen years, while executive remuneration rose, taxes in the highest income bracket went down. Millionaires are now commonplace.

Amiability is not a prerequisite for rising to the top, and there are a number of chief executive officers with legendary bad tempers. It is not the boss's job to worry about the well-being of his subordinates although the man with many enemies will be swept out more quickly in hard times; it is the company he worries about . His business savvy is supposed to be based on intimate knowledge of .his company and the industry .so he goes home nightly with a full briefcase. At the very top - and on the way up - executives are exceedingly dedicated.

The American executive must be capable of enough small talk to get him through the social part of his schedule, but he is probably not a highly cultured individual or an intellectual. Although his wife may be on the board of the symphony or opera, he himself has little time for such pursuits. His reading may largely concern business and management, despite interests in other fields. Golf provides him with a sportive outlet that combines with some useful socializing.

These days, he probably attempts some form of aerobic exercise to "keep the old heart in shape" and for the same reason goes easy on butter and alcohol,and substances thought to contribute to taking highly stressed executives out of the running. But his doctor's admonition to "take it easy" falls on deaf eyes. He likes to work. He knows there are younger men nipping

at his heels.

Corporate head-hunting, carried on by "executive search fares," is a growing industry. America has great faith in individual talent, and dynamic and aggressive executives are so in demand that companies regularly raid each other's managerial ranks.

51. We can infer from the second paragraph that___

A. promotion depends on amiability

B. chief executives do not work hard enough at the top level

C. it is the duty of the chief executive to look after the well-being of his subordinates

D. a chief executive is expected to know more about his company and the industry

52. The term "aerobic exercise" (fast line in second last paragraph) is a kind Of ____

A. hallucination exercise

B. physical exercise

C. meditation exercise

D. entertainment

53. From the last paragraph we can gather that ____

A. there are too many aggressive executives

B. individual talent is not essential for a company

C. the job of an "executive search rum" is corporate head-hunting

D. it is not common for companies to undermine each other's managerial ranks

54. For executives, according to the article, a golf course is a pl where ________

A. they can conduct their business

B. they can indulge themselves

C. they can cultivate their mind

D. they can exercise as well as socialize

55. What is NOT tree according to the article?

A. Executives tend to ignore doctors' advice and warnings.

B. Executives are sensitive to pressure from the younger generation.

C. All chief executives can earn millions of dollars a year.

D. Executives are careful of what they eat.

Passage 4

In November 1970 Y ukio Mishima, together with some of his fanatical followers from the ultra nationalistic Shield Society Which. he had four, did in 1966, broke into the headquarters of Japan's Eastern Defense Forces armed with swords and daggers, overpowered some aides, tied up the commanding general, and demanded that the troops be assembled to hear a speech. Mishima addressed the troops for ten minutes, inciting them to rebel against the constitutional government imposed by the United States that had, in his words,"turned Japan spineless." Receiving only ridicule in response, he returned to the general's office and there, before the general's unbelieving eyes, proceeded to kill himself in strict accordance with the traditional samurai ritual of seppuku. After Mishima had driven a dagger deep into his left abdomen, one of his aides severed his head with a sword. The aide likewise 'killed himself and was 5eheaded; the others surrendered.

In 1936 there had been a similar revolt and, though equally unsuccessful, it had foreshadowed the repressive me of General Toto that was to stage the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941. That earlier revolt is the one referred to in "Patriotism," one of Mishima's most powerful stories. Here life and fiction become joined. The act of seppuku was for Mishima a fulfillment, "the ultimate dream of my life." Bom of an ancient samurai family, he longed to die a hero's death in accordance with the ancient samurai code; but his weak body kept him from service in the war, and he had to compensate through body building (he became expert at karate and kendo) and, most important, through the discipline writing. In his short lifetime he turned out twenty novels, thirty plays, many essays, and more than eighty stories: he also produced,

directed, and acted in movies, and even sang on stage. His first book of stories, A Forest in Flower,appeared in 1943, but it was Confession of a Mask (1948), dealing with the meditations of a young man of homoridual leanings in a repressive society, that brought him fame. Mishima has been called "Japan's Hemingway," while others have compared him to "aesthetic" writers like Walter Peter and Oscar Wilde.

56. The article implies that

A. Mishima refused to join the army when he was young

B. Mishima has been regarded as a lunatic writer

C. Mishima is a person who's hard define

D. Critics all agree that Mishima is an aesthetic writer

57. The aim of the rebel led by Mishima was

A. For capture the commanding genera!

B. to urge the government to declare a war against America

C. to incite the soldiers to rebel against the Constitutional government

D. to force the Emperor to give up the throne

58. In the 1970 rebel, the speech made by Mishima____

A. was web received by the soldiers B, was laughed at by the soldiers

C. impressed the commanding general D, left a deep impression to the soldiers

59. What IS true according to article?

A. The general knew that Mishima had longed to die a hero's death.

B. The general was greatly taken aback by Mishima's suicide attempt

C. Some soldiers surrendered after Mishima's speech.

D. one of Mishima's aides was killed by the soldiers.

60. Mishima became a well-known writer after he had ___

A, written "Patriotism", one of his most powerful stories B. written eighty short stories C. published "A Forest in Flower" D. published "Confession of a Mask"

主观题部分

V. Translation (20 points)

Part A. (10 points)

One might ask why speculation is permitted when there is so real a danger of loss. The basic reason is that speculation can perform useful functions in the economy. Buying a commodity or stock in the belief that prices will rise speeds market equilibrium and encourages faster entry of more suppliers. If the price change lagged until after an actual commodity shortage had occurred, the fluctuation would probably be sharper and more sudden. Remedial supply action could not be further delayed. Similarly, if speculators foresee a surplus in some commodity, their selling of futures will help drive the price down to some extent before the Surplus actually occurs. When speculators foresee a shortage and bid up the price, they are also helping to conserve the present supply. As the price goes up,less of the commodity is purchased;

a rise in price encourages users to occur. Similarly, a lowering of price encourages users to buy more, thus helping to sell the surplus which is developing.

Part B. (10 points)

Directions: Translate the following into English on your ANSWER SHEET. 中国已经发层成为一个全球极富吸引力的、现实的大市场。世界各国和地区不少有远见卓识的企业家，都将目光投向了中国，并从投资活动中获得了丰厚的回报。我相信，中国加入世贸组织后，外商参与中国投资活动的机会将越来越多，自身发展的空间也越来越大。在中国的投资活动一定能成为沟通世界各国和地区的企业家与中国市场的一座桥梁，促进中国和世界经济共同发展、共同繁荣。

VI. Writing (20 points)

Directions Write an essay in no less than 250 words with file title "My Understanding of GlobaIization". Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.