电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述及外文文献资料

本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述

一、外文文献

文献信息

标题: E-Commerce in India

作者: Saini, Babita

期刊: The International Journal of Business & Management

卷: 2；；期: 2；页: 1-5；年份: 2014

E-Commerce in India

Abstract

E-commerce stands for electronic commerce and pertains to trading in goods and services through the electronic medium. B2B, B2C, C2C and similar opportunity help consumer preferences and consumer markets developing electronic- infrastructure for challenges of the future. E-commerce has revolutionized business, changing the shape of competition with internet (The NET) ,the computer communication network creating a e-commerce market place for consumers and business . Electronic commerce or business is more than just another way to sustain or enhance existing business practices. Rather, e-commerce is a paradigm shift. It is a "disruptive" innovation that is radically changing the traditional way of doing business. Ecommerce is showing tremendous business growth in our country. Increasing internet users have added to its growth. The present study has been undertaken to describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India . And to analyze the present trends of E-Commerce in India and examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India. This paper examines different opportunities of e-commerce viz., E-business, E-learning, It raises key challenges that are being faced by consumers relating to e-commerce .Now-a-days, the practice of E-Commerce has been dramatically changed, particularly in last five years . Therefore, E-Commerce form of marketing is a process or a modern technique used by business firms, companies, and industries for doing their business work through the e-net system.

Keywords: Electronic Commerce, E-net, E-business

1. Introduction

E-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. It means dealing in goods and services through the electronic media and internet. On the internet, it relates to a website of the vendor, who sells products or services directly to the customer from the portal using a digital shopping cart or digital shopping basket system and allows payment through credit card, debit card or EFT (Electronic fund transfer) payments. E-commerce or E-business involves carrying on a business with the help of the internet and by using the information technology like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). More simply put, E-Commerce is the movement of business onto the World Wide Web. E-Commerce has almost overnight become the dominant online activity. There is no single definition of E- Commerce, it means only commercial activity which is performed or linked to or supported by Electronic Communication. The effects of e-commerce are already appearing in all areas of business, from customer service to new product design.

2. What Is E-Commerce?

Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services. It also pertains to "any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather by physical exchanges or direct physical contact. E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network.

3. The objectives of the Study

The objectives of the present study are:

* To describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India;

* To analyse the present trends of E-Commerce in India;

* To examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India.

4. Reasons Behind the Growth of E -Commerce

* Busy Lifestyle

The lifestyle of people is so busy that they are unable to go to the crowded markets every time for shopping. The customers prefer to shop in a relaxed environment at their own convenience.

* High Disposable Income

With growing job opportunities the income sources have also increased. Because of high spending power, customers are willingly able to pay for the products online.

* Awareness of Products

People are much more aware nowadays regarding thep roducts available in the markets. They are quite aware about new products, product features, availability, price etc. through the help of media like television, radio, newspaper etc. Because of these reasons they feel confident while shopping online.

* Rising Computer Educational Level

Due to the efforts of Government and Private Educational Institutions in India, computer education is getting new horizons. People are much more aware regarding the tools and techniques of computers. Not only students of urban areas, students of rural areas, housewives and business persons are also attracted towards the advance technologies of computer like e - commerce and e- business. With the development of educational standards there is automatically a great demand to buy and use new products.

* Increased Usage of Internet -With

more than 100 million Internet users, the country is beginning to achieve a critical mass of users who are familiar with we services. In addition, over the past few years, relatively sophisticated online travel laments ("OTAs"), such as Make My Trip - which started turning these initial Web

users into Web consumers - have dominated Indian e-commerce. Saves Money -One another reason for adapting e- Commerce and online shopping technology is that the unwanted expenditure of petrol, parking and toll etc. is considerably reduced.

* Easy to Find the Review of Products -

It is quite easy to find the review of products by the help of online shopping. E-commerce has made it simpler to get information regarding the product and the customers can purchase the products after getting reviews and feedback of the product.

5. Importance and Uses of E. Commerce

* Exploitation of New Business

Broadly speaking, electronic commerce emphasizes the generation and exploitation of new .business opportunities and to use popular phrases: "generate business value" or "do more with less".

* Enabling the Customers

Electronic Commerce is enabling the customer to have an increasing say in what products are made, how products are made and how services are delivered (movement from a slow order fulfillment process with little understanding of what is taking place inside the firm, to a faster and rt1ore open process with customers having greater control.

* Improvement of Business Transaction

Electronic Commerce endeavors to improve the execution of business transaction over various networks.

* Effective Performance

It leads to more effective performance i.e. better quality, greater customer satisfaction and better corporate decision making.

* Greater Economic Efficiency

We may achieve greater economic efficiency (lower cost) and more rapid exchange (high speed, accelerated, or real-time interaction) with the help of electronic commerce.

* Execution of Information

It enables the execution of information-laden transactions between two ore more parties using inter connected networks. These networks can be a combination of "plain old telephone system' (POTS), Cable TV, leased lines and wireless. Information based transactions are creating new ways of doing business and even new types of business.

* Incorporating Transaction

Electronic Commerce also incol 1'orates transaction management, which organizes, routes, processes and tracks transactions. It also includes consumers making electronic payments and funds transfers

* Increasing of Revenue

The firm uses technology to either lower operating costs or increase revenue. Electronic Commerce has the Potential to increase revenue by creating new markets for old products, creating new information-based products, and establishing new service delivery channels to better serve and interact with customers. The transaction management aspect of electronic commerce can also enable firms to reduce operating costs by enabling better coordination in the sales, production and distribution processes and to consolidate operations arid reduce overhead.

* Reduction of Friction, Electronic

Commerce research and its associated implementations is to reduce the "friction" in online transactions frictions is often described in economics as a transaction cost. It can arise from inefficient market structures and inefficient combinations of the technological activities required to make a transaction. Ultimately, the reduction of friction in online commerce will enable smoother transaction between buyers, intermediaries and sellers.

* Facilitating of Network Form

Electronic Commerce is also impacting business .to business interactions. It facilitates the network form of organization where small, flexible firms rely on another partner, companies for component supplies and product distribution to meet changing customer demand more effectively. Hence, an end to end relationship management solution is a desirable goal that is needed to manage the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors and even competitors. The management of "online transactions" in the supply chain assumes a central roll.

* Facilitating for Organizational Model

It is facilitating an organizational model that is fundamentally different from the past. It is a control organization to the information based organization. The emerging forms of techno-organizational structure involve changes in managerial responsibilities, communication and information flows and work group structures .

6. Opportunities for E-Commerce

Young Jun Choi1, Chung Suk Suh(2005) reported that the development of the internet

in the 20th century led to the birth of an electronic marketplace or it is called e-marketplace, which is now a kernel of electronic commerce (e-commerce). An e- marketplace provides a virtual space where sellers and buyers trade with each other as in the traditional marketplace. Various kinds of economic transactions and buying and selling of goods and services, as well as exchanges of information, take place in e- marketplaces. E-marketplaces have become an alternative place for trading. Finally, an e-marketplace can serve as an information agent that provides buyers and sellers with information on products and other participants in the market. These features have been reshaping the economy by affecting the behavior of buyers and sellers. E-businesses E-business affects the whole business and the value chains in which it operates. It enables a much more integrated level of collaboration between the different components of a value chain than ever before. Adopting e-Business also allows companies to reduce costs and improve customer response time. Organizations that transform their business practices stand to benefit immensely from innumerable new possibilities brought about by technology (https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/sectors/task-forces/e-business/e-business.htm). E-commerce as anything that involves an online transaction. This can range from ordering online, through online delivery of paid content, to financial transactions such as movement of money between bank accounts. One area where there are some positive indications of e-commerce is financial services. Online stock trading saw sustained growth throughout the period of broadband diffusion. E-shopping is available to all these who use a computer. Over the past year https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,, ebay India, Indiatimes have seen a rapid growth in categories such as mobile handsets, jewellery, fashion apparel, books, gift items and other items.

7. Challenges for E Commerce

Internet based e-commerce has besides, great advantages, posed many threats because of its being what is popularly called faceless and borderless. Some examples of ethical issues that have emerged as a result of electronic commerce. All of the following examples are both ethical issues and issues that are uniquely related to electronic commerce. Ethical issues: Jackie Gilbert Bette Ann Stead (2001),reported the

following ethical issues related to e-commerce.

* Privacy

Privacy has been and continues to be a significant issue of concern for both current and prospective electronic commerce customers. With regard to web interactions and e- commerce the following dimensions are most salient: (1) Privacy consists of not being interfered with, having the power to exclude; individual Privacy is a moral right.

(2) Privacy is "a desirable condition with respect to possession of information by other persons about him/herself on the observation/perceiving of him/herself by other persons"

* Security Concerns

In addition to privacy concerns, other ethical issues are involved with electronic commerce. The Internet offers unprecedented ease of access to a vast array of goods and services. The rapidly expanding arena of "click and mortar" and the largely unregulated cyberspace medium have however prompted concerns about both privacy and data security.

* Other Ethical Issues

Manufacturers Competing with Intermediaries Online "Disintermediation," a means eliminating the intermediary such as retailers, wholesalers, outside sales reps by setting up a Website to sell directly to customers. Disintermediations include (1) music being downloaded directly from producers (2) authors distributing their work from their own Web sites or through writer co-operatives.

8. Advantages of E-Commerce

E-commerce provides multiple benefits to the consumers in form of availability of goods at lower cost, wider choice and saves time. People can buy goods with a click of mouse

Button without moving out of their house or office. Similarly online services such as banking, ticketing (including airlines, bus, railways), bill payments, hotel booking etc. have been

of tremendous benefit for the customers. The Indian e-commerce portals also provide goods and services in a variety of categories like apparel and accessories for men and

women, health and beauty products, books and magazines, computer and peripherals, vehicles, software, consumer electronics, household appliances, jewelry, audio and videos, entertainment, goods, gift articles, real estate and services.

9. Facilitators of E-Commerce in India

9.1. Information Directories

Portals like https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/ and https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/ maintain directories giving trade details on almost any topic, whether it is from apparel to toys, from gems to heavy machinery, or form food to employment. The products and services are listed with appropriate sub-headings to make it easy for a serious information-seeker to find what he wants. Some other similar sites are https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/, https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/ and https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/. Allied services provided by them are message boards, chat rooms, forums, etc.

9.2. Banks

* Net banking/phone banking: This is an online banking facility available for savings account holders as well as current account holders. Some of the special Net banking services are: Demat accounts for sale/purchase of stocks and shares, Foreign Exchange services, Direct/Instant payment of bills on the account-holder's behalf, Financial Planning etc.

* Credit/Debit Cards- Banks facilitate E-commerce by providing the most vital trade instrument, namely the Credit or Debit Card, without which E-commerce would be impossible. Some of the major Indian players in these fields are: https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/, https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/ and https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,.

10. Presents Trends of E-Commerce in India

India is developing rapidly and if development is to be measured, how can we ignore the role of ecommerce in it. The internet user base in India might still be a mere 100 million which is much less when compared to its penetration in the US or UK but it's surely expanding at an alarming rate. The number of new entrants in this sphere is escalating daily and with growth rate reaching its zenith; it can be presumed that in years to come, customary retailers will feel the need to switch to online business.

Insights into increasing demand for broadband services, rising standards of living, availability of wider product ranges, reduced prices and busy lifestyles reveal this fact more prominently thereby giving way to online deals on gift vouchers. Going by the statistics, According to a statement released by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), the ecommerce market was expected to touch Rs 46520 crore turnover marks in 2011. The table-1 shows market size of different verticals of ecommerce industry since 2007 to 2011. The growth in ecommerce business clearly implies the growing number of internet users .The online purchases are limited to certain categories like gaming subscription, food delivery, online classifieds, buying movie tickets, travel related purchases and electronics items etc. The growth in ecommerce industry is primarily driven by online travel industry which has contributed 80 % (Rs 25298 crore) in 2010 and expected to touch 81 % (Rs 37890 Crore) in 2011 of total ecommerce market and is building user confidence. The online travel industry includes sale of domestic air travel, international travel, hotel bookings, railway tickets, bus tickets, tour packages and travel insurance etc.

11. Single Product E-Commerce

Some Indian portals/websites deal in a specialized field, for example

* In Automobiles, the portals are https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/ and https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/, on these sites we can buy and sell four-wheelers and two-wheelers, new as well as used vehicles, online. Some of the services they provide are; car research and reviews, online evaluation, technical specifications, vehicle insurance, vehicle finance, dealer locator etc.

* In Stock and Shares Markets some of the sites are https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/, https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/. Some of the services offered to registered members are; Online buying/dealing of stocks and shares, market analysis and research, company information, comparison of companies, research on equity and mutual funds, tracking market trends etc.

* In Real Estate, the portals like https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/ facilitate online dealing in real estate. They offer either outright purchase or lease of a property through their portal. They provide information on new properties as well as for resale.

One can deal directly with developers/builders or through consultant/brokers. Some of the allied services are housing finance, insurance companies, architects &interior designers, property management consultant services etc.

* In Travel and Tourism industry, India has a rich history and heritage and e-commerce is instrumental, to a large extent, in selling India as a product, encouraging Indians as well as foreigners to see its multifaceted culture and beauty. A major Government of India portal, https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/ has a vast variety of information for a potential tourist. The tourist destination sites are categorized according to themes like: eco-themes pertains to jungles, flora and fauna, beaches of India, architectural attractions, forts and places, hill resorts, adventure-trekking, mountain climbing etc. Allied services offered are passport and visa, travel &accommodation information, weather information, festival &fair dates, shopping, tour operators and more. There are also sites that highlight the tourist destinations of a specific region in India, like https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/, which covers North East India.

* In Gift Items: In the bygone days, one had to plan what to gift a loved one, trudge across to your favorite shop, and browse for hours before purchasing a gift. Today there are specific Indian websites making the act of gifting quick and easy to suit ones lifestyle. One such site is httpV/www.indiangiftsportal.conV. The gifts are categorized as collectibles like paintings and sculptures, toys &games, chocolates, flowers, wood-craft &metal craft, luxury items like leather goods, perfumes, jewelry boxes, etc.

* Hobbies: The most popular hobbies from time immemorial are reading, music and films. On the India website https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/ one can buy more than 300000 titles of books, cassettes, VCDs and DVDs. The books cover a wide range of topics like business, art, cookery, engineering, children's stories, health, medicine etc. As for music and videos, they are available in English as well as in Indian languages to cater to the varied tastes and the topics range from devotional songs, old-time favorites and retro and jazz to the latest pop, rap etc.

* Matrimony: It is said that marriage is made in heaven, but in the world of

e-commerce they are made on marriage portals like https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/ and https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,/. One can search for a suitable match on the websites by region of residence (India or abroad), religion or caste. Once registered with them, they have e-mail facility and chat rooms too, so that the couple gets to know more about each other before making the biggest decision of their lives. Allied services for registered are astrological services, information on customs and rituals, legal issues, health and beauty etc.

* In the field of employment two major portals like https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html, and https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html, are instrumental in providing job seekers with suitable employment at the click of a mouse. They have directories categorized under headings employers and job-seekers. The service for job seekers is free and for employment they charge a nominal fee. Jobs are available online in fields, ranging from secretarial to software development, and from real estate to education.

12. Present Scenario and Statistics of Ecommerce

It has been estimated that the worldwide E-Commerce market will exceed $46 billion in consumer transactions by the year 2001 (courtesy IDC) and 15% of all WWW users have used it to purchase a product or service online (courtesy CommerceNet/Nielsen Media). The Figure below illustrates the statistics of some of these market predictions. * In 2011 E-Retailing industry was Rs crore 3600.

* The number of transaction presently in India is 10 million, which is expected to increase by 38 million by 2015.

* Currently the Estimated number of internet user in India is 376 million by 2015.

* In 2011 Ecommerce Ventures Raised Around -1622.6 crore of private

* Retailer giant Macy's and some other began shipping to India.

* In 2012 Amazon entered into India with https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,.

* In 2011 growth in online sale of Tesco recorded was 15.2%.

* Retail in India is tiny in comparison to $550 billion market which is unorganized.

* 12 of ACCEL's 38 investments are e-commerce.

* No. of employee in FLIPKART is 3500, this number is 800 at https://www.360docs.net/doc/fc11990865.html,

Share of E-commerce industry wise

* Travel- 51%

* E-Retailing-40%

* Cothiers-09%

13. Conclusion

E-commerce creates new opportunities for business; it also creates new opportunities for education and academics. It appears that there is tremendous potential for providing e-business education. Initially, new Internet users would be reluctant to conduct any kind of business online, citing security reasons as their main concern. In order to increase consumer adoption of e-services, the sources of consumer confusion, apprehension and risk need to be identified, understood and alleviated. E-commerce provides tremendous opportunities in different areas but it requires careful application for consumer protection issues. Growth of e- commerce would also depend to a great extent on effective IT security systems for which necessary technological and legal provisions need to be put in place and strengthened constantly. E-Commerce is the future of shopping. With the deployment of 3 G and 4G wireless communication technologies, the internet economy will continue to grow robustly. In the next 3 to 5 years, India will have 30 to 70 million internet users which will equal, if not surpass, many of the developed countries.

二、文献综述

电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述

摘要

本文对电子商务、贸易中介与国际贸易三者间的相互关系进行了梳理，所涉及的文献研究表明，电子商务时代，贸易中介在国际贸易中扮演的角色逐渐发生变化，中介的商品转卖和信息匹配功能优势逐渐丧失，而规模经济、范围经济、降低产品不确定性、资源整合等功能日益突出。电子商务的出现使得贸易中介不仅没有消失，而且呈现新的演化特征。由于电子商务的重要性，需要在现有新新贸易理论和贸易中介理论中引入这一因素，进一步从理论和经验两方面研究电子

商务背景下新型贸易中介的功能及其对国际贸易发展的作用。

关键词电子商务贸易; 中介贸易; 综述

1引言

新古典贸易理论和新贸易理论暗含的假设是，国际贸易中消费者与同质生产者是直接交易的，至于生产者如何把产品卖给消费者，或者说“贸易如何实现”这个问题是被忽视的，传统贸易理论无法解释现实中大量存在的“贸易中介”现象，也无法对企业出口渠道选择差异性、跨境电子商务的发展等现象做出合理解释。在现实世界中，国际市场营销、销售渠道、跨境电子商务新型贸易中介以及贸易中介却都是非常重要的话题。Rauch et al( 2002) 以及Bernard et al( 2010) 研究发现，由于交易成本的存在，大部分企业尤其是中小企业是通过贸易中介进入国际市场的，产品的生产到国外消费之间包含了众多可交易环节，Ahn et al( 2011) 的研究也表明贸易中介在中国对外贸易扩张中的重要作用。导致这种理论和现实错位的根本原因在于传统贸易理论对交易成本的忽视。贸易中介作为节约交易成本的一种制度安排，需要把它纳入国际贸易理论重新阐释企业出口行为的差异性，并重新理解贸易政策的作用机制。

而电子商务在全球蓬勃发展，不仅促进了国际贸易扩张，也改变了贸易中介的功能，电子商务的兴起对于交易费用下降、生产组织方式和交易模式的改变起到了重要推动作用，使得贸易模式和全球生产模式产生了重构，也为研究国际贸易中介的作用机制、电子商务与贸易中介相互关系，以及电子商务如何影响贸易模式等问题提供了一个有益的切入点，电子商务已经成为研究国际贸易不可或缺的维度。

2国际贸易中的贸易中介

2.1 贸易中介的功能及其经济学解释

传统贸易中介( 或交易中介) 的定义是，它是一个专门从供应商那里购买商品然后转卖给买方或是为交易双方提供平台并促成交易的经济中介( Spulber，1996) ，这个定义包含了商品转买或转卖，以及买卖双方信息匹配两大功能。与国内贸易相比，国际贸易面临更为严重的信息不对称问题，文化和制度差异成为贸易的一大障碍。Anderson and Van Wincoop ( 2004) 的研究发现发达国家的贸易成本相当于征收了170% 的关税，而发展中国家甚至更多，其中21% 的成本

与运输费相关、44% 的成本与边境贸易壁垒相关以及55%的成本来自国内市场交易成本( 主要来自批发和零售商的价格加成) 等。而边境相关贸易壁垒包括语言障碍、基于供求匹配的信息搜寻、货币兑换障碍以及关税与非关税壁垒等相关政策成本。

Roberts and Tybout( 1997) 对哥伦比亚企业的研究也表明，信息成本是企业进入出口市场所支付成本中的重要组成部分，此外跨国交易还涉及到更高的合约实施道德风险问题( Ｒodrik，2004) ，合约实施问题本质上也是信息不对称所派生出来的。如何降低这种跨国交易中的风险和成本呢? 为此贸易实践衍生出很多制度，例如第三方发行的信用证制度、关系交易网络、贸易中介等等，这些制度在为买卖双方信息匹配提供了有效渠道、降低交易风险方面发挥了重要作用。

而最近有一些文献讨论了企业的生产效率等异质性特征与出口方式之间的关系，认为贸易中介可以利用其自身的优势和出口渠道，为那些相对低效率的边际企业提供了产品出口的可能，从而促进了贸易扩张( Ahn et al 2010; Akerman，2009; Felbermayr and Jung，2009，2011) ，这些研究实际上强调了贸易中介的商品转买或转卖的功能。而传统中介除了具有商品转卖功能，贸易中介还具有信息匹配功能。Ｒubinstein 和Wolinksy( 1987) 、Yavas( 1994) 在完全信息的条件下建立的双边谈判模型，将中间商纳入模型，分析表明交易中介能有效地促进买卖者的匹配。现实的交易中信息往往是不对称的，Biglaiser( 1993，1994) 的进一步研究表明，交易双方对产品的质量信息不对称、产品质量识别成本较高或消费者转换成本较高的市场中，贸易中介的存在为产品提供了质量保证，缓解了逆向选择问题，从而提高市场交易效率。在此基础上，Petropoulou( 2011) 讨论了有信息摩擦的贸易环境下，贸易中介的生产者与消费者信息匹配作用，他的研究发现，在一定条件下信息摩擦与贸易总额并非为单调递减关系，因为信息成本对于直接和间接出口的影响正好是相反的，较高的信息成本不利于企业直接出口，但同时有助于激励信息中介的建立，以此推动间接出口，从而解释了仅仅在信息不对称情况下贸易中介的作用及其形成机制。

2.2 国际贸易中的中介现象

大量的经验研究表明，贸易中介对于国际贸易发展意义重大，Bernard etal( 1995) 和Bernard，Jensen，and Schott ( 2009) （完整内容请到百度文库）