第十一讲-读写任务概要(summary)导练
第11讲读写任务概要（summary）导练【考纲解读】
概述文章的大意，提炼文章的语言，将作者写作的意图，文章的主要观点和内容用自己的话概括出来
【注意事项】“五定三忌”
定体裁；定主题；定时态；
定人称；定技巧。
忌照抄原文；忌私加观点；
忌不符字数。
【重点难点】
一：记叙文
方法点拨：串连要素法
记叙文的概要, 一般包括记叙文的六个要素(who; when; where; what; how; why), 也就是考生应先通读阅读短文，找出这六个要素,然后用自己的话将这六个要素串成一两句话即可。
当然, 不一定每篇记叙文都包含这六个要素,但“某人做了某事, 结果如何”是应当包括的。因此, 要写好概要, 须找到以下两个问题的答案：
(1) 谁做了什么？(who did what)
(2) 结果如何？(what was the result)
如果是夹叙夹议的文章, 还要加上这个故事给人们的启示或教育。
[典型例题] (2011年广东)
阅读下面短文, 然后按要求写一篇150词左右的英语短文。
When Samfirst got to his boarding school with his parents, he was very happy. He thought he would be able to go home every weekend. When he was told he would not, he started crying because the thought of not seeing his parents was driving him crazy.He was given uniforms and all other things that he would need for the term. He started crying when it was time for his parents to leave. He was then taken to the dorm, where he saw other children happy. He tried as much as he could to fit in but could not because his mind was at home. He started feeling homesick(想家)and wanted to go homes as soon as possible.
He got sick soon because he could not eat the school food. He could not concentrate in the classroom. All he could think was being at home with his family. He had no mobile phone or other means to get in touch with his parents. He was angry and felt lonely. He thought his parents hated him and that was why they left him in a boarding school.
解题过程
第一步, 根据［写作内容2］, 快速获取大意。解题前, 可以通过［写作内容2］和材料文体,快速准确地把握阅读材料的主要内容并形成概要的基本框架。如本题阅读［写作内容2］,并扫视材料可知是记叙文, 于是可推知,本文的概要框架应是：Sam想家的时间、地点、原因、影响和结果。
第二步：阅读材料，回答以下两个问题。
(1) 谁做了什么？Sam got to a boarding school and he felt homesick.
(2) 结果如何？He got sick. He was angry with his parents and felt lonely.
第三步：用自己的话将其串联起来。参考范文如下：
范文1：Sam could not get used to the life of the boarding school, and he thought his parents hated him and left him in it, which made him sick, angry and lonely.
范文2：In the passage, the writer talks about Sam’s experience of homesickness. He suffered a lot and felt dissatisfied with his parents after being left in a boarding school.
[课堂练习]
阅读下面短文, 然后以约30个词概括该文的主要内容。
On a recent Sunday, I was buying groceries in a supermarket when I heard the sound of a car accident. It was close but not very close, so I continued shopping.
As I took a right turn on Munadhama Street, I saw a man lying on the ground in a small pool of blood. He wasn’t dead。
The idea of stopping to help or to take him to a hospital crossed my mind, but I didn’t dare. Cars passed without stopping. Pedestrians and shop owners kept doing what they were doing, pretending nothing had happened.
I was still looking at the wounded man and blaming myself for not stopping to help. Other shoppers peered at him from a distance, sorrowful and sympathetic, but did nothing.
I went on to another grocery store, staying for about five minutes while shopping for tomatoes, onions and other vegetables. During that time, the man managed to sit up and wave to passing cars.
No one stopped. No one did anything. No one lifted a finger.
The wounded died alone in the street. The only reaction came from a woman in the grocery store. In a low voice, she said, “My God, bless his soul.”
An offer of aid could have saved the man’s life.
二：说明文
方法点拨：我们根据说明文的不同类型, 分别给出三种参考模板：
1. 描写某事物的性质功用。即“对象+性质功用+利好”：
(In the passage) the writer introduces... (对象)to us, especially its...(性质或功用), from which we know...(对象带来的利好).
2. 针对某个问题提出解决方法或措施。即“问题+解决方法”：
The passage tells us...(问题), including...(方法1), ...(方法2)and...(方法3).
3. 介绍某现象及其原因和结果。即“现象+原因+结果”：
(The author/writer said/talks about)...(现象)of..., because /but...(原因/本质1), and... (原因/本质2).
※特别提醒：在高考读写任务中, 多为说明某种社会现象的说明文。
[典型例题]阅读下面短文, 然后以约30个词概括这段短文的内容。
Eye care is an important factor in all of our lives. Without eyes, we seem to be able to do nothing. But, what can we do to take care of eyes? Firstly, we should eat healthy foods. Secondly,
don’t sit before a computer screen or TV for too long time and take regular rest at intervals so as to relax the eye muscles. Thirdly, having enough sleep is the best rest for eyes.
Besides those notices, you should be aware of some threats to eyes in daily lives. Excessive exposure to bright sunlight is harmful to eyes, therefore, when going out, especially in summer time, put on a pair of qualified sunglasses. Stay away from smoking. Some ingredients in cigarettes are carcinogenesis(致癌的).
Last but not least, take regular medical examines to check out the potential eye disease and prevent its deterioration(退化). Eyes are the most important sense organs and one should use proper eye care products to avoid further irritations (刺激)and ensure longevity at ease.
解题过程
本文在指出眼睛重要后, 紧接着提出问题“为保护眼睛, 我们可以做些什么呢”, 然后分三点说明应该做些什么。因此, 我们可以套用“问题+解决方法”模式：
Our eyes are important for us, so the author tells us how to take care of our eyes, including eating healthy food, giving them enough time to rest, knowing some threats, and taking frequent eye examinations.
[课堂练习]阅读下面的短文，然后以约30个词概括这段短文的内容。
A new study warns that about thirty percent of the world’s people may not have enough water by the year 2025. A private American organization call Population Action International did the new study. It says more than three hundred thirty five million people lack enough water now, the people live in twenty-eight countries. Most of the countries are in Africa or the Middle East.
PAI researcher Robert Engelman says by the year 2025, about three thousand million people may lack water. At least 18 more countries are expected to have severe water problems. The demand for water keeps increasing. Yet the amount of water on earth stays the same.
Mr. Engelman says the population in the countries that lack water is growing faster than in other parts of the world. He says population growth in these countries will continue to increase.
The report says lack of water in the future may result in several problems. It may increase health problems. Lack of water often means drinking waters is not safe. Mr. Engelman says there are problems all over the world because of diseases, such as cholera, which are carried in water.
Lack of water may also result in more international conflicts. Countries may have to compete for water in the future. Some countries now get sixty percent of their fresh water from other countries. This is true of Egypt, the Netherlands, Cambodia, Syria, Sudan, and Iraq. And the report says lack of water would affect the ability of developing to improve their economies. This is because new industries often need a large amount of water when they are beginning.
三：议论文
议论文通常包括论点、论据和结论, 因此写议论文的概要主要是找出主题句(the topic sentences)、支撑句(supporting sentences)和结论句(conclusion sentences)。其中最主要的是找准主题句。
方法点拨：概要模板：论点+论据(+结论)
[典型例题](2011珠海一模)阅读下面短文, 然后以约30个词概括该文的主要内容。
Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times. Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and get up early, we would be energetic the whole day.
So, getting up early is of great importance to us all.In fact, morning is the best time of a day. In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions. Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than any other time of the day.
If we do some morning exercise or only take a short walk in the morning, we can build our bodies and become much healthier. Also we will have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or study of the day if we get up early. However, if we get up late, we will probably have to do everything in a great hurry.
Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it. If we stick to getting up early every day, we will certainly benefit a lot from it.
解题过程
第一步，根据文体, 找出要点。略读短文, 本文是典型的议论文, 第一段为议点, 第二、三自然段为论据, 最后一段为结论, 首尾呼应。论点、论据和结论分别为：
论点Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit
论据(1)we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the
morning
(2)build our bodies and become much healthier
(3)have enough time to make a plan and get ready for our work or
study of the day
结论getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it
(范文1) The passage mainly tells us getting up early in the morning is a good habit that will benefit us a lot. It enables us to have a better memory, healthier body and better preparation for the day.
(范文2) The passage tries to tell us that getting up early in the morning is a good habit that will benefit us a lot, including a better memory, healthier body and better preparation for the day.
(范文3) The passage tells us that getting up early in the morning is a good habit that will benefit us a lot. It enables us to have a better memory, healthier body and better preparation for the day.
[课堂练习]阅读下面的短文，然后以约30个词概括这段短文的内容。
Honesty is one of the most treasured traditional values in China. The children are taught to be honest when they are very young. At schools the students are also instructed to be honest. However, with the development of society, we often hear complaints about dishonesty. Reports with the theme of dishonesty often appear in the media. For example, some people try to get rich and live a comfortable life. But they do not work hard honestly, instead they cheat others. They sell something quite ordinary at a very high price. Some people's delaying paying back the loan can serve as another example. Some people, including some college students, get loan from the bank, and promise to pay within, say, 3 years. However, they don't do that.
The dishonest people sometimes can get benefit from their behaviors. So some people assert that dishonesty can bring people benefit, while honesty only makes people suffer. Is that so? Definitely not. It is always true that honesty is the best policy. It pays to be honest. The cheater selling "the treasure" mentioned above will surely be disclosed and punished some day.
On the contrary, if he had been honest, neither the buyer nor he himself would have suffered. The people who do not return money in time will sooner or later become infamous, and will not get the
money from others again. If he had acted differently, he would have earned respect and trust, meanwhile, the bank would not have suffered from loss.
[课后巩固练习]
练习1
阅读下面的短文，阅读下面的短文，然后以约30个词概括这段短文的内容。。
I received a call from the nursing home. Grandpa was failing rapidly. There was nothing to do but hold his hand. “I love you, Grandpa. Thank you for always being there for me.”
Memories...memories... on hot summer days plowing the soil, planting the corn and beans and harvesting them in the fall...always working from dawn to dusk. But on Sundays he put on his gray suit and hat. Grandma wore her wine-colored dress and ivory beads, and they went to church.
I removed Grandpa's things from the room and found a very old handmade valentine in the top drawer of his nightstand. A piece of white paper had been glued to the center of the heart. On it, penned in Grandma's handwriting, were these words:
TO LEE FROM HARRIET With All My Love, February 14, 1895
Are you alive? Real? Or are you the most beautiful dream that I have had in years? Are you an angel—or a figment of my imagination?
You made me laugh when my heart was crying. You helped me set new goals when I was dying. You showed me dew drops and I had diamonds. You sang to me and angelic choirs burst forth in song. You held my hand and my whole being loved you. You gave me a ring and I belonged to you. I belonged to you and I have experienced all.
Tears streamed down my cheeks as I read the words. Now it is framed on my dresser, a treasured part of family history.
练习2
阅读下面的短文，阅读下面的短文，然后以约30个词概括这段短文的内容。。
I have a friend Monty Roberts who owns a horse ranch (牧马场) in San Ysidro. When he was a senior, he was asked to write a paper about what he wanted to be and do when he grew up.
The next day he handed it in to the teacher. On the front was a large red F. The boy with the dream asked, “Why did I receive an F?”
The teacher said, “This is an unrealistic dream for a young boy like you. You have no money. You come from an itinerant（四处奔波的）family. You have no resources. Owning a horse ranch requires a lot of money. You have to buy the land. You have to pay for the original breeding stock and later you’ll have to pay large stud fees. There’s no way you could ever do it.”
He stated, “You can keep the F and I’ll keep my dream.”
The best part of the story is that two summers ago that same schoolteacher brought 30 kids to camp out on his ranch for a week. When the teacher was leaving, he said, “Look, Monty, I can tell you this now. When I was your teacher, I was something of a dream stealer. During those years I
stole a lot o f kids’ dreams. Fortunately you had enough belief not to give up on yours.”
练习3
阅读下面的短文，阅读下面的短文，然后以约30个词概括这段短文的内容。。
“Can I see my baby?” asked the happy new mother. The bundle(婴儿包)was placed in her arms and when she moved the fold of cloth to look upon his tiny face, she gasped-the baby has been born without ears. Time, however, prove d that the baby’s hearing was perfect except his appearance.
One day when he rushed home from school and threw himself into his mother’s arms, he cried out bitterly, “A boy, a big boy… called me a f-…freak.” She sighed, knowing that his life was to be endless of heartbreaks.
He grew up, handsome for his misfortune. A favorite with his fellow students, he might have been class president, but for that. He developed a gift for literature and music.
The boy’s father had a talk with the family doctor. Could nothing be done? “I believe we could graft(移植)on a pair of outer ears, if they could be donated(捐献),”the doctor decided. So the search began for a person who would make such a sacrifice a young man. Two years went by. Then, “You’re going to the hospital, son. Mother and I have someone who will donate the ears you need. But it’s a secret,” said the father.
The operation was a brilliant success. His talents blossomed (开花)into genius. School and college became a series of successes. Later he married and entered the diplomatic（外交）service. “But I must know!” he urged his father. “Who gave so much for me? I could never do enough for him.”
“I do not believer you could,” said the father, “but the agreement was that you are not to know….not yet.” The years kept the secret, but the day did come…. one of the darkest days that ever pass through a son. He stood with his father over his mother’s casket(棺材).Slowly and tenderly, the father stretched forth a hand and raised the thick, reddish-brown hair to let out the Secret.