2020届高三高考二轮复习英语限时练2首段过渡类

限时练(二)首段过渡类

30minutes_ Sta rting time：______________

本节提供4篇首段过渡类文章，限时30分钟。这类文章多以记叙文或者夹叙夹议的文体出现，文章首段通过提问题、记叙事件的方式引导读者进入后面的主题，所以首段起到导引或者过渡作用，本文主题是在其他段落，比如第二段或者最后段落呈现，或者不明说，而需要读者归纳总结。

A2019·天津卷C篇

How does an ecosystem(生态系统)work？What makes the populations of different species the way they are？Why are there so many flies and so few wolves？To find an answer，scientists have built mathematical models of food webs，noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.

With such models，scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs，for instance，consist of many weak links rather than a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动物)always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked；when a predator lives on various species，they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If a predator can eat several species，it can survive the extinction(灭绝)of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare，the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.

Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable，where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s，scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species—including species they did not directly attack.

And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.

Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally，the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key，scientists say because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点)，it is remarkably difficult for them to return.

[分析]这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了科学家们借助食物网的数学模型，发现了食物网

中的一些重要现象。科学家们认为，一旦一个生态系统越过了它的临界点，就很难再恢复。该模型将告诉我们何时调整人类活动，以避免将生态系统推向崩溃，或者我们要将生态系统从边缘拉回来，预防是关键。

1．What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?

A．The living habits of species in food webs.

B．The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.

C．The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.

D．The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.

B[细节理解题。根据题干关键信息discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs定位到第一段。再由With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. 可知，借助食物网的数学模型，科学家们发现了食物网中的一些关键原则。]

[错项分析]忽略定位方法，而试图从全文寻找答案，是本题出错和浪费时间的原因。题干的discovered对应文中的found out，mathematical models of food webs则在文中出现，所以定位后确定的答案才准确无误。

2．A strong link is found between two species when a predator______________.

A．has a wide food choice B．can easily find new prey

C．sticks to one prey species D．can quickly move to another place

C[细节理解题。根据题干关键信息predator，two species, strong link可以定位到第二段。根据段中When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物)，the two species are strongly linked可知，当捕食者总是吃大量的单一猎物，这两个物种是紧密相连的。] [错项分析]本题考查选项C．sticks to one prey species和文中always eats huge numbers of a single prey的近义表达，理解不到这一点，就会错选其他。

3．What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline?

A．The prey species they directly attack will die out.

B．The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.

C．The living environment of other species will remain unchanged.

D．The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.

D[推理判断题。根据题干关键信息top predators，populations ，decline定位到第三段，由句子In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size of populations of other species可知，处于食物网顶端的食肉动物对其他物种的种群数量有着惊人的控制。由此可推断出，如果食物链顶级食肉动物的数量大大下降，其他物种的种群将经历意想不到的变化。]

[错项分析]本题难点在于，推断题是根据一些事实信息进行推断，文中不会直接陈述，

这类题要么难以定位，要么定位后也难找到答案。这时需要对信息进行对比归纳，才可以锁定答案。本题容易错选A、B两项，因为有directly attack和indirectly attack和原文中比较接近，选A是因为没有理解题干decline的意义；选B是没有理解清楚所定位句子的意义。

4．What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4?

A．Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.

B．Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.

C．Species of commercial value dominate other species.

D．Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.

A[推理判断题。根据题干容易定位到第四段。段中例子一定是支持段落主题句的。根据例子In the ocean，we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale，while on land，we killed off large predators such as wolves. 可知，人类对顶层鱼类和动物的大肆捕杀，极大的影响了生态系统。]

[错项分析]其他三项虽然也有道理，但是不是本段要描述的内容。抛开所处语境文本盲目猜测是本题出错的原因，如B项economic development、C项Species of commercial value、D项的Industrial activities 都未曾在本段提及。

5．How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance?

A．By getting illegal practices under control.

B．By stopping us from killing large predators.

C．By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.

D．By signaling the urgent need for taking preventive action.

D[细节理解题。根据early-warning system定位最后一段。段中句子Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key...可知，早期预警系统会告诉我们何时调整人类活动，采取预防措施以避免生态系统崩溃。]

[错项分析]易错选C项By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal. 。题目问的是“预警系统是如何帮助我们保持生态平衡的”，根据上面解析，其作用就是警醒，人们可以提前预防。这个系统本身并不能“恢复崩溃的生态系统”。

B2019·天津卷D篇

Would you BET on the future of this man？He is 53 years old. Most of his adult life has been a losing struggle against debt and misfortune. A war injury has made his left hand stop functioning，and he has often been in prison. Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book.

The book turns out to be one that has appealed to the world for more than 350 years. That

former prisoner was Cervantes，and the book was Don Quixote(《堂吉诃德》). And the story poses an interesting question: why do some people discover new vitality and creativity to the end of their days，while others go to seed long before?

We’ve all known people who run_out_of_steam before they reach life’s halfway mark. I’m not talking about those who fail to get to the top. We can’t all get there. I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years.

Most of us，in fact，progressively narrow the variety of our lives. We succeed in our field of specialization and then become trapped in it. Nothing surprises us. We lose our sense of wonder. But，if we are willing to learn，the opportunities are everywhere.

The things we learn in maturity seldom involve information and skills. We learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please，some people are never going to love us — an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing.

With high motivation and enthusiasm，we can keep on learning. Then we will know how important it is to have meaning in our life. However，we can achieve meaning only if we have made a commitment to something larger than our own little egos(自我)，whether to loved ones，to fellow humans，to work，or to some moral concept.

Many of us equate(视……等同于)“commitment” with such “caring” occupations as teaching and nursing. But doing any ordinary job as well as one can is in itself an admirable commitment. People who work toward such excellence —whether they are driving a truck，or running a store-—make the world better just by being the kind of people they are. They’ve learned life’s most valuable lesson.

[分析]本文属于议论文，开头用《堂吉诃德》作者塞万提斯的成功例子作为过渡，讲述了“要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义”。

6．The passage starts with the story of Cervantes to show that______________.

A．loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity

B．age is not a barrier to achieving one’s goal

C．Misery inspires a man to fight against his fate

D．disability cannot stop a man’s pursuit of happiness

B[推理判断题。首段是过渡段，提到了塞万提斯53岁高龄(age)，曾经生活困窘(misery)，入狱，右手残疾等，但却写出了不朽篇章，说明上述因素都没能阻止他成功，再根据第三段句子I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. 可知本文作者要讨论的是那些成长过程中年龄变大后就观念固化，停止学习的人，即在学习成功的人生中年龄其

实不是障碍。]

[错项分析]易错选A和C。A项loss of freedom stimulates one’s creativity(失去自由激发创造力)和C项misery inspires a man to fight against his fate(生活困窘激起抗争命运的斗志)似乎都有道理，但是根据首段Driven by heaven-knows-what motives，he determines to write a book. 可知他写书成功的动机并不清楚，但可以推断出“年龄没有阻止他的成功。”

7．What does the underlined part in Paragraph 3 probably mean?

A．End one’s struggle for liberty.

B．Waste one’s energy taking risks.

C．Miss the opportunity to succeed.

D．Lose the interest to continue learning.

D[词义猜测题。根据第三段I’m talking about people who have stopped learning on growing because they have adopted the fixed attitudes and opinions that all too often come with passing years. 故可知，作者谈论的不是那些没有到达巅峰的人，而是谈论那些不再学习成长的人，故可知run out of steam意思为停止学习。]

[错项分析]多数同学只知道steam的意义是“蒸汽”，这是题目难点所在。应该根据上下文来判断陌生单词和词组的意义，不能望文生义，此处steam表示“精力，热情”。

8．What could be inferred from Paragraph 4?

A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped.

B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead.

C．Opportunity favors those with a curious mind.

D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind.

C[推理判断题。根据第四段we lose our sense of wonder. But, if we are willing to learn, the opportunities are everywhere. 可知，我们失去了好奇心，但是如果我们愿意学习，机会无处不在，故可知，机会总是留给那些好奇心的人。]

[错项分析]其他选项句子本身也有道理，容易误选，这些选项都跟段落主题关联不大。A．Those who dare to try often get themselves trapped. (敢于尝试的人常会囿于其中)；B．Those who tend to think back can hardly go ahead. (善于反思的人会止步不前)；D．Opportunity awaits those with a cautious mind. (机会留给那些小心谨慎的人)。

9．What does the author intend to tell us in Paragraph 5?

A．A tough man can tolerate suffering.

B．A wise man can live without self-pity.

C．A man should try to satisfy people around him.

D．A man should learn suitable ways to deal with life.

D[推理判断题。根据第五段we learn to bear with the things we can’t change. We learn

to avoid self-pity. We learn that however much we try to please, some people are never going to love us—an idea that troubles at first but is eventually relaxing. 可知，我们学会承受那些无法改变的事情，学会避免自怜，也学会了无论我们怎么去取悦别人，有些人是无法喜欢我们的，这个观点起初让我们苦恼，但是之后会让我们释怀。故可知，本段作者告诉我们要学会使用恰当的方式来对待生活。]

[错项分析]A、B项段中没有提及；C项与段中“无论怎样取悦别人，总会有人不喜欢我们”相左。

10．What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A．To provide guidance on leading a meaningful adult life.

B．To stress the need of shouldering responsibilities at work.

C．To state the importance of generating motivation for learning.

D．To suggest a way of pursuing excellence in our lifelong career.

A[主旨大意题。本文讲述要成功，就需要不断的学习，这样的生活才会有意义，故本文作者的目的是为了指导我们过一个有意义的成年人生活。]

[错项分析]B项错在shouldering responsibilities(承担责任)；C项错在generating motivation(增强动机)；D项错在a way of pursuing excellence(追求卓越的方式)，上述内容都在本文没有提到，或者不是重点内容。

C2019·北大附中高三下学期一调

“Anything you want, anytime you need it. ”

The message appeared on computer screens across the country at the same time, on the same day: December 12th, at 12 p. m. ... Simultaneously, important looking envelopes containing cards with the same message were hand-delivered to the offices of all the major news companies.

One found its way to the desk of Chris Lin, a business reporter at The Post. The card was beautifully designed —a black background with the words printed out in crisp white letters. There was no explanation on the back, just a website address. Chris went to the website. Its style was identical to the card’s and said: “Anytime: Starting Tomorrow. ”

The next day websites and blogs were filled with articles theorising about Anytime. Was it a shopping website like Tao Bao or Amazon? A joke? Something illegal? Anytime’s marketing had worked —it was a household name before it’d even made a single sale.

When the opening came, that day at noon, the Anytime website suddenly had a single field that read, “What do you want？” All you had to do was type the words into that box, and then specify how quickly you wanted your item delivered: within one, ten, or twenty-four hours.

Bloggers were the first to test the service. And their reviews were glowing. Within weeks, Anytime had become a part of daily life. Nobody used other delivery sites or the post anymore as Anytime was much cheaper and faster.

Chris still wondered what exactly Anytime was. He tried to find out who owned the company, but it was registered in a small country that did not require such information to be made public. He did find some interesting facts, though. Anyone who challenged the company, it seemed, met with serious trouble. A government official critical of Anytime for avoiding tax was forced to leave his position after news stories suddenly appeared claiming he was dishonest. The head of another company taking Anytime to court died in a car accident just days before the case was to begin.

Chris began making a list of all the people who had something terrible happen to them after opposing or criticising Anytime. By lunch, he had more than one hundred examples. Something was definitely wrong. Chris worked on his list the rest of the day, emailing people who could provide more information and looking through newspaper records. After working through the night, an exhausted Chris finally fell asleep at his desk at 4 am. .

When he woke a fe w hours later, there was a message flashing on his computer screen: “Stop making trouble. ” Chris smiled. He had no intention of stopping now that he knew he was on the right track.

[分析]本文属于叙事文体。介绍了所有新闻记者的电脑桌面上都是关于Anytime的信息，引发了记者们的注意力，让其成为人们话题，同时任何反对Anytime的人都会遭遇到严重麻烦，但是Chris相信自己找到了真相。

11．What was on the front of the card sent to Chris Lin?

A．The time: December 12th, at 12 p. m.

B．The website address of a new company.

C．The words “Anytime: Starting tomorrow”.

D．The words “Anything you want, anytime you need it”.

D[推理判断题。首先根据题干信息，定位到第一二段，由句子“Anything you want, anytime you need it. ” The message appeared on computer screens across the country at the same time, on the same day: December 12th, at 12 p. m. Simultaneously, important looking envelopes containing cards with the same message were hand-delivered to the offices of all the major news companies. 可知，卡片上的信息与电脑屏幕上的信息一致。]

[错项分析]易错选A。有些同学根据习惯思维做题，误以为卡片上应该是有“时间”的，文中的时间指全国各地电脑同时出现文中信息的时间，而不是卡片上的时间。

12．Why did the company choose to send the cards to many news reporters?

A．Because it didn’t have enough money for traditional advertising.

B．Because it wanted to attract the reporters as customers.

C．So the reporters would write stories about the new company.

D．So people would find the new company interesting.

C[推理判断题。根据第四段The next day websites and blogs were filled with articles

theorising about Anytime. Was it a shopping website like Tao Bao or Amazon? A joke? Something illegal? Anytime’s marketing had worked-it was a household name before it’d even made a single sale. 第二天所有的新闻网站和博客都是关于Anytime的内容，让Anytime还没做出销售就很出名了，这么做是为了吸引记者讨论Anytime，为宣传作攻势。] [错项分析]理解不透容易错选B和D项。B项错在customers上，这并不是想让记者当顾客；D项应该是本文提到的这种营销方式的目标，而不是给记者们寄卡片的目的。

13．What did Chris’s research suggest about Anytime?

A．It may be very dangerous.

B．It’s popularity would soon decrease.

C．It was doing business all over the world.

D．It was being widely criticised by journalists.

A[推理判断题。根据题干信息Chris’s research定位到倒数第三段Anyone who challenged the company, it seemed, met with serious trouble. A government official critical of Anytime for avoiding tax was forced to leave his position after news stories suddenly appeared claiming he was dishonest. The head of another company taking Anytime to court died in a car accident just days before the case was to begin. 可知，任何挑战Anytime的人都遇到严重的问题，比如一个批评Anytime逃税的官员被爆出不忠被迫辞职，可知，挑战Anytime的人会遇到危险。]

[错项分析]B和D两项文中没有提到；C项是文中细节，但不是Chirs研究出来的内容。

14．How did Chris feel at the end of the story?

A．Scared that he would get into trouble.

B．Confident that he would find the truth.

C．Nervous about what the company would do.

D．Satisfied that he had discovered the company’s secret.

B[推理判断题。根据题干定位到最后一段：When he woke a few hours later, there was a message flashing on his computer screen: “Stop making trouble. ”Chris smiled. He had no intention of stopping now that he knew he was on the right track. 可知，当电脑屏幕上出现信息“不要再捣乱的时候”，他笑了，根本没打算停下来，因为他在往正确的道路上行进，可知Chris相信自己找对了发现真相的方向。]

[错项分析]A项中的scared(恐惧)，C项中的nervous(焦虑)都不是Chirs表现出的情绪状态，根据smiled说明他很满意，但也不能选D项，因为还没有发现公司的秘密，只是对自己“找对了路子，有望成功”感到满意。

D2019·北大附中高三下学期一调

Drawing the line

In 2006, I decided to stop shopping for a year. I always used to go into stores and just buy things without thinking about it and it bothered me.

I learned from my year of no shopping. But in 2012, I noticed I had replaced this addiction with another-buying useless things on the internet. I would look at pictures of nice things on websites, and before I knew it, I would have wasted an hour looking at and sometimes buying things I didn’t need. So I stopped shopping again. This time, instead of buying the things I wanted, I drew them on the paper.

It was exciting to realize that there is nothing wrong with liking beautiful things. In fact, it’s hard not to like beautiful things in a world that’s filled with them, in a world that’s good at showing you the kind of beautiful thing you most want, and in a world where people try to make you want beautiful things. Why did I feel bad about wanting to shop?

At the same time, I was beginning to learn of fast fashion’s effects on the world. Besides all the money I was spending, I thought of the damage that was being done to the environment, as well as all the hard work that people do to the things I buy. Just by looking at a pretty dress in a window, I somehow felt part of all this.

Drawing the things I want makes me feel less guilty and doesn’t make me want to buy things that I don’t need any longer. But you don’t have to draw the things you want to stop you from buying them. It also works to take some time to stop and think about why you want that shiny new thing.

[分析]本文讲述了作者两次停止购物的经历，告诉大家不要浪费时间金钱去买不需要的东西。

15．The author stopped shopping again because______________.

A．she had become addicted to buying things online

B．she was bothered that she was taking too much

C．she wasted too much time comparing goods

D．she spent too much time looking in stores

A[细节理解题。根据题干关键词“stopped shopping again”定位到文章第二段。根据段中句子“I noticed I had replaced this addiction with another-buying useless things on the internet. ”说明作者发现自己虽然摆脱了商场购物，但却又沉迷于网上购物，所以果断再次停止购物，因此正确答案选A。]

[错项分析]同学们容易忽略题干中的again，从而无法准确定位到第二段，只能根据印象选择了C或D，C中的comparing goods和D项中的looking in stores表述和原文不一致。

16．What can we learn from paragraph 3?

A．It’s natural to love things.

B．She should feel guilty of loving beautiful things.

C．If more people stopped shopping, less will be produced.

D．Producers are taking advantage of her desire for beautiful things.

D[细节推断题。定位到第三段，句子“It was exciting to realize that there is nothing wrong with liking beautiful things. In fact, it’s hard not to like beautiful things in a world that’s filled with them, in a world that’s good at showing you the kind of beautiful thing you most want, and in a world where people try to make you want beautiful things. ”意指商家利用人的爱美之心让你去消费本不需要的东西，故正确答案选D．“Producers are taking advantage of her desire for beautiful things. ”]

[错项分析]易错选A项。A项表达不准确，应当是It’s natural to love beautiful things。

17．In the last paragraph, the author suggests we should______________.

A．not feel guilty about shopping

B．talk about the things we want to buy

C．reflect on what causes our desire to buy something

D．think of the harmful effects on the environment before we buy anything

C[细节判断题。定位到最后一段，句子It also works to take some time to stop and think about why you want that shiny new thing. (花些时间停下来想想为什么要买那个亮闪闪的新东西，也能起作用。)对应C项reflect on what causes our desire to buy something(思考下为什么要买某个东西)。]

[错项分析]A项没有提到；B项talk about 错，应为think about; D项harmful effects on the environment 没有提到。

18．What is the main purpose of the article?

A．To show how much on line shopping addiction costs.

B．To explain the damage shopping does to the planet.

C．To sharing her experience and understanding of shopping addiction.

D．To explain why people should feel guilty about wanting to shop.

C[主旨大意题，考查文章意图。本文前两段是过渡段，先讲述自己两次停止购物的经历，然后分析人们为什么沉迷于购物，以及购物给消费者自己以及环境等带来的伤害，最后作者分享了自己避免沉迷购物而采取的方法，画画。因此整篇文章是分析她对沉迷购物的体验和理解。]

[错项分析]A项错在只提到on line shopping；B项并不是作者全部意图；D项意义有悖于原文。