中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语3月试题及详细答案说课讲解

中国科学院

博士研究生入学考试

英语试卷

(2006年3月)______________________________________________________________________________考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一(PAPER ONE)和试卷二(PAPER TWO)两部分组成。试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。二、请考生一律用HB 或2B 铅笔填涂标准化机读答题纸，画线不得过细或过短。修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。答题纸切忌折叠。三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：

Ⅰ

词汇15分钟10分Ⅱ

完形填空15分钟15分Ⅲ

阅读80分钟40分小

计110分钟65分试卷二：

Ⅳ英译汉

30分钟15分Ⅴ写作

40分钟20分小计70分钟35分我爱我家制作 w w w .d o c i n .c o m /x i n b i n d a n z i

THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FOR

DOCTORAL CANDIDATES

March2006

PAPER ONE

PART I VOCABULARY(15minutes,10points,0.5point each)

Directions:Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement,and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

1.The problem is that most local authorities lack the to deal sensibly in this market.

A.anticipation

B.perception

C.prospect

D.expertise

2.Awards provide a(n)for young people to improve their skills.

A.incentive

B.initiative

C.fugitive

D.captive

3.The profit motive is inherently with principles of fairness and equity.

A.in line

B.in trade

C.at times

D.at odds

4.Oil is derived from the of microscopic sea creatures,and is even older, according to most geologists.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/fe9782590.html,youts

B.reminders

C.remains

D.leftovers

5.Successful students sometimes become so with grades that they never enjoy their school years.

A.passionate

B.involved

C.immersed

D.obsessed

6.Apparently there were between police reports taken from the same witnesses at different times.

A.distortions

B.discrepancies

C.disorders

D.distractions

7.It had been a terrible afternoon for Jane,at about six o’clock in her father’s sudden collapse into unconsciousness.

A.converging

B.culminating

C.finalizing

D.releasing

8.The12-year-old civil war had 1.5million lives.

A.declared

B.proclaimed

C.claimed

D.asserted

9.The tribe has agreed to contribute2percent of net to charitable activities in the county.

A.expenses

B.revenues

C.budgets

D.payments

10.This will make schools more directly and effectively to parents,and more responsive to their criticisms and wishes.

A.accountable

B.submitted

C.subjected

D.available

11.Make up your mind that whatever the short-term temptations may be,you will never

from the highest standards of honor.

A.deviate

B.escape

C.derive

D.refrain

12.They teach the vocabulary of the English used in computer science,which is also listed in the glossary.

A.in sum

B.in total

C.in general

D.in full

13.This brings a feeling of emptiness that can never be filled and leaves us with a for more.

A.scarcity

https://www.360docs.net/doc/fe9782590.html,mand

C.hunger

D.request

14.Job fairs are usually very lively and informal,and you can roam,surveying what is on offer and gathering literature on jobs you might not have considered in the everyday run of things.

A.at peace

B.at leisure

C.at rest

D.at speed

15.The closest to English and Welsh grammar schools are called grammar secondary schools;they can,however,accept some fee-paying pupils.

A.equality

B.equation

C.equivalent

D.equity

16.At first the university refused to purchase the telescope,but this decision was_____ revised.

A.consecutively

B.consequently

C.successively

D.subsequently

17.He us as consistently fair and accurate about the issues we are concerned about.

A.confuses

B.regards

C.strikes

D.knocks

18.The water was so clear that it the trees on the river bank.

A.shadowed

B.shaded

C.represented

D.reflected

19.Some121countries may be designated“developing”,and of this121,seventeen countries_______more than four-fifths of energy consumption.

A.amount to

B.account for

C.add up

D.take away

20.The researchers found the age at which young people first fall to bullies seems to determine how much it affects them.

A.sacrifice

B.short

C.witness

D.victim

PARTⅡCLOZE TEST(15minutes,15points)

Directions:For each blank in the following passage,choose the best answer from the four choices given below.Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Given the choice between spending an evening with friends and taking extra time for his schoolwork,Andy Klise admits he would probably21for the latter.It’s not that he doesn’t like to have fun;it’s just that his desire to excel22drives his decision-making process.

A2001graduate of Wooster High School and now a senior biology major at The College of Wooster,Klise acknowledges that he may someday have23thoughts about his decision to limit the time he has spent24,but for now,he is comfortable with the choices he has made.“If things had not25out as well as they have,I would have had some regrets,”says Klise,who was a Phi Beta Kappa inductee as a junior.

“But spending the extra time studying has been well worth the26.I realized early on that to be successful,I had to make certain27.”

28the origin of his intense motivation,Klise notes that it has been part of his makeup for as long as he can remember.“I’ve always been goal29,”he says.“This internal drive has caused me to give my all30pretty much everything I do.”

Klise31Wooster’s nationally recognized Independent Study(I.S.)program with preparing him for his next32in life:a research position with the National Institute of Health(NIH).“I am hoping that my I.S.experience will help me33a research position with NIH,”says Klise.“The yearlong program gives students a chance to work with some of the nation’s34scientists while making the35from undergraduate to graduate studies or a career in the medical field.”

21.A.intend B.prefer C.opt D.search

22.A.academically B.professionally C.socially D.technically

23.A.different B.certain C.second D.other

24.A.entertaining B.socializing C.enjoying D.sporting

25.A.developed B.appeared C.occurred D.worked

26.A.investment B.reward C.payment https://www.360docs.net/doc/fe9782590.html,pensation

27.A.devotions B.concessions C.sacrifices D.attempts

28.A.Besides B.As for C.Out of D.Despite

29.A.directed B.oriented C.conducted D.guided

30.A.about B.with C.at D.in

31.A.credits B.registers C.selects D.observes

32.A.run B.step C.pace D.leap

33.A.hold B.occupy C.anchor https://www.360docs.net/doc/fe9782590.html,nd

34.A.leading B.advanced C.nominated D.marvelous

35.A.achievement B.transition C.position D.vocation

PARTⅢREADING COMPREHENSION

Section A(60minutes,30points)

Directions:Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete state ments.Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A,B,C,and D.Read each passage carefully,and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement.Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet. Passage One

She’s cute,no question.Symmetrical features,flawless skin,looks to be22years old—entering any meat-market bar,a woman lucky enough to have this face would turn enough heads to stir a breeze.But when Victor Johnston points and clicks,the face on his computer screen changes into a state of superheated,crystallized beauty.“You can see it.It’s just so extraordinary,”says Johnston,a professor of biopsychology at New Mexico State University who sounds a little in love with his creation.

The transformation from pretty woman to knee-weakening babe is all the more amazing because the changes wrought by Johnston’s software are,objectively speaking,

quite subtle.He created the original face by digitally averaging16randomly selected female Caucasian faces.The changing program then exaggerated the ways in which female faces differ from male faces,creating,in human-beauty-science field, a“hyper-female”.The eyes grew a bit larger,the nose narrowed slightly and the lips plumped.These are shifts of just a few millimeters,but experiments in this country and Scotland are suggesting that both males and females find“feminized”versions of averaged faces more beautiful.

Johnston hatched this little movie as part of his ongoing study into why human beings find some people attractive and others homely.He may not have any rock-solid answers yet,but he is far from alone in attempting to apply scientific inquiry to so ambiguous a subject.Around the world,researchers are marching into territory formerly staked out by poets and painters to uncover the underpinnings of human attractiveness.

The research results so far are surprising—and humbling.Numerous studies indicate that human beauty may not be simply in the eye of the beholder or an arbitrary cultural artifact.It may be ancient and universal,wrought through ages of evolution that rewarded reproductive winners and killed off losers.If beauty is not truth,it may be health and fertility:Halle Berry’s flawless skin may fascinate moviegoers because,at some deep level,it persuades us that she is parasite-free.

Human attractiveness research is a relatively young and certainly contentious field—the allure of hyper-females,for example,is still hotly debated—but those on its front lines agree on one point:We won’t conquer“looks-ism”until we understand its source.As psychologist Nancy Etcoff puts it:“The idea that beauty is unimportant or a cultural construct is the real beauty myth.We have to understand beauty,or we will always be enslaved by it.”

36.The woman described in the very beginning of the text is.

A.in fact in her late twenties

B.Johnston’s ideal girlfriend

C.a stunning beauty

D.is a professional prostitute

37.Victor Johnston synthesized a new face by combining the features of16.

A.beautiful European women

B.different women around the world

C.casually chosen white women

D.ordinary western women

38.Through a few tiny changes made by Johnston,the synthesized face became even more.

A.masculine

B.average

C.feminine

D.neutral

39.Victor Johnston has produced such an attractive face in order to.

A.give his computer a beautiful screen

B.study the myth of human attractiveness

C.prove the human capacity to create beauties

D.understand why Caucasian faces are special

40.Paragraph4suggests that human beauty may be.

A.culturally different

B.a disease-free idol

C.individual-dependent

D.a world agreed value

41.It’s a consensus among the researchers that humans are still unconscious of.

A.why they look attractive

B.when attractiveness is important

C.how powerful beauty is

D.what constitutes beauty

Passage Two

It’s becoming something of a joke along the Maine-Canada border.So many busloads of retired people crisscross the line looking for affordable drugs that the roadside stands should advertise,“Lobsters.Blueberries.Lipitor.Coumalin.”Except,of course,that such a market in prescription drugs would be illegal.

These senior long-distance shopping sprees fall in a legal gray zone.But as long as people cross the border with prescriptions from a physician and have them filled for no more than a three-month supply for personal use,customs and other federal officials leave them alone.The trip might be tiring,but people can save an average of60percent on the cost of their prescription drugs.For some,that’s the difference between taking the drugs or doing without.“The last bus trip I was on six months ago had25seniors,”says Chellie Pingree,former Maine state senator and now president of Common Cause.“Those25people saved$19,000on their supplies of drugs.”Pingree sponsored Maine RX,which authorizes a discounted price on drugs for Maine residents who lack insurance coverage.The law was challenged by drug companies but recently upheld by the U.S.Supreme Court.It hasn’t yet taken effect.

Figuring out ways to spend less on prescription drugs has become a multifaceted national movement of consumers,largely senior citizens.The prescription drug bill in America is$160billion annually,and people over65fill five times as many prescriptions as working Americans on average.“But they do it on health benefits that are half as good and on incomes that are half as large,”says Richard Evans,senior analyst at Sanford C.Bernstein,an investment research firm.What’s more,seniors account for20percent of the voting public.

It’s little wonder that the May19Supreme Court ruling got the attention of drug manufacturers and politicians across the country.The often-over-looked state of1.3 million tucked in the northeast comer of the country became David to the phar-maceutical industry’s Goliath.The face-off began three years ago when state legislators like Pingree began questioning why Maine’s elderly population had to take all those bus trips.

42.The elderly Americans cross the Maine-Canada border in order to get drugs that are.

A.sold wholesale

B.over the counter

C.less expensive

D.tax-free

43.We can learn from the second paragraph that.

A.people can buy as many drugs for personal use

B.the cross-border drug shopping has been out of the federal control

C.Chellie Pingree used to be one of the cross-border shoppers for drugs

D.the cross-border shopping is the only way for some Americans to get drugs

44.Maine Rx mentioned in Paragraph Two is a.

A.bill

B.drug company

C.customs office

D.seniors society

45.Most cross-border shoppers are retired people,rather than working Americans, because the former.

A.have more leisure time

B.fill more prescriptions

C.mostly enjoy long trips

D.are fond of street shopping

46.Politicians were interested in the May19Supreme Court ruling because.

A.they couldn’t improve the well-being of the elderly

B.they couldn’t afford to ignore the elderly’s votes

C.they saw the elderly as the greatest contributors

D.they saw the elderly as deserving a special care

47.David and Goliath are names used to describe a situation in which_____.

A.the two groups are evenly matched in strength

B.a more powerful group is fighting a less powerful group_____.

C.a less powerful group is fighting a more powerful group

D.both of the two groups are losers

Passage Three

It’s navel gazing time again,that stretch of the year when many of us turn our attention inward and think about how we can improve the way we live our lives.But as we embark on this annual ritual of introspection,we would do well to ask ourselves a simple question:Does it really do any good?

The poet Theodore Roethke had some insight into the matter:“Self-contemplation is a curse that makes an old confusion worse.”As a psychologist,I think Roethke had a point,one that’s supported by a growing body of controlled psychological studies.

In a study I conducted with Dolores Kraft,a clinical psychologist,and Dana Dunn, a social psychologist,people in one group were asked to list the reasons their relationship with a romantic partner was going the way it was,and then rate how satisfied they were with the relationship.People in another group were asked to rate their satisfaction without any analysis;they just gave their gut reactions.

It might seem that the people who thought about the specifics would be best at figuring out how they really felt,and that their satisfaction ratings would thus do the best job of predicting the outcome of their relationships.

In fact,we found the reverse.It was the people in the“gut feeling”group whose ratings predicted whether they were still dating their partner several months later.As for the navel gazers,their satisfaction ratings did not predict the outcome of their relationships at all.Rather,too much analysis can confuse people about how they really feel.

Self-reflection is especially problematic when we are feeling down.Research by Susan Nolen Hoeksema,a clinical psychologist at Yale University,shows that when people are depressed,ruminating on their problems makes things worse.

For years it was believed that emergency workers like police officers and firefighters should undergo a debriefing process to focus on and relive their experiences; the idea was that this would make them feel better and prevent mental health problems down the road.But did it do any good?In an extensive review of the research,a team led by Richard McNally,a clinical psychologist at Harvard,concluded that debriefing procedures have little benefit and might even hurt by interrupting the normal healing process.People often distract themselves from thinking about painful events right after they occur,and this may be better than mentally reliving the events.

48.According to the author,why do people tend to look inward at the end of a year?

A.They want to know if they get prepared for the future.

B.They consider it beneficial to their future lives.

C.They pay too much attention to their self-improvement.

D.They overemphasize their progress in the past year.

49.The author agrees with Theodore Roethke on that_____.

A.people need self-reflection when they feel blue

B.people are reluctant to confide in romantic partners

C.people may be more depressed by recalling the painful past

D.people would become sober when clearing up the confusions

50.The findings of the study on the satisfaction ratings in romantic relationship reveal that_____.

A.meditation can keep the relationship at its peak

B.retrospection helps people feel satisfied with the partner

C.specific analysis can foretell the future of the relationship

D.thinking about details makes one uncertain about the relationship

51.The phrase“the navel gazers”in Paragraph5refers to people who_____.

A.boast of their own success

B.hesitate in romantic relationships

C.worry about their future

D.focus on their past

52.Which of the following is the best way to help firefighters relieve their trauma?

A.Leave them alone to adjust their emotions.

B.Provide them with consultation about their jobs.

C.Help them figure out what has happened.

D.Discuss with them how to do it better next time.

53.According to the passage,_____can help people get over a painful experience.

A.pouring out their feelings about it

B.distracting their attention from it

C.discussing it with specialists

D.recalling the specifics

Passage Four

Public speaking fills most people with dread.Humiliation is the greatest fear; self-exposure and failing to appeal to the audience come a close second.Women hate it most,since girls are pressurized from an early age to be concerned with appearances of all kinds.

Most people have plenty of insecurities,and this seems like a situation that will bring them out.If parents,teachers or peers mocked your foibles as a child,you fear a repeat.If you were under pressure to be perfect,you are terrified of failing in the most public of ways.

While extroverts will feel less fear before the ordeal,it does not mean they will necessarily do it better.Some very shy people manage to shine.In fact,personality is not the best predictor of who does it well.Regardless of what you are like in real life, the key seems to be to act yourself.

Actual acting,as in performing the scripted lines of a character other than yourself, does not do the job.While politicians may limit damage by having carefully rehearsed, written screeds to speak from,there is always a hidden awareness among the audience

that the words might not be true.

Although,as Earl Spencer proved at his sister Princess Diana’s funeral,it is possible both to prepare every word and to act naturally,a script rarely works and it is used as a crutch by most people.But,being yourself doesn’t work either.If you spoke as if you were in your own kitchen,it would be too authentic,too unaware of the need to communicate with an audience.

I remember going to see British psychiatrist RD Laing speak in public.He behaved like a seriously odd person,talking off the top of his head.Although he was talking about madness and he wrote on mental illness,he seemed to be exhibiting rather than explaining it.

The best psychological place from which to speak is an unselfconscious self-consciousness,providing the illusion of being natural.Studies suggest that this state of“flow”,as psychologists call it,is very satisfying.Whether in normal life or making speeches,the key is to remind yourself that,contrary to what your teachers or parents may have implied,your best is good enough.In the zone,a strange place of authentic falsehood and shallow depth,play is possible.

54.For most people the biggest fear for public speaking is_____.

A.looking foolish

B.failing in words

C.not attracting attention

D.appearing pressurized

55.According to the passage shy people_____

A.have greater difficulty than extrovert ones

B.are not good at acting

C.may well do a good job in a speech

D.are better speakers in the public eye

56.A successful speech maker is usually one who_____.

A.can act naturally

B.makes careful preparations

C.rehearses adequately

D.can get across easily

57.The example of the British psychiatrist in Paragraph6shows a failure in_____.

A.showing modesty in public

B.talking about one’s own trade

C.presenting the topic logically

https://www.360docs.net/doc/fe9782590.html,municating with the audience

58.“Shallow depth”in the last paragraph implies_____.

A.being yourself in the performance

B.trying to look serious

C.pretending to be well-prepared

D.being seemingly knowledgeable

59.From the passage,we get the impression that public speaking is something_____.

A.hard to do well

B.scary but manageable

C.tough but rewarding

D.worthwhile to challenge

Passage Five

African American women’s search for societal acceptance often encompasses struggle between natural and socially constructed ideas of beauty.As an essential component in traditional African societies,cosmetic modification is ritualized to emphasize natural features of blackness.Defined by social occasion such as childhood development to maturity,indicators of marital status or the group to which you belong, beautification of the hair and body play an essential role.In our racially conscious

society,presenting a physical image and being accepted is a complex negotiation between two different worlds.

Hair is an outward expression of culture and heritage.It also represents a sense of personal style.In the search for the African American identity,blacks have undergone many different changes in hairstyle.Hairstyles are cultural classifiers of what African Americans consider beautiful.Hairstyles are a representation of the African American soul,all of their confidence and dignity show in how they present themselves on Sundays and on a daily basis.“During the sixties,white American youth used their hair to make a variety of political and philosophical statements,”young blacks joined thereafter.“The natural hairstyle not only was easier to care for,but also gave African Americans a closer tie to their heritage.Natural style serves as a visible imprimatur of blackness;a tribute to group unity;a statement of self-love and personal significance.”By rejecting the white standards of beauty,black Americans halted the processes of using chemical straighteners or hot irons.

A woman talks about her struggle.“I remember battling with the idea of going natural for several years.I never had the courage because every time I pictured myself with my natural hair,I never saw beauty.Now my hair is natural,thick and healthy.”African American women are finding confidence within themselves to wear their hair naturally and feel beautiful about it.Many contemporary African Americans are avoiding high maintenance and feeling confident in their natural beauty.

It was a different story in the past.African Americans were pressed.Shame was the motivation behind blacks losing their roots and ethnic identity.By being brainwashed into believing black people are“inferior”and white people are“superior”African Americans have mutilated and adjusted their bodies to try to look“pretty”by white standards.

Hair is as different as the people it belongs to.People are finally recognizing that beauty is what helps to create our individual identities.Ultimately,individual confidence shapes and strengthens the culture of the African American community.

60.The first paragraph tells us that African Americans_____.

A.have been trying hard to be socially accepted

B.have been changing their value about beauty

C.have maintained their identity of traditional Africans

D.have modified their hairstyles to fit into the society

61.What kind of problem do African Americans face in society?

A.They would look ugly if they don’t change their hairstyles.

B.Their natural image may not be accepted by white Americans.

C.They would never find a suitable hairstyle in the hair salons.

D.Their cultural heritage may risk being abandoned by themselves.

62.The word“imprimatur”in Paragraph2most probably means_____.

A.dislike

B.betrayal

C.approval

D.suspicion

63.African Americans stopped using chemical straighteners or hot irons because_____.

A.they reversed the attitude the white people had towards them

B.they started to see beauty in their thick curly hair

C.they feel good and comfortable in being different

D.they accepted the white standards of beauty

64.Why did some African Americans accept the white standards of beauty?

A.Because they tried to keep socially fashionable.

B.Because they did not have their own standards of beauty.

C.Because they were not well educated as white Americans.

D.Because they wanted to become part of the mainstream.

65.To African Americans,hair is a significant indicator of_____.

A.their cultural identity

B.their aesthetic taste

C.their social recognition

D.their challenge against the society

Section B(20minutes,10points)

Directions:In each of the following passages,five sentences have been removed from the original text.They are listed from A to F and put below the passage.Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered66to75).For each passage,there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks.Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.

Passage One

Francois Jacob wrote that“an age or culture is characterized less by the extent of its knowledge than by the nature of the questions it puts forward.”66.

Admittedly,the most brilliant cultures are developed during the days of knowledge acquirement.67.Many convincing examples can be given when looking back to the cultural development of these countries.The most influential Chinese culture flourished during Tang Dynasty,which was established a thousand years ago.This influence can be traced by the word“Tang Street”,another name for Chinatown.And it was during the same time that the Chinese acquired more knowledge than they had before.

68However,when compared with the knowledge people have acquired and are acquiring today,the knowledge of the ancient Tangs and Arabs is unquestionably limited.But in all history books,the cultures of the Tang Dynasty and the ancient Arab are introduced in detail,while the cultures of the People’s Republic of China and the Arab League are seldom mentioned.

69.For instance,the ancient Greeks and Romans’knowledge about nature was definitely insufficient,but they are still recognized as the founders of the most magnificent ages and cultures in human history because the questions put forward and thought about by them were profound and meaningful.In the works of the Greeks and Romans represented by The Iliad,The Odyssey and The Aeneid,the questions concerning life and death,love and hatred,benevolence and malevolence and individual and society are raised.People can always draw inspirations from Achilles’s different attitudes towards death in the Iliad and the Odyssey and Aeneas’s choice from love and glory.70.

The importance of an era or civilization can never be diminished because of its lack of knowledge.The essence of an age or culture should be the exploration in the spiritual world and the thoughtful questions posed.

A.The Arabian culture thrived when the Arabians learnt the application of

arithmetic and created Arabic numbers.

B.These remain the questions people face,contemplate and discuss till today.

C.In general,cultures are developed during the time of knowledge acquirement.

D.This statement reveals that the nature of an epoch or civilization is decided by the things that are thought about,rather than the things that are already known.

E.This is probably a universal truth for all countries and nations that boast impressive histories.

https://www.360docs.net/doc/fe9782590.html,pared with knowledge,the questions put forward are more significant in an age or culture.

Passage Two

Over the past two decades,the lives of American women have undergone unparalleled change.The Virginia Slims Opinion Poll has chronicled that change in national surveys conducted six times since1970.71.

One of the most striking findings of the1990Virginia Slims Opinion Poll is the degree of consensus—rather than conflict—in women’s and men’s attitudes about the changing roles of women.In many respects,the two sexes agree.Men express strong and consistent support for women’s improved status in society.72And they agree that the most tangible way in which they could help women balance jobs and family is to take on more household work.

But men are also a major cause of resentment and stress for American women.73 Now,a generation of sweeping change later,women’s expectations have outpaced the change in men’s behavior.Token help with the dishes or the children no longer inspires women’s gratitude.74.

Increasingly,the kitchen table has become that bargaining table.75Next to money,“how much my mate helps around the house”is the single biggest cause of resentment among women who are married or living as if married,with52percent citing this as a problem.Improvement in this area is one of the top things women cite when they consider what would make their lives better.

A.There is evidence in the poll that waiting for men to live up to the ideal of equal responsibility is a major irritant for most women today.

B.Together,these surveys provide a comprehensive picture of women’s changing status,and of their views of the future.

C.In1970,most women were concerned about getting men to share household chores.

D.They,like women,believe that sex discrimination remains an important problem in the workplace.

E.Over the past three generations,expectationns of men as rulers and protectors of the household have changed.

F.Instead,as women contribute more to the family income,they expect in return a more equal division of the household responsibilities.

PAPER TWO

PART IV TRANSLATION(30minutes,15points)

Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer SheetⅡ.

As we enter the21st century,the gap between the world’s rich and poor is widening,both within and among countries.1)The vast majority of the world’s population is receiving an ever-decreasing share of its collective wealth,while the share claimed by a few rich nations and individuals is steadily growing.In2001Forbes magazine counted538billionaires with a total net worth of1.7trillion dollars,while the United Nations identified2.8billion people surviving on less than two dollars a day. Overall,the richest20percent of the world’s people control86percent of global income, while the poorest20percent control barely one percent.

The impacts of this widening rich-poor gap are varied and worrisome.2)They include environmental destruction—richer nations and individuals can afford to over-consume resources,while poorer nations and individuals are forced to over-exploit the environment just to survive.They include migration—people are forced to move in search of adequate resources.And they include conflict—wealthier nations and individuals fight to keep what they have,while those suffering a lack of resources fight to obtain them.3)Because poorer groups typically lack the assets and technology to conduct large-scale conventional war to obtain their goals,they often resort to low-intensity conflict and terrorism.The causes of this global disparity are diverse and complex,but include colonial era trading patterns that favor industrialized nations;the globalization of economies and economic structures,in which poor nations struggle to compete;a growing“digital divide”characterized by lack of access to information technology;inadequate governance and protection of law;and lack of access to education,healthcare,and social safety nets,especially for women and girls.

4)Individuals and nations need not remain in poverty indefinitely,however.With an awareness of the interdependence of our modern world and a concerted political will, it is possible to reverse this trend that threatens to divide the world against itself.And reversing this trend would have powerful and positive impacts on our future.

5)Bringing the nearly5billion people of the less industrialized world into a sustainable economy through“pro-poor”policies would provide a tremendous boost to the world economy,as well as to those people.With increased economic opportunities come improved access to nutrition,education,and health care.With those come higher income,greater autonomy—especially for women—and the opportunity to pursue environmentally sound technologies and products.

PART V WRITING(40minutes,20points)

Directions:Write an essay of no less than200words on the topic given https://www.360docs.net/doc/fe9782590.html,e the proper space on your Answer SheetⅡ.

China has the greatest population in the world and a large pool of research workers,yet it has not produced a single Nobel Prize winner so far.What has caused this situation in your opinion?

中国科学院博士研究生2006年3月试题详解

第一部分词汇

1.答案：D

2.答案：A

3.答案：D

4.答案：C

5.答案：D

6.答案：B

7.答案：B

8.答案：C

9.答案：B10.答案：A

11.答案：A12.答案：D13.答案C14.答案：B15.答案：C

16.答案：D17.答案：C18.答案：D19.答案：B20.答案：D 第二部分完形填空

译文：

如果给安迪·克立兹两个选择：与朋友共度一晚和额外加班学习，他承认自己可能会选择后者。这倒不是因为他不喜欢玩，而是在学术上有所超越的渴望驱使他做此决定。

克立兹曾经是2001年乌斯特中学的毕业生，而今是乌斯特大学生物学专业四年级的学生。他承认他将来可能会重新考虑限制社交时间的决定，不过现在他对自己做出的选择很满意。“如果事情不像现在的结果那么好，我就会有些遗憾。”他说(大学三年级时他是大学优秀生联谊会的会员)，“不过加班学习这种投资是值得的。我早就意识到要想成功，就必须做出一定的牺牲。”

至于他这种强烈的动机的来源，他说这种动机从他的记事开始就是他天性中的一部分。“我一直是以目标为导向的，”他说，“这种内在的动力让我在做任何事情时都全力以赴。”

克立兹相信乌斯特国内认可的独立学习项目能够为自己人生中的下一个阶段(国家卫生研究院的研究职位)做准备。“我现在希望我独立学习的经验可以帮助我在国家卫生研究院得到一个研究机会，”他说，“持续一年的独立学习项目为学生提供了一个与国内杰出的科学家一起工作的机会；同时，也使从本科过渡到研究生学习或者医学生涯成为了可能。”

本文大约281个词，主要讲述一个学生对于学生和社交活动两者之间关系的处理。

21.答案：C22.答案：A23.答案：C24.答案：B25.答案：D

26.答案：A27.答案：C28.答案：B29.答案：B30.答案：D

31.答案：A32.答案：B33.答案：D34.答案：A35.答案：B

第三部分阅读理解

阅读理解A

第一篇：

译文：

她很可爱，这一点毫无疑问。对称的五官，毫无瑕疵的皮肤，看上去有22岁——一位有幸拥有这样一张面孔的女子如果走进任何一家做皮肉生意的酒吧之中，肯定都会赢得足以掀起一小股微风的回头率。但是当维克多·约翰斯顿对准点击后，他电脑屏幕上的这张面孔就变成了一张超级热辣、集各精华于一身的绝色容颜。“你可以看看它。它是如此的非同寻常。”新墨西哥州大学的生物心理学教授约翰斯顿如是说道，他听起来似乎都有点儿爱上他的这一创作了。

将漂亮女子变成让人膝盖发软的绝色尤物的这一过程之所以更加令人惊异，是因为约翰斯顿的这种软件所做出的修改——客观地讲——是相当微妙的。他所

创造的那张原始面孔是通过将16位随意选择的高加索女子的面孔的数码图像加以平均而获得的。修改程序接下来会夸大这些女性面孔有别于男性面孔的那些特征，在人类美学科学领域中创造出一位“超级女性”来。眼睛变得更大一点，鼻子稍微地更窄了一点，嘴唇则更丰满了一些。这些变化只不过是几毫米的差异而已，然而在美国和苏格兰所进行的实验都显示，无论男女都觉得这些普通的面孔经过“女性化”的处理后更为美丽。

约翰斯顿计划将这部小电影作为自己正在进行的研究的一部分，他要研究的是为什么人们会觉得一些人有吸引力而另一些人只是相貌平平。也许他现在还没有什么确凿无疑的答案，但他绝非唯一的一个试图将科学探索应用于如此模糊不明的课题的研究者。世界各地的研究者们都正在进军这一先前由诗人和画家所占据的领域，试图发现人类吸引力的基础所在。

研究结果到目前为止是令人惊讶的——也是令人感到羞愧的。无数研究都表明，美也许并不只是存在于情人的眼中，也不是什么随意的文化产物。它也许是古老而普遍的，是由奖励生殖获胜者而淘汰失败者的那一进化过程通过世世代代所塑造出来的。如果美并非真的话，它也许就是健康和生殖力。哈莉·贝瑞那毫无瑕疵的皮肤之所以令许多电影观众如此喜爱，也许是因为，在某种深层次上，它令我们相信她身上并没有寄生虫。

人类吸引力研究是一个相对年轻并且当然存在着争议的领域——例如，超级女性的吸引力仍然还是一个受到热烈辩论的话题——但那些处在这一领域最前沿的研究者们都认同了这一点：我们只有理解了“外表主义”的根源才能克服以貌取人的倾向。正如心理学家南茜·埃特考夫所说：“认为美并不重要或者它只是由文化所建构起来的那种观点才是真正关于美的神话。我们必须理解美，否则我们就会永远受制于它。”

36.答案：C37.答案：C38.答案：C39.答案：B40.答案：D41.答案：D

第二篇：

译文：

这在缅因州和加拿大之间的边境上都快成了一个玩笑：有这么多公共汽车上都满载着退休人员，来来去去地穿梭在边境线上寻找他们买得起的药物，路边小摊都应该挂起这样的广告牌了：“龙虾，蓝莓，立普妥胆固清，香豆灵。”当然了，只除了一点，这样一个处方药市场将会是非法的。

这些老人长途旅行疯狂购物属于法律上的一个灰区。然而只要这些穿越边境的人带着医生开的处方，并且一次性购买的药物不超过三个月的个人使用剂量，海关和其他联邦官员就不会去干涉他们。长途旅行也许是很累人的，但是人们可以省下平均60％的处方药费。对有些人来说，这就是有药吃和买不起药硬撑着的区别了。切利·潘格雷曾是缅因州参议员而现在是共同理想协会的主席，他这样说道：“六个月前我乘的那趟巴士上有25位老人。那25个人在购买药品的开销上省下了1.9万美元。”潘格雷发起了缅因处方法案(Maine RX)，它授权为那些没有医疗保险的缅因州居民提供打折的药品价格。一些医药公司对这一法案提出了抗议，但美国最高法院最近赞成其通过。这条法案尚未开始执行。

找到可以少花钱买到处方药的办法已经成了消费者的一种多方面的全国性做法，其中有很大一部分消费者都是老人。美国每年的处方药开销是1600亿美元，其中65岁以上人群在这方面的消费平均是在职人员消费的五倍。“然而他们的健康福利只有后者的一半，收入也只有后者的二分之一。”一家投资研究公司圣福德·

茜·波恩斯坦的高级分析师理查德·伊文思如是说道。此外，老人占了选民人数的20％。

这就难怪最高法院在5月19日做出的裁决会吸引全国各地药品生产商和政坛人士的注意力了。蜷缩在这个国家东北角的那个经常被忽视的、有着130万人口的州现在成了药品工业巨人歌利亚面前的大卫。这种对峙局面开始于三年前，当时像潘格雷这样的州立法者开始质询为什么缅因州的老人们不得不进行所有这些汽车旅行。

42.答案：C43.答案：D44.答案：A45.答案：B46.答案：B47.答案：C

第三篇：

译文：

又到了自我反省与思考的时间了。每一年的一段特定时间里我们中有许多人都要将注意力转到我们的内心世界，思考如何来提高我们的生活。但是当我们进行这每年一度的内省仪式时，我们是不是最好先问自己一个简单的问题：这对我们真的很有益处吗?

对此诗人Theodore Roethke有其独到的见解，他认为，“自省是使原有心理状态更为混乱的祸根。”作为一名心理学家，我十分同意Roethke的观点，这个观点也得到了大量的心理学研究的验证。

我曾与临床心理学家Dolores Kraft，社会心理学家Dana Dunn共同进行了一次研究。我们让一组人列出他们与其恋人目前恋情发展状况的原因，并为其恋情的满意程度打分。我们让另一组人直接为其恋情的满意程度打分，而不要求其做任何分析，只是提供当时内心深处的情感反应。

从表面看来，那些考虑到更多细节的人似乎最有可能发现其真情实感，他们对自己的恋情的满意程度所作的评估也最能预测其恋情的最终结果。

事实上，情况恰好相反。正是那些对自己恋情做出本能的情感反应的人最终预测到了他们几个月后是否还能与其恋人继续交往。而对于自省者来说，他们对恋情满意程度的评估根本没有预测到恋情发展的结果。相反，过多的分析会迷惑人们的真实感受。

自省会引起很多的问题，尤其是在情绪低落的时候。耶鲁大学的临床心理学家Susan Nolen-Hoeksema的研究表明，当人们心情沮丧时，反省自己的问题会使情况变得更为糟糕。

多年来，人们一直认为急救工作者，比如说警察、消防队员，都应该通过重温他们所经历的一切，从而进行一系列的压力舒解过程。这样做可以使他们心情好些，可以阻止精神疾病的发生。但是这样做有益处吗?由哈佛临床心理学家Richard McNally领导的科研小组经过大量的研究表明，压力的舒解过程几乎没有任何益处，甚至会打乱正常的愈合过程。人们通常会分散注意力，不去想刚刚发生过的痛苦事件，这样比一味地去重温这段经历要好。

48.答案：B49.答案：C50.答案：D51.答案：D52.答案：A53.答案：B

第四篇：

译文：

演讲使大多数人都深感恐惧。人们最怕的就是丢面子。紧随其后的是害怕在公共场合抛头露面，无法吸引观众。女人对演讲恨之入骨，因为女孩从小就对在各种公共场合露面感到极度紧张。

大多数人都有许许多多的不安全感，演讲似乎能将这些不安全因素全部显露出来。如果当你还是个孩子的时候，你的父母、老师和同龄人曾经嘲笑过你的缺点，那你就很害怕类似的事件重演。要是你为了力求完美而倍感压力，你就会害怕在演讲这一最公开的场合下经历失败。

虽然性格外向的人面对考验能稍显轻松，但这并非表明他一定会表现得更好。有些性格腼腆的人在演讲中往往能够发挥出色。事实上，性格无法预示演讲的成败。无论你在现实生活中是什么样子，关键似乎应是展现真实的自我。

纯粹的表演，如同演员背诵剧本里的台词一样，而不是真情流露，不会产生很好的效果。虽然政客为了减少失败而认真地演练，仔细地推敲将要演讲的稿子，但是听众不免会对其演讲内容的真实性产生怀疑。

正如Spencer伯爵在其姐姐戴安娜王妃的葬礼上的演讲所证实的那样：虽然充分的准备及自然的表现都有可能做得到，但演讲稿很少能够发挥作用，对大多数人来说，它仅仅是帮助记忆的手段而已。但是，真实的表现自己也不会产生很好的效果。如果你演讲时就像在你自己的厨房里讲话一样，那也太过真实了，太不留心与观众交流的需求了。

我记得有一次去听英国精神病学家RD Laing的演讲，他的表现如同他是一个非常怪异的人，发表的都是一些即席的演讲。虽然他当时在谈论精神疾病，他过去也曾撰写过一些有关精神病的文章，但他似乎一直在向观众展示精神病而非解释精神病。

演讲时的最佳心理状态就是不自觉的自觉，给人以真实自然的表象。研究表明这种“流露”的心理状态，如心理学家所说的，是非常有效的。无论是在日常生活里还是在演讲过程中，关键是要提醒自己发挥你的最佳水平便足矣，这可能与你的老师或父母曾经给你的暗示有些不同。展示你的最佳状态，真真假假，虚虚实实，表演便成为可能。

54.答案：A55.答案：C56.答案：A57.答案：D58.答案：A59.答案：B

第五篇：

译文：

美国非裔妇女寻求社会认可的道路总是充满了自然美与社会约定俗成的美二者之间的矛盾。作为传统非洲社会的基本要素，美容着重强调突出黑肤质的自然美。在诸如成人仪式这样的特殊场合，以及用以标明个人的婚姻状况及所属群体时，美容美发都起着至关重要的作用。在我们这样一个种族意识较强的社会中，既要展现外在特征又要赢得社会认可涉及黑人世界及白人世界的错综复杂的协商过程。

头发是一种文化与传统的外在表现，同时也是一种个性的体现。美国非裔在寻求身份认同的过程中在发型发式上做出了很多的改变。发式是用以表明美国非裔公认的美的标志。形形色色的发型是美国非裔的精髓的体现，所有的自信与尊严都表现在礼拜日和平时他们是如何展现自己的。“20世纪60年代，美国白人青年用各种发式来体现自己在政治及哲学方面的观点，”随后黑人青年也加入其中。事实上，他们自然的发型更便于打理，并使其与自己的传统紧密相连。自然的发式是一种对黑肤质的明显的认可，对自己族群团结的证明，自爱与自我价值的表现。放弃了白人的审美观，他们也就不再使用化学矫直剂或直发器了。

一位妇女谈论了她内心的矛盾。“几年来我一直困惑于是否保持自然的发型，对此我总是缺乏勇气。每次看到我照片里的自然的头发，我都感觉不到美。现在

我的头发自然，浓密而且健康。”美国非裔妇女对自己头发越来越有信心，认为这种自然的头发是美丽的。很多现代的美国非裔妇女无需特殊保养、护理头发，对其头发所展现出的自然美充满信心。

过去情况可大不一样。美国非裔妇女一直处于一种艰难的境地。她们内心深处的羞愧感、窘迫感促使他们丢掉了自己的根，自己的种族身份。被强迫洗脑后，他们开始相信白人是“优越”的，而自己却是“低劣”的。他们按照白人的审美观点改变、调整自己的外形，使自己看上去“漂亮优雅”些。

各个民族都有其独特的头发特征。人们终于承认美可以帮助我们建立自己的个性特征。最终，个人信心塑造并加强了美国非裔群体的文化。

60.答案：A61.答案：B62.答案：C63.答案：B64.答案：D65.答案：A

第二节阅读理解B

第一篇：

译文：

佛兰可依斯·雅各布(Francois Jacob)曾经写道“一个年代或文化与其说是以其知识的范畴为特征的，不如说是以其提出问题的性质为特征的。”这一论述揭示了一个时代或文明的本质是由人们思考的事物决定的，而不是由人们已知的事物决定的。

诚然，最璀璨的文化是在获得知识的岁月中发展起来的。对于所有以光辉灿烂历史为荣的国家和民族来说，这可能是一个普遍的真理。回过头来看看这些国家的文化发展，我们可以得到许多令人信服的例证。最具影响力的中国文化在1000年前的唐朝繁盛之极。从“唐人街”一词(“中国城”的另外一个名字)就可看出这一影响。也正是在这同一时期，中国人获取了比这以前他们曾经获得的更多的知识。

阿拉伯人在学会了算术并发明了阿拉伯数字时，阿拉伯的文化蓬勃发展起来。然而，如果和现在人们已经并正在获得的知识相比较，古代唐朝人和阿拉伯人所掌握的知识，毫无疑问，是非常有限的。但是在所有的历史书中，都详细地介绍了唐朝和古阿拉伯的文化，而今天中华人民共和国和阿拉伯联合酋长国的文化在历史书里却很少被人提及。

在一个年代或文化中，和知识相比，提出的问题更重要。例如，古希腊人和古罗马人关于自然的知识是非常欠缺的，但是他们仍被认为是人类历史上最辉煌年代和文化的奠基者，因为他们提出和思考过的问题是深刻而充满意义的。在以《伊利亚特》、《奥德赛》和《埃涅伊德》为代表的希腊人和罗马人的巨著中，他们提出了关于生命和死亡，爱情和仇恨，仁爱之心和险恶之心，以及个人和社会等的问题。从阿基里斯在《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》中对待死亡的不同态度，以及埃涅阿斯在爱情和荣耀之间做出的选择，人们总能得到灵感。这些仍然是今天人们面对、思索和讨论的问题。

仅由于知识的匮乏，一个时代或文明的重要性是不会被抹杀的。一个时代或文化的本质应该是对精神世界的探索，应该是那些所提出的令人深思的问题。

解析：

这篇文章以佛兰可依斯·雅各布(Francois Jacob)的一句名言开篇，主要论述了一个时代或一种文化是以它所提出的精神层面的问题为特征的，而不是以其知识的多少为特征的。文章从反、正两个方面论证，分别以中国的唐朝，古阿拉伯和古希腊，古罗马为例，来阐述尽管知识本身的作用是无可厚非的，但是所提出的问题、所带来的思索，对于一种文化来说，具有更加重要的作用。

66.答案：D67.答案：E68.答案：A69.答案：F70.答案：B

第二篇：

译文：

在过去的20年中，美国妇女的生活经历了空前的变化。维珍妮烟草民意调查已经将这一变化纳入全国范围的调查，而这一调查自1970年以来已开展了6次。所有这些调查一起提供了有关妇女正在变化的社会地位和她们对未来看法的一幅全面的画面。

1990年开展的维珍妮烟草民意调查中最显著的发现之一是女性和男性就妇女正在发生变化的角色这一问题上达成的共识。在许多方面，两性的看法一致。男性对女性在社会中地位的提高表示出强烈的和一贯的支持。和女性一样，他们认为性别歧视仍然是工作场所中的一个重要的问题。并且他们也同意他们能够帮助妇女在工作和家庭之间进行平衡的最切实的方法是他们来承担更多的家务活。

但是男性也是给美国女性带来怨恨和重压的一个主要原因。在1970年，大多数妇女关注于如何让男人们一起来分担家务。而现在，经过了彻底变化的一代人之后，妇女的期望值已经超过了男人行为的变化。象征性地帮助洗洗碗，照看孩子不再能够唤起女人的感激之情。相反，由于妇女在家庭收入上贡献了更多，因此她们期待着，作为回报，一个更加平等的家庭责任的划分。

厨房的餐桌已经越来越成为有关家庭责任的讨价还价的地方。在民意调查中有迹象表明，对于今天的大多数女性来说，等待男人们实践公平责任的理想是一个主要的刺激的话题。“我的丈夫在家务活方面能帮多大的忙”是仅次于金钱的，造成已结婚或未婚同居女性怨恨的一个最大的原因。她们中有52％的人把这作为一个问题来提出。在这方面有所改善是妇女们认为可以让她们的生活变得更好的最关键的事情之一。

解析：

本篇文章从民意调查入手，主要讲了美国妇女经历的空前的变化，文章阐述了男性和女性在妇女地位发生变化这一问题的共识，并分析了调查中所反映出来的，女性对男性在家务活方面的期待。文章的思路清晰，结构明朗，给考生答题带来了便利。

71.答案：B72.答案：D73.答案：C74.答案：F75.答案：A

第四部分英译汉

译文：

进入21世纪以来，在全球范围内，不论是国内还是国家之间，贫富差距加大。全球财富中，世界上绝大多数人所能获得的份额在日益减少，而少数几个富人和富国所获得的份额却在稳步增长。2001年《福布斯》杂志收录了资本净值总额为1.7万亿美元的538位亿万富翁，而联合国确认有28亿人每天靠不足2美元艰难度日。总的说来，全世界最富裕的20％的人口控制着全球86％的财富，而最贫穷的20％的人口所占的财富仅为1％。

贫富差距日益加大所产生的影响是方方面面的，也是令人担忧的。其中包括对环境的破坏：富人和富国因财力充足而过度地消费资源；穷人和穷国为了生存而不得不过度地开发利用环境。其次是迁移——人们为了寻找足够的资源而不得不背井离乡。还有冲突——富人和富国通过对抗以确保对财富的所有权；饱受资源不足之苦的穷人和穷国则通过对抗来获得他们所需要的资源。贫穷的群体一般

都缺乏资金和技术，无力从事大规模的常规战争以达到自己的目的，因此常常诉诸于小型的对抗和恐怖活动。

虽然导致全球贫富差距的原因是多方面的，也是很复杂的，但是其中就包括了有利于工业化国家的殖民时代的贸易模式；穷国在其中奋力抗争的经济和经济结构的全球化；由于信息技术不发达而逐渐增大的“数字化差异”；法律管理和保护的不善；教育、医疗保健、社会安全保障体系的缺乏，尤其是针对妇女和女童的安全保障体系的缺乏。

但是，这些国家和个人不必毫无止境地贫困下去。意识到当今世界需要相互依赖，在共同的政治愿望的促使下，扭转这种迫使世界违背自身的愿望而分裂的趋势是有可能的。而扭转这种趋势对我们的未来会产生积极而有力的影响。

执行“扶贫”政策，把来自世界工业发展欠发达地区的近50亿人都纳入到一个可持续经济发展的框架之下，将不仅造福于这50亿人，而且将极大地推动世界经济的发展。随着经济发展机遇的增加，人们获得的营养、教育和医疗保健的水平也得以改善。而这些带来的又是高收入、高度自治——尤其是妇女的高度自治以及追求环保型技术和产品的机遇。

解析：

虽然贫富差距不是一个新鲜话题，贫富差距日益加大却是进入21世纪以来的一个重要话题。贫富差距所产生的影响是多方面的，原因也很复杂，但是只要共同发展还是人类的美好愿望，行之有效地解决这个问题还是指日可待的。

1)译文：全球财富中，世界上绝大多数人所能获得的份额在日益减少，而少数几个富人和富国所获得的份额却在稳步增长。

分析：本句话的重点和难点在于对两处语言点collective wealth和claimed的理解上。考生易于把collective wealth译成“集体财富”，虽然从字面上来说是正确的，但是在这个语境中，译成“全球财富”更准确。而claim一词最常用的含义是“声称”，但是在该句中，claim的含义为to demand or ask for as one’s own，即“要求或寻求…归为己有”。

2)译文：贫富差异日益加大所带来的影响包括对环境的破坏：富人和富国因财力充足而过度地消费资源；穷人和穷国为求生存而不得不过度地挖掘和掠夺环境。

分析：本句结构简单，因此考生一般不会在结构分析上触礁，况且该句也没有有难度的单词，唯一影响该句翻译质量的因素就是中文表达的准确性。例如：afford to 本义为“供应得起”，但是把这个含义放到译文中去，即“…供应得起过度消耗资源”，却会令读者感到别扭。在这个语境中，afford to意为“因财力充足而有能力…”。这个例子提醒考生在中文表达上要善于变通，切忌照搬单词的中文含义而造成译文的晦涩难懂。本句的主语They的处理方法有两种。第一种是把They直接译成“他们”，第二种是明确They的指代对象，将其译成“影响”。建议考生在翻译之前通读全文，把句首出现的代词所指代的内容译出来。

3)译文：贫穷的群体一般都缺乏资金和技术，无力从事大规模的常规战争以达到自己的目的，因此常常诉诸于小型的对抗和恐怖活动。

分析：考生在翻译该句时，常常在三个地方表达欠准确，它们是typically，conventional和lowintensity.考生常见的译法是“典型地”、“传统的”和“低密度”，这种译法流于僵硬和呆板，照搬词条上的解释而缺少深刻的理解和变通。建议译成“一般的”、“常规的”和“强度较小的”或者“小型的”。

4)译文：但是，这些国家和个人可以不必如此毫无止境地贫困下去。

分析：该句虽短，但是字字珠玑。理解的重点是need not和indefinitely.对于情态