英语语法
名词按照种类可以分为普通名词专有名词
专有名词：专门给它用的表示特定的人，地方，团体，党派，国家机关，假日，等等
Marry , the Song Hua Lake , FU-Mart ,China , Hong Kong ,WTO , Mather’s Day ,Christmas Day ,Children’s Day . Sunday , January , the Great Wall .
普通名词：表示一类人，事物，物质或者抽象的概念。有的的是我们看得见的摸得着的，有的则是可不见摸不着只能用心去感受的。
“苹果“铅笔。书本，牛奶，肉，家庭，警察，友谊，和平，爱。
普通名词可以分为个体名词，集体名词，物质名词，抽象名词。
个体名词：指某一类人或事物中的个体的名词。有固定的形状，看得见，摸得着的如teacher , desk , box , city ,
集合名词：它可以指单个的概念也可以指一个整体，
单，复数都可以family（家庭，家人），team(团队，团队成员）, class（班级，学生）,club ,(俱乐部，会员）company （公司，职员）, audience （全体观众，每个观众。）arm , staff ，government , public My family is a large .
My familiy are tall
Our team has won the championship
抽象名词：看不见摸不着的只能用心去感受。Love . 和平Peace , ，friendship ,自由。
物质名词：没有固定形状无法分清个体的名词：glass ,bread ,paper , water , milk ,rain , wood , fruit .
名词按数又可以分为可数和不可数名词
可数名词，能数的过来的直接可以计算数目的apple , teacher ,desk , window . ...
不可数名词：不能直接以数目来计算的，water , milk . Bread , love ,
个体名词和集体名词大多是可数的，而物质名词和抽象名词大多为不可数名词。
名词按照数又可以分为可数名词和不可数名词。
可数名词是指能以数目来计算，可以分清个体的人或东西. 学生，桌子，苹果，书本等等。
可数名词有单复数的区分。
指单个个人或一件事物时，用单数形式；常用不定冠词a\an a book , an apple an egg.
指两个或两个以上的人或事物时用复数形式。
可数名词由单数形式变成复数形式的规则如下：
1.一般的名词词尾直接加s three dogs many apples two books
2.以s ch sh x 结尾的词我们在词尾加es bus-buses glass-glasses watch-watches box-boxes
3.以o 结尾的词有的需要加s 有的需要加es photos, zoos, heroes potatoes tomatoes
4.以辅音字母y结尾的要先将y 变为i再加es body-bodies city-cities family-families
5.以f或fe结尾的词要将f或fe改为ve再加s knife-knives wife -wives leaf -leaves
6.还有一些名词的复数形式有自己的变化形式chlid-children man-men woman-women foot -feet tooth- teeth. Mouse-mice. Sheep-sheep fish- fish deer-deer. People Chinese,Japanese.
可数名词的单数形式做主语时谓语动词用单数形式
There is an apple on the desk .
可数名词的复数形式在句中作主语时，谓语动词要用相应的复数形式。
There are a lot of children in our class .
不可以数名词是指不能以数目来计算，不能分成个体的概念或东西；比如：work ,homework, time ，Health ,friendship ，advice water ，milk ,meat,等等，因此说不可数名词没有复数的区别,
特点：只有单数形式，但是不能与a ，an 或具体数词连用，
我们不能说a water a milk 不可数名词要表达一定的数量必须借助一个名词性的短语 a cup of milk a piece of advice ，two cups of milk .
A cup of water , a piece of bread \paper a bottle of ink . Two cups of milk three pieces of paper some
1.不可数名词做主语时谓语动词要用单数形式。
There is some milk in the bottle .
许多的物质名词和抽象名词都是不可数名词，不可数名词作主语时，句子中的谓语动词常常用单数形式Water is a liquid .
有些不可数名词有时也可以有复数形式，但是他们的意义往往发生变化。Water-waters (水域）sand- sands
二，名词的格
名词的所有格:在英语中表示所属的关系，即表示某物是归谁所有的，通常译为“…..的”
老师的办公室，学校的操场，李刚的书，小明的铅笔。教师的节日，中国的地图，
构成：’s 或of+名词
：表示有名词所有格分为以下几种情况生命的人或动物名词所有格，无生命的名词所有格
一：表示有生命的名词所有格构成通常由“‘s “构成。
1 .单数名词直接在名词词尾加‘s 构成，如Marry’s bicycle。The boy’s bag
2. 以“S”结尾的复数名词直接加“’“即可teacher s’ day girls’ books , boys’ books
3. 如果所指的物为几个人共同所有，只需要在最后一个名词的后面“‘s 既可以
Li ming and Marry’s father is a teacher .
4 如果所指的物是各自所有，则需要在每个名词后面“‘s“
Liming’s father and Marry’s father are teachers .
5.如果名词所有格所修饰的名词，前面如果提到过，则该名词往往可以省略。
This book is new, it is Tom’s
The rooms are Tom’s and Jack’s 这些房间是汤姆和杰克的(各有各的房间)
6..如果名词所有格所修饰的名词是住宅，商店，店铺，住所等等。在具体的语言环境下很容易知道时候，则该名词习惯上常省略。
I am going to dentist’s =dentist’s office
She is going to barber’s =barber’s shop
At Tom’s . 在汤姆的家. at the doctor’s 在医生的诊所。
但是有的时候无生命的也可以用’s构成时间，国家，团体，机构的名词所用格China’s population the city’s life . Today’s story . Cctv’s Around The World show
二：无生命名词所有格的构成。一般常用“of+名词”构成
A map of China 。the legs of table . The gate of the school . The top of mountain (注意翻译的时候是从后往前翻译）
但是有生命的东西既可以用of 也可以用’s
Mr Smith’s son = the son of Mr.Smith
有生命的东西可以用’s也可以用of所有格的形式
7.双重名词所有格of+’s 的结构如果
This is a photo of Tom’s
Frank is a friend of my father’s
The girl’s name = the name of the girl
有的时候我们用“名词+of+名词所有格”构成双重所有格
Tom is a friend of Jim’s
1) –‘s所有格构成
单数名词和不以s结尾的
二冠词的用法
英语中的冠词可以分为不定冠词（a\an）和定冠词(the)
不定冠词(a\an) 用an\a 主要看音标当被修饰的单词的音标是以元音因素开头的用an 其余的都用a .
A book , a flower , a knife , a man
An egg an apple , an old man , an umbrella , an hour , an eye , an ear, an English book , an uncle .
1. 表示“一，一个用在单数可数名词前。
There is a book on the desk . He has an apple in his hand.
(注意虽然是用a\an 表示“一个，一。但是他们却不强调数量，而是强调类别)
There is a book on the table ( 强调的是书而不是别的东西)
He has an apple in his hand (强调的是苹果而不是橘子，香蕉或是别的什么东西)
英语当中要表是一，一个强调数量的时候通常用one
I give you one book.(我给你一本书而不两本书)
2.表示一类人或物，指同类中的任何一个，这时an\a 不必翻译
An elephant is stronger than a horse . 大象比马力气大
A teacher must be strict with his students ,教师必须对学生严格要求。
3.第一提到某人或某物，其介绍的作用
A girl wants to see you 一位姑娘想见你
On a cold evening a stranger came to my house
4.表示职业，身份
She is a students
My father want me to be a doctor .
5.用于专用名词前，表示不认识的人。
A Zhang called you just now .
A Mr. Smith wanted to see you .
6. 用在某些固定结构中have a cold have a try have a rest go for a walk
Wait a moment for a while as a result in a hurry , ….
定冠词the （这个那个，这些，那些）常用来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西
1. 特指双方都明白的人或物。
Give me the book (双方都知道是哪一本书)
Open the door ,please ( 都知道要开哪个门)
2. 上文提到过的人或事
I can see a kite , where is the kite ?
I bought a house , I’v been to the house .
3. 在姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人
The Blacks 布莱克一家人
3. 用在某些形容词前表示一类人
The poor , the rich , the old , the young , the blind , the dead .
4.世上独一无二的事物
The sun the sky the moon the earth
5.特指某些人或某些事以便与其他人或物有所区别
The book on the desk is mine
The boy with a flower in his hand is Jack.
6.用在序数词和形容词最高级以及形容词only ,very , same 等前面
I live in the second floor .
That’s the very thing I’ve been looking for .
7. 用在乐器的名词前she plays the piano .
8. 用在某些专用的名词前The Summer Place , The Great Wall , The Unite States
the people’s republic of china . the east china sea the huai river
8 用在方位的名词前on the right on the left in the west in the east in the south at the back of
9. 用在一些习惯的用于前
In the morning in the middle of in the end by the way in the distance
The day before yesterday in the sky
三主谓一致
主谓一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致，主语是单数形式，谓语也采用单数形式。主语是复数形式，谓语也采用复数形式。
A grammar book helps you learn English
Grammar books help you learn English
在许多方面情况我们都需要具体的对待
1.不定式动名词以及从句做主语应看做是单数谓语动词用单数形式
Reading often means learning .
To read English aloud helps you a lots 。
What he said has been recorded
2.不定代词one everyone everybody one of nothing nobody someone
Either neither ...做主语是谓语动词用单数
Neither of my sisters likes sports
Each of you helps me a lots
Every boy and girl show great interest in English。
表示国家，机构，事件，作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看做单数，谓语动词用单数
The united states is leading the world i n science .
One thousand and night tells people lots of mysterious bits of folklore。
还有一些短语 a series of a kind of the number of 等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看做单数，谓语动词用单数。
The number of printing mistakes in some recent book often surprises people even to death .
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant .
A series of high techology products has been laid out in the exhibition.
有一些短语 a lot of most of any of percent of some of none of
The rest of all of 等后面接不可数名词时主语应看做是单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式。当接可数名词的时候主语应看做事复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。
A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday .
A lot of books have been published recently.
意义的一致
这原则是指，从意义着眼来解决主谓一致的问题，有时主语形式上为单数，但意义上却是复数，那么谓语依意义也应用复数形式；而有时主语形式上为复数但意义上却是单数，那么谓语依意义也应用单数形式。
1.当主语后面接由as well as , as much as , including , in addition to , more than , no less than , rather than ,together with .引导的词组时，其谓语动词的形式主要依据主语的单复数而定。在这些句子中这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单复数形式，他们在句子中其实是做状语。常常与主语之间隔开。The teachers ,with all his students , is going to have a picnic this weekend .
The students ,together with their teacher, are going to have a picinic this weekend .
谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指"有多少数量"则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数
3)例如：Four weeks are often regarded as one month. 人们常大约地将四个星期看成一个月.
4)Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life. 二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期.
5)Eighty yuans are enough for a student to spend on food for one week.
6)3) 形容词前加定冠词即"the + 形容词"作主语时，其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数，谓语动词用单数；但如果其意义是指一类人则应该看作是复数，那么谓语动词也应该用复数.
7)②The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真实与虚假应加以区别.
例如：The young,on the one hand,often think of the old conservative. On the other hand,the old always consider the young inexperience. 一方面，青年人常认为老年人保守；另一方面，老年人总是认为青年人没有经验.
8)5) 集体名词作主语时，谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义：主语表示整体时视为单数，谓语动词用单数；主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数，谓语动词用复数.这类集体名词
常见的有：army,audience,cattle,class,club,committee,crowd,family,government,group,majority,minority,part,people,police, public,staff,team等等
.例如：The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球.
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞.
The public has every reason to be cautious of professional deception.
人民大众完全有理由谨防职业骗局.
The public now come to know the whole story.
人们现在越来越清楚那是怎么回事了.
就近的原则
这一原则是指，谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致.常出现在这类句子中的连词有：or,either… or …，neither… nor …，not only… but also …等.
例如：Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter.
不是我，就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任.
Neither the unkind words nor the unfriendly attitude has caused me any distress
.既不是那些不友好的话，也不是那不友好的态度让我沮丧.
Not only he but also all his family are keen on concerts.
不仅仅是他，而且是他全家人都很热衷于音乐会.
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it.
他全家人和他都不知道那件事.
并列结构做主语时
1.由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时，谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数.
如： A young man and a girl want to go there.
一个青年男子和一个姑娘想去那里.
但如果在意义上指同一个人，同一件事或同一个概念时，谓语动词要用单数形式.
如：A needle and thread was found on the floor. 在地板上找到了针线（穿了线的针）.
2.当each ...and each...,every...and every..., no...and no...,many a...and many a ...结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式.
如：①No man and no animal is to be found on the moon.
在月球上没发现人和动物.
3.一个单数名词同时被两个不同的形容词修饰，表示两个不同的概念时，谓语动词一般用复数.
如：Ancient and modern history are the subjects we are studying.
古代史和现代史是我们目前学习的课程.
但如果表示的是同一概念时应用单数
如The last and most difficult lesson is lesson14. 14课是最后一课也是最难的一课.
4 二，百分数，分数作主语时的主谓一致
果是复数名词或代词，谓语动词用复数；如果是单数名词（或不可数名词）或代词，谓语动词用单数
.如：①Fifty percent of the students in our school are girls.
我们学校百分之五十的学生是女生.
②Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.
地球表面的四分之三是海洋.
二：数词（基数词和序数次）
1. 基础词：1-12 one, two ,three, four , five,six ,seven ,eight,nine,ten ,eleven,twelve.
13-19是以teen结尾的thirteen ,fourteen,fifteen, sixteen ,seventeen, eighteen Nineteen,(注意13 15 18的拼写）
20-90的整十位数的拼写均是以ty结尾的。Twenty, thirty, forty.fifty ,sixty ,seventy
Eighty ,ninety,
21--99的表达法：twenty-one ,twenty- three........
英语中的百：hundred , 100: one hundred .
100-999.构成方法：1--9的数字加hundred+and+末两位数.
125 ：one hundred and twenty-five.
805 : eight hundred and five
英语中的千：thousand.
2000 two thousand
3000 three thousand
8134 eight thousand ,one hundred and thirty-four
7358: seven thousand ,three hundred and fifty-eight .
8009eight thousand and nine
英语当中没有“万”一般只用“十千”来表示：
10000 ten thousand
78756 seven –eight thousand ,seven hundred and fifty-six
Two sevens 两个七
A man in his fifties
Hundreds (thousands,millions) of people come to visit the city.
Thousands and thousands of birds flock together.成千上万的鸟聚集在一起。
4.序数次：表示顺序先后到数词。
英语当中的序数次1-3有各自独特的形式：first(1st) second(2nd) third(3rd)
第4-19都是在基数词后面加th即可。但是要特别注意第五，第八，第九，第十二。
Fourth,fifth,sixth,seventh,eighth,ninth,tenth,eleventh,twelfth,thirteenth, Fourteenth,fifteenth, sixteenth,seventeenth, eighteenth,nineteenth
第20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90都是在基数词后把y变为i加eth.
Twentith , thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth,
第21-99都是由其基数词和序数词构成的。Twenty-first 21st
, twenty-second 22nd, twenty-third 23rd thirty-fifth 35th
序数次和基数词的应用。
1.在小数词中的运用
小数词中的“小数点“一般用point 表示小数点前的数字与前面的基数词读法相同，小数点后的数字则依次读出。
6.728 six point seven two eight
17.479 seventeen point four seven nine
0.7 zero point seven
0.07 zero point zero seven
在百分数中的应用。百分数中的百分号读作percent，其他整数或小数正常读出既可以。
5% five percent 0.7% zero point seven percent
78% seventy-eight percent
在倍数表达法的应用
用twice 表达两倍的数
用times 表达三倍和三倍以上的数
。。。。times +形容词或副词比较级+than,…..
Line AB is three times longer line CD 线段ab是线段cd的三倍长。
This hall is five is five times bigger than our classroom这个大厅比我们的教室多五倍
。。。。。times+as+形容词或副词的原级+as
This table is three times as long as that one
This book is five times as thick as that one
….times +the+名词（size ,height ,length,）+of
The earth is 49 times the size of the moon
This river is three times the depth of that one
“……times more +名词+than…..”
He earns five times more money than he did ten years ago
他现在挣的钱比十年前多五倍。
There are twice more students in our class than in theirs
我们班的学生人数比他们班多两倍
1 年代的读法（基数词）：先读前两位再读后两位，1997 nineteen ninety-seven. 1603 sixteen three 1900 nineteen hundred
1960s nineteen sixties
注意年代的表达法一般用the +整十位的复数形式
90年代the nineties 60年代the sixties
20世纪70年代：1970s 或1970's nineteen seventies ,1980或1980's nineteen eighties
3.年，月，日的写法和用法。年用基数词，日用序数次。
1921年7月1日July 1, 1921 读作july first 1921.
6.时间的写法和用法。
表示时刻可以直接用基数词表示
6：10 six ten 10:30 ten thirty 5:50 five fifty
12: 45 twelve forty-five
9点45 nine forty-five ,10点55 ten fifty-five 11点35 eleven thirty-five
半点以内还可以用分钟+past+钟点数进行表达8点10 ten past eight , 9点30 half past nine,表示几点过几分。超过半点（30分) 我们用分钟+to +下一个钟点数。Five to eleven 11点35Twenty-five to twelve 这里我们需要注意15分钟通常不用fifteen 而用a quarter. 9点45 a quarter to ten (通常用past , to ,等表示时间的形式时候不用o'clock)
介词
1介词词组的辨析
2时间介词
年前周前要用in ，具体日子要用on
具体几号要用on 上午下午又是in
要说某日上下午用on 换in 记清楚
午夜黄昏用at at 用在时分前
说差要用上to 说过要用past
In 时间段表示多久之后用于将来时
after 时间段常用语过去时中
时间点用于将来时
形容词：通常是用来修饰名词的。用来说明人或事物的性质，状态或特征的词
A beautiful girl , a tall boy , we are good friends
形容词句法功能
1.做定语修饰名词或代词（通常放在名词或代词的前）
she is a clever girl . We are good friends . 吉林is a beautiful city .
I have something important to tell you .
You can find something good in the shop .
2.做表语：常常放在系动词之后English is diffficult. It is easy for me . The trees turn green in spring .
(这些系动词有be , become , grow , turn . Feel , smell , sound taste , look ,get , go , he looks worried.
3.做宾语补足语。As a doctor ,i want to make sick people better . I find my dog useful . He made us happy . Color it green .
We must keep the room clean
4.The +形容词表示一类人或事物。The rich should help the poor . The young.
形容词的原级as +原级+as Are you as beautiful as your sister ? I think English as boring as math
否定not as\so +原级+as I think Enlish is not as interesting as math . Marry is not as good at tennis as Tom 。
原级比较的时候还常常用于表示倍数一倍用once +as 形容词原级+as 两倍twice +as+形容词原级+as 三倍或三倍以上基数词+times as 形容词原级+as
The box is twice as large as that one .
The house is three times as big as ours
表示半数时则用half as +形容词原级+as
The bridge is half as long as that one .
比较级比较级+than .
Sam has longer hair than Tom .
Your notebook is more beautiful than mine .
比较级前可以用much even , far a lot , a little , still 表示程度的副词修饰用来加强语气。
My schoolbag is much heavier than hers .
比较级还可以和特殊疑问词连用
Which\who is 比较级，A或B？
Which is bigger, the sun or the moon ?
最高级：表示三者或三者以上的人或事物进行比较时需要用到最高级。形容词的最高级前一定要加定冠词the 有的时候后面还会带有由of\in 的短语来说明比较的范围，有很多时候则没有。
时态：
一：一般过去时
定义：过去某个时间发生的事情或存在的状态，常用一般过去时。常常yesterday , last night , Last week . Just now. the day before yeaterday. 具体时间+ago .. in the past , once a upon a time 等等表示过去的时间状语连用。
例句：我昨天去江南公园里，去年暑假我去海南玩了，昨天晚上我和妈妈去时代吃烤肉了。上周妈妈带我去看望爷爷和奶奶了，
构成：主语+动词的过去式+其他。
动词的过去式构成分为以下几种情况：
在通常情况下动词的过去式v+ed . Play --played , watch- watched .
I played football on the ground yesterday. He watched TV last night
以不发音字母e结尾的动词词尾加d。live-lived taste-tasted , liked
I lived in Chang Chun ten years ago .
以辅音字母y 结尾的动词变y为i 加ed study- studied fly-flied ,carry-carried
He studied English in Beiing last year .
以重读闭音节结尾的动词需要双写词尾字母再加ed的stop-stopped
还有一些动词的过去式有自己的变换形式go- went, get –got tell- told ,have- had see- saw , say -said . Give- gave make-made , is\am - was are - were do -did .
He went to the park yesterday
She got up at 10 o’clock last Sunday.
I was a boy 20 years ago
You were a baby 10 years ago .
There was a river in the village ten years ago .
There were a lot of students last year .
1. 含有be动词的陈述句，疑问句，和否定句
陈述句：
He was a boy 20 years ago
You were a boay 10 years ago
疑问句：只需要把be（was, were）动词提前放置于句首即可
Was he a boy 20 years ago ? Yes ,he was . No, he wasn’t
Were you a boay 10 years ago ? Yes, I was . No , I wasn’t
否定句：在be动词加否定词not 既可was not=wasn’t , were not=weren’t
Tom wasn’t a boy 20 years ago .
You weren’t a baby 10 years ago
2 不含有Be 动词的。
疑问句和否定句的构成要借助于助动词did来完成；
疑问句Did +主语+动词原形+其他
Did you play football on the ground yesterday ? Yes i did no i didn't
Did she watch TV last nigth . yes she did . no she didn’t
Did he go to the park yesterday ? yes he did . no he didn’t
Did you live in Chang Chun ten years ago ? yes I did . no I din’t
否定句主语+did not (didn’t)+ 动词原形+其他
I didn’t play football on the ground yesterday .
I didn't watch TV last night .
He did go to the park yesterday .
含有be 动词的疑问句（把was . were 放置于句首既可）
Were you a baby 10 years ago ? yes I was . no I wasn’t
Was there a river in the village 10 years ago ? yes there was . no ,there wasn’t
含有be 动词的否定句（在be动词加否定词not 既可was not=wasn’t , were not=weren’t ）
I wasn’t a boy ten years ago .
You weren’t a baby ten years ago .
二.含有be动词的一般现在时和实意动词的一般现在时
含有be动词的一般现在时be只有am \is \are
I 用am you are 单数全是用is 复数用are
I am a teacher he is a student
否定句直接在be动词后加not即可
疑问句需把be动词提前
一般现在时：它可以表示以下三种情况：
1.表示经常性的动作或存在的状态。经常发生的动作是针对v 而言，而存在的状态是指代be动词
常常和时间状语always ,often , usually, everyday , sometimes . every year , every night , every week . 连用。
我经常和妈妈去逛街。每个周末我都来外语班学英语，我爸爸每天都去遛弯，
我家住在大东门，我有一条小狗，。他总是帮助别人。你们经常去游戏吗？
天气非常的热
2 客观的实事或普遍存在的真理。
，
The sun rises in the east . Water boils at 100Japan lies to the east of China. 日本在中国的东边。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
A horse is a useful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。
Water boils at 100℃. 水在摄氏一百度时沸腾。
October 1st is our National Day. 十月一日是我们的国庆节。
When Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（英国浪漫主义诗人雪莱的名句。）Beauty is truth, truth beauty. 美即真理，真理即美。（英国浪漫主义诗人济慈的名句。）
3）少数动词如go, come, leave, arrive, begin, start, be 等的一般现在时可以表示按规定、计划或安排预计要发生的
The plane takes off at six past five. 飞机将于六点零五分起飞。
Tomorrow is Sunday. 明天是星期天。
Our summer vacation begins in early July. 我们的暑假七月初开始。
在时间和条件状语从句中可以用一般现在时表示将来时。
I’ll let you know as soon as I hear from him.
我一接到他的信就告诉你。
He’ll go if it is fine tomorrow. 如果明天天气好，他就去。
I shall be away when he arrives. 等他到了我就不在了。
We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives. 等他来了，我们再开始讨论。
构成：主语+谓语动词+其他
1.当主语是其他人称时i , you , we ,they （除第三人称he,she,it之外）主语+动词原形构成。
I often play football with xiaoming
They aways go to school by bike .
I like playing football
I like to eat 臭豆腐
2.当主语是第三人称单数时（she ,he ,it )时谓语动词需要进行相应的变化
1.直接在谓语动词词尾加s ，play-plays like-likes ask-asks
He plays football everyday . she likes to eat 臭豆腐
2.以字母s x ch o sh 结尾的单词需要在词尾加es。go- goes do -does watch-watches wash—washes 。He usually goes to school by bike.
Jack somestimes watches TV on Saturday .
Marry always washes clothes.
3.以辅音字母y结尾的变y 为i 再加es try –tries ，Study-studies fly-flies
She studies Englih everyday .
4. 动词用自己的变化形式have – has.
The dog has four legs .
一般现在时也分为陈述句，疑问句，否定句。
一般现在时的疑问句分两种情况
1..当主语是i , you , we ,they（除第三人称she,he,it）之外借助助动词do来完成结构Do +主语+动词原形
Do they usually go to school by bike ? yes they do . no they don’t
2.当主语是第单数第三人称时（she ,he , it ) 要借助助动词does 来完成，结构为Does +主语+动词原形Does she usually go to school by bike ? Does he always play football everyday ?
Yes she does . No she doesn't . Yes he does . No he doesn't
一般现在时否定句也分为两种情况。
1..当主语其他称时（i , you , we ,they )
也要借助don't 来完成主语+don't +动词原形
I don't like apple .
Sometimes we don't play football .
当主语是第三人称单数形式时要借助doesn't来完成. 主语+does n’t+动词原形
She usually doesn't go to school by bike .
He doesn't often watch TV every Sunday.
三一般将来时。
我明天要去北京了。
再过一个月我们学校就要放寒假了。
我星期天要去动物园
今天晚上我要去爷爷奶奶家吃饭。
定义：将来要发生的动作事情。常常和表示将来的时间状语连用tomorrow（明天），next week| year，in the future（将来next time，in +一段时间（在…之后）。the day after tomorrow .
this afternoon , this evening .
构成：主语+will+动词原形
I will go to school tomorrow 。
We will do my homework after school .
they will go to Beijing next week .
He will go shopping on Saturday.
一般将来时态陈述句，疑问句，否定句
一般将来时的疑问句只需要把will放置于句首即可will +主语+动词原形
Will you go to school tomorrow ? Yes i will no i won't
Will he go shopping on Saturday ? Yes he will . No he won,t .
一般将来时的否定句只需要will+not( won't) +动词原形
I won't go to school tomorrow .
We won’t do my homework tonight .
They won’t go shopping on Sunday 。‘
一般将来时态shall\will+ 动词原形
当主语是第一人称时( i , we )时常用shall will则用于各种人称
I shall go to school tomorrow .
I shan’t go to school tomorrow
Shall i go to school tomorrw .
We shall do our homework after school .
We shan’t do our homework after school
Shall we do our homework after school .
当主语是第一人称I, we时，特别是在疑问句中多用shall。表示征求对方的意见或询问情况
Where shall we meet tomorrow? 明天我们在哪见面。
Let’ t go to school . shall we?
Shall I sit here ? ?
Shall i open the window?
2 .Be going to
在表示一般将来时结构时,
I am going to 长春on Sunday
What are you going to do tomorrow ?
I am going to 长春。
Be going to \ will 的区别
Be going to 表示根据主观方面打算或准备去做的事情，而will通常是客观上将来要发生的事情。
I will be thirty-seven years old .
Tomorrow will be Sunday
在下列情况下多用will
表示有礼貌的询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的向对方提出请求时用will 此时多用于第二人称。
Will you come in and have a drink
Will you please lend me your bike ?
Will you help me with my maths
表示意愿时
I will help you stduy English
在表示将来时的结构，还可以用现在进行时表示。在英语中有一些瞬间动词可以用现在进行时表示将来时（leave ,come ,arrive ,go, begin ,。。。）
I am leaving .（我要走了）
Wait a minute .I am coming .（我就来了）
She is going there tomorrow .
Be about to +动词原形（表示即将或马上要发生的事情，不与表示将来的时间状语连用）
We are about to learn to some new words
He is about to move to Japan .
They are about to get married .
The class is about t o begin
Hurry up , we are about to leave ..
Be to +动词原形（表示按计划或安排要发生的动作或事情）
He is to buy a new car.
四：现在完成式：
可以表示以下两种情况:
过去某个不确定的时间发生的动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果。（动作发生在过去，但强调对现在造成的影响或结果）
常和时间状语already （已经）, never（从不）, ever（曾经）, just（刚刚）, yet（仍然）before （之前）这些时间状语可以作为现在完成时的标志词。用来判断是否是现在完成时,
Your shoes is so old. Why don’t you buy a new pair ? I have spent all my money on the MP5.
What would you like te eat for lunch ?
I have lost my wallet (我把钱包弄丢了) 含义是我没有钱花了
Would you like to go and see Avatar with me tonight ?
Thank you ,I have seen it already 。我已经看过那部电影了( 含义是我了解这部电影的内容)
We have already found MH370(我们找到了MH370)
I have just had my breakfast。（已经吃过早饭了）含义是现在已经不饿了.
Yet 常用于疑问句（已经）和否定句中（还）has he found his watch yet ? No ,not yet . The woman hasn’t found her dog yet .
Ever 曾经，常常用于疑问句和否定句中
Never 常与before 连用before 常放在句末。i have never travelled by plany before .
Just (刚刚）i have just come back
Before 常常放在句末表示过去某个不确定的时间。
2）过去某个时间已经开始的动作持续到现在，也许还会继续下去。常和表示一段的时间状语连用so far （到目前为止）,for a long time.（很长时间）in the past few years（在过去的几年中
for +段时间（多久）since+过去点时间（自从。。。。以来）。）up to now（到现在） . till\until now , these days （这些日子）……
I have lived in 吉林for 11 years
Tom has been ill for three days .
We have known each other since two years ago ..
We have studied English for 8 years .
Jilin has changed a lot so far
我们在翻译时常译“已经”“了”
我已经工作十一年了
我学英语已经22年了
我在吉林已经生活了十一年了
我们在翻译时现在完成时态时常常译“已”“已经”“了”
构成：
主语+have/has ＋动词的过去分词＋其他.
当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用has，其余人称一律用have.
过去分词的构成：
1.规则动词的过去分词一般是由动词加ed构成。
work---worked visit---visited learn-learned
(注意：过去分词并不是过去式）
2.以不发音“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。live-lived , change-changed. Agree-agreed. Move-moved. Save-saved. , use-used . hope-hoped .
3.以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“ ed ”。study---studied,cry---cried
Carry-carried. Try-tried .
4.还有一些单词需要双写词尾字母再加ed的
stop---stopped, drop --dropped
5.还有一些动词的过去分词有自己的变换形式have—had, find-found, grow-grown ,buy-bought , go – gone , do-done , leave-left . build-built .be-been .read-read
AAA : 形式Cost- Cost- Cost cut-cut- cut Hit- Hit- Hit Put- Put- Put Set- Set- Set let-let -let read-read-read shut-shut-shut hurt-hurt- hurt
AAB : beat=beat=beaten
ABB :（过去式与过去分词相同）buy-bought- bought catch-caught-caught find- found- found burn-burnt-burnt hear-heard-heard ,Stand- stood-stood . Mean-meant-meant learn-learned\learnt-learned\learnt have-had-had hang-hanged\hung-handed\hung
Build-built=built . Send-sent-sent lose-lost-lost spend- spent- spent lend-lent- lent, bring-brought-brought feel-felt-felt fight-fought-fought get-got-got keep-kept-kept leave-left-left. Lay-laid-laid make-made-made
teach-tought-tought win-won-won
ABA : run-ran-run come-came- come become-became-become
ABC : take-took-taken write-wrote- written. Blow-blew-blown drive-drove-driven draw-drew-drawn eat-ate-eaten give- gave-given .fall-fell- fallen grow-grew-grown know-knew-known ride-rode-ridden see-saw-seen. Steal-stole-stolen. Be(is am)-was-been
Are -were- been do-did -done . Fly- flew-flown lie-lay-lain ring -rang-rung sing-sang-sung swim-swam-swum wear-wore-worn become-became-become come-came-come run-ran-run go-went- gone drink-drank-drunk
例句：
I have worked for eight years. 、
We have learned English for 5 years
He has just had breakfast
She has found her book..
I already have found mybook
Marry has lived in吉林since 1999.
You have lived in 吉林since 2004
I have studied English since 1992
现在完成时也分为陈述句，疑问句，否定句。
现在完成时的疑问句只需要把have \has放置于句首即可。其它不变
Have you worked for eight years ? yes I have . no I haven’t
Has Marry lived in 吉林since 2004 ? yes she has . no she hasn’t
Has he just had breakfast ? yes he has . no he hasn’t
否定句只需要在have\has后面加not 即可常常缩写为haven't \hasn't
I haven’t worked for eight years .
Marry hasn’t lived in 吉林since she was born .
Have\has been to have\has gone to 的区别
Have\has been to 表示某人去过某地说话的时候已经回来了（到过某地）
I have been to Song Hua Lake three time .
Marry has been to Disneyland
Have\has gone to 表示某人去了某地说话的时候还没有回来（去了某地）
--Where is Tom?
---He has gone to the teacher’s office
Hello .this is Marry speaking , Can i speak to Tom ?
Sorry , he has gone to 北山park .
Has been in +地点（在某地呆了多久）
They has been in 吉林for 1 year .
现在完成时态注意的问题
I have married
My grandpa has died
My grandpa has died for one year . （错误）
He has come back
He has come back for 3 days （错误）
I have left my hometown
I have left my hometown for 10 years (错误)
注意的问题：
延续性动词和非延续性动词：
1.延续性动词表示的动作不会一下完成而是可以延续,发展的work , teach , keep,wait , learn ,have , watch ,stay , live, know,sing, read ,sleep
2.非延续动词表示的动作是瞬间的，动作不能延续。这种动作发生后立即结束。如：die ,marry .buy , begin , join ,get up , close,open , come , go ,borrow ,arrive , leave ,buy , become ,
延续性动词用于现在完成时的句子当中常与for或since 引导的段时间状语连用.
You have learned English for eight years .
I have kept the book for 5 days .
非延续性动词也可以用于完成时，但是由于动作是瞬时完成的所以不能与for+段时间或since+点时间引导的段时间状语连用
I have married
My grandpa has died
She have bought the book
He has come back
I have borrowed the book
I have left my hometown.
I have married for five years . （错误）
My grandpa has died for one year . （错误）
I have bought the book for five year (错)、
He has come back for 3 days （错误）
I have left my hometown for 10 years (错误)
那么这种非延续性动词在现在完成如果与表示的段时间状语连用时，我们可把非延续性动词转换成延续性动词的形式。
Go there- be there , come here \ back- be here\ back, die- be dead , leave- be away from , open- be open , close- be closed, go\get out- be out , finish- be over ,
Become-be , get up- be up , fall asleep- be asleep, fall ill -be ill . Fall sick-be sick. ,begin\start-be on finish- be over get to know-know
Arrive at\in- be in\at marry –be married , join ---be in\be in a number of Put on –wear , buy- have , borrow- keep ,catch a cold- have a cold ,
所以上面的例句我们就可以用以下的方式进行表达
My brother has been in the army since 1999.
I have been married for 5 years .
My grandfather have been dead since last year .
I have had this watch for five years
He has been back for 3 days
I have been away from my hometown for 10 years
但是在否定句中这些非延续性动词可以与段时间连用
She hasn’t come here for an hour .
I haven’t bought the bike for a year .
I haven’t saw you for a long time
现在完成时与一般过去时的区别
相同点：都表示过去某个时刻发生的动作。
不同点：一般过去时强调过去，现在完成时态强调现在
1.一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去的某一时刻，只是在陈述一件过去曾经发生过的事情和现在的不发生关联。
现在完成时强调过去发生的这一动作与现在的关系，强调对现在产生的结果或影响。
时间状语区别
2 一般过去时态常与具体的时间状语连用，yesterday , one day . Long long ago . Two years ago last night\ year .\month . In 1988, just now ......
现在完成时常常与一些不确定的时间状语连用。already （已经）, never（从不）, ever （曾经）, just（刚刚）, yet（仍然）before（之前或表示一段的时间状语连用so far（到目前为止）,for a long time.（很长时间）in the past few years（在过去的几年中）for +段时间（多久）since+过去点时间（自从。。。。以来）。）up to now（到现在） . till\until now recently(最近) , these days （这些日子）
I saw the film yesterday . 只是单纯的叙述昨天看了电影这件事情
I have already seen the film 强调对电影的内容已经知道了。
When did you finish your homework? 只是在询问过去完成作业的这件事情。
I have finished my homework .作业做玩了可以去玩了
My grandpa died in 2000 . Though he has dead for 10 years , i miss him a lot .
I bought a red car (我曾经买过一辆红色的汽车) 只是叙述这一过去发生的事实，与现在没有关系，也许坏了，也许卖掉了。
I have bought a red car (我买了一辆红色的轿车)如果用现在完成时叙述，则强调了与现在有关系，即我现在正在使用着。
现在进行时：
定义：此时此刻正在发生的动作或事情。通常与时间状语now , at this moment .
我正在给你们上课。同学们正在听课，有一些同学正在睡觉，有一些同学正在溜号。
构成：主语+ Be +动词的现在分词
动词的现在分词的构成
五过去进行时
定义：过去进行时表示在过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。常和表示过去的时间状语，at that time , this time yesterday , then , at nine yesterday .或者与when, while引导的过去时间状语连用。昨天放学的时候你在干什么？
上周日我在外语班学习的时候我妈妈给我打电话。
今天早上我去找他上学的时候，他正在睡觉。
构成：was /were + V-ing(现在分词)。
或者与when, while引导的过去时间状语连用。
1.I was watching TV at 5 o’clock last night .
2.They were doing their homework at that time .
3.he was studying all the time last Sunday.
4.He was reading when i came in
5.I was doing my homework while my parents watching TV .
过去进行时的陈述句，疑问句，否定句。
过去进行时的疑问句只需要把were \was 放置于句首即可。
过去进行时和一般过去时的区别
过去进行时与一般过去时，两者都表示过去发生的动作，但过去进行时表示在过去某一特定的时间点或时间段正在进行的动作，强调动作在过去的时间段正在发生，而一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生过的动作，强调是事实或结果。
She wrote a letter to her friend last night. 她昨晚给朋友写了封信。（强调昨晚正在发生的动作）
She was writing a letter to her friend last night. 她昨晚一直在给朋友写信。（强调昨晚做过的事情）