专四语法重点总结
情态动词
1．can 用于否定句cannot(help)but表示不能不，只能（but后跟不带to的动词不定式）2．must 表示禁止，一定不要时的否定式为mustn?t 当它表示有把握的推断时意为一定准是时它的否定形式为can?t
3．need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味
4．need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事（经常考）
虚拟语气
1．It is (high/about/the)time... 谓语动词用过去式指现在或将来的情况表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了
2．It is the first(second/third)time后的that从句中，谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验
3．as if/though 的虚拟要点
1) 对当时事实的假设，从句谓语用过去式，be动词一律用were
2)对过去事实的假设，从句谓语用过去完成式
3)对未来事实的假设，从句谓语用would+动词原型
不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。
(1)in order to(do), so as to(do)结构引导目的状语，so as to不能置于句首。如：
(2)so…as to, such…as to, enough…to, too…to结构做程度状语。如：
The solution works only for couples who areself-employed, don?t have s mall children and getalong well enough to spend most of their timetogether.
The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and Ameri can English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.
(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾，表示不愉快的结果，有时用only加强语气。常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce等。如：Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to fi nd it locked.
(4)not/never too… to, too… not to, but/only too…to, too ready/eager/apt /inclined to 表示肯定意义。如：
I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息，我太高兴了。
不定式做定语
(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next,last, only, not a, the, very
等限定词时，该名词用不定式做定语。如：the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性。
(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
tendency to do→tend to do, decision todo→decide to do
This book is an attempt to help you use Englishand recognize how it is used.
(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语，相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如：
ambition to do “干……的雄心”→be ambitious to do“有雄心干……”
curiosity to do “对……的好奇心”→be curious to do“对……好奇”
ability to do“做……的能力”→able to do“有能力做……”
According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species? ability t o survive arenaturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.
(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语，这些名词包括：
way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evide nce, power, right,movement, drive (运动)，effort等。如：
I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly hadtime to catch the last bus.
We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution t o the existingproblem.
(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot习惯上用不定式做定语。如：
Though we have made great progress, there is still much to be improved. 倒装
固定语序主语+谓语后置
1．句尾焦点和句尾重心2．关键词语的后置
前置与倒装
1)不引起倒装的前置
不引起倒装的前置成分通常是宾语、主语补语和宾语补语。
2) 引起倒装的前置:
主语补语前置时，如主语较长或结构较复杂，就会引起倒装。
前置宾语由not a + 名词或 not a single + 名词，就会引起倒装
A horrible mess I have made of it.
Books, I need.
Happy indeed I am
Happy indeed are those who got the tickets to Beijing.
倒装
某些状语的前置会引起倒装: 全部倒装和部分倒装
a.句首状语为方位词或拟声词，谓语动词为go, come等表示位置转移的动态动词时，通常用全部倒装，主语为代词，不用倒装。
. Lower and lower he bent.
b.当句首状语为表地点的介词词组时，也会引起全部倒装。
From the wall comes the voice of the doctor.
c.当句首状语为否定词或带有否定意义的词语时，一般引起局部倒装。
Nowhere else could you find so cheap books.
d.当句首状语为only + 副词, only +介词词组, only + 状语分句构成，也可引起局部倒装。
Only through sheer luck did he manage to get some tickets.
e.以关联连词so (…that)开头的句子，引起局部倒装。so+形容词是主语补语的前置；so+副词是状语的前置。
So small was the mark that I could hardly see it.
f.当方式状语、频度状语等移至句首时，有时也引起局部倒装。也可不用倒装。
Many a time has Mike given me good advice.
Slowly and impressively he rose from his seat.
存在句（There be）
存在句的结构特征
存在句的结构模式是：
There + be + NP + Locative Expression (+ TemporalExpression)
存在句的引导词
There在句中位于主语位置，实义主语是随后的名词词组，There起形式主语的作用，在疑问句中，它和操作词倒装。注意存在句的引导词There和句首状语There的区别。
存在句的实义主语
实义主语的名词词组通常是非确定特指，即通常带有不定冠词、零冠词及其他非确定意义的限定词, some,any, many, much, a lot of, enough, little…基本句型凡带有非确定特指的名词词组，一般都可用There 存在句转化。
存在句的谓语动词
存在句的谓语动词主要是动词be的某种形式，分限定形式和非限定形式。
限定形式：一般现在时、一般过去时、现在完成体、过去完成体和情态助动词+不定式。除be外，某些表示存在意义的不及物动词如：exist, remain, occur, stand, lie.等，能用于there存在句。地点状语前移，there可省。
There can be very little about his guilt.
There are many desks in the classroom.
There used to be a hospital round the corner.
There appears to be no doubt about it.
There stands a house behind the tree.
Behind the tree (there )stands a house.
存在句的非限定形式
1）存在句的非限定形式
there to be 和 there being结构
2）there to be 和 there being结构用法与区别
there to be：作for 介词补语
作动词（except, want, like, prefer, hate…）的宾语
They planned for there to be another meeting
Members like there to be plenty of choice.
there being : 作除for外的介词的补语
作主语和状语
John was relying on there being another opportunity.
There being a bus stop so near the house is a good advantage.
存在句的非限定形式与限定形式的转化
. For there to be so few people in the street was unusual.
= It was unusual that there wereso few people in the street.
It 句型
1. Basic structure:
There + be + subject + adverbial
2. Non-finite structure
There to be --------- for ; Verb
There being ---------in,on….; noun; adverbial
There being a lawn extends from the river to thehouse.
There is a lawn extending from the river to thehouse.
There extends a lawn from the house to the river.
From the house to the river lies a lawn.
From the wall comes the voice of the doctor.
It:
1. Reference it:
Beijing is a big city. It is the capital of China.
2. Non-reference it
A. Empty it
B. Anticipatory it
C. Cleft it
It 句型包括由“非指代性it”作型式主语的三种句子：第一种是以it作形式主语的表示时间、距离、天气等意义的句子；第二种是以it作先行主语的句子；第三种是以it作引导词的分裂句。
Empty it
虚义it是一种非指代性it，以区别于人称代词it，常用作没有具体意义的主语，出现于表示气候、天气、温度、时间、地点、距离等意义的句子中。也用来表示一般的笼统的情况。也用于一些结构及习惯语中。
It?s fine today, isn?t it.
It was dull when Mary was away.
It looks as if the college is very small.
Hop it. (Go away)
Anticipatory it
it用来充当形式主语或形式宾语，后面的真正主语或真正宾语通常是不定式结构、动名词或名词性分句。It的这种用法叫作先行it。
It is quite important for us to form a good studyinghabit.
I think it important to finish the task in time.
it用来充当形式主语，后置的真正主语往往可以取代先行it的位置，出现在句首。
. To form a good studying habit is quite important for us
并非所有先行it结构都可转化，下边句子只能作如下转化。
It seems that John is not coming after all.
John doesn?t seem to be coming after all.
Cleft it :
Task
1. 句子的基本结构
2 .分裂句的本质
3 . 分裂句的结构
4 .假拟分裂句
句子结构主语+谓语已知信息新信息末端中心末端重心
. I told him the news yesterday.
分裂句的本质
I told him the news yesterday.
It is I that told him the news yesterday
分裂it
分裂句是以it为引导词的强调句型。它的结构形式是：It +be 的一定形式+中心成分＋that /who分句。通过这种结构可以强调除谓语动词以外的大多数句子成分。说话人通过分裂句分别强调主语、间接宾语、直接宾语、状语，使之成为信息中心。分裂句中的谓语可以采取复杂形
It is I who am to blame.
It may have been at Christmas that John gave Mary a handbag.
It was in Shanghai that I got my Master?s Degree.
主语补语通常不作分裂句的中心成分。宾语补语可以这样用。
*It is beautiful that she is.
It is Chairman of the committee that they elected him.
并列结构
两个或两个以上意义相关、层次相同、句法功能也相同、并由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来的语法结构序列叫做并列结构。
1. 并列结构的各种形式
１）词与词的并列 you and me
２）词组与词组的并列 a teacher and a student
３）分句与分句的并列 you can go or you can stay withus.
2. 并列结构的连接手段
１）并列连词
２）标点符号
３．并列结构的插入语
在最后一个项目之前插入一个词语，使这个项目处于更加突出的地位。
４．并列结构的对称组合
成对组合的办法使整个结构更加紧凑。
3. 并列连词的意义和用法
１．以and为代表的表示语义引申的并列连词
and, both…and, not only… but also, not…nor, neither…nor等。这一类并列连词在语义上表示其连接的成分是对前项的补充和引申，包括肯定和否定两种意义的引申。
And除表示语义增补外还有其他意义．还有一些and连接的语法结构形似并列结构实际并非并列结构．
This room is nice and warm. = ( nicely warm.) I?ll go and see my friend. = ( go to see)
２．以or 为代表的表示选择的并列连词
这类连词包括or和either…or
３．以but为代表的表示语义转折和对比的并列连词
这类连词包括but, not… but, while, whereas, only, yet.
4. 补充说明：
1) both…and 只连结成分不连接句子；只连对等结构
. Both the student and the teacher are pleased to hear the news.
2) not only …but also连结成分和连接句子；只连对等结构
Not only I but also he will take part in the meeting.
Not only did he help me, but also he sent me home.
3) either …or连结成分和连接句子；连对等结构或不对等结构
Either you or I am going to shanghai.
He can either stay at home or leave.
He has either gone to the movies or ( gone to ) the theatre.
4) neither …nor连结成分和连接句子；连对等结构或不对等结构
He neither likes fiction nor (likes) poetry.
并列连词与连接性状语
And与moreover;furthermore what?s more …
He is a good teacher and a good friend.
He is a good teacher. Moreover, he is a good friend.
but与however
or与otherwise
So与as a result , consequently ...
比较等级的含义
英语中形容词与副词有三个比较等级，即原级，比较级和最高级。
一般来说，表示等于时用原级。
I?m just as busy today as I was yesterday.
表示二者的比较时用比较级
. I?m much busier today than I was yesterday.
表示“最”时用最高级
That was the busiest day of my life.
存在句
形容词与副词比较等级的构成
构成原级比较级最高级
单音节词尾加er, est great greater greatest
单音节词尾e, 加r, st fine finer finest
闭音节单音节词尾只
有一个辅音字母,双写 big bigger biggest
辅音字母加er,est
少数以y,er,ow, ble结尾
双音节词尾加er,est happy happier happiest
(y前为辅音字母去y加 clever cleverer cleverest
er,est）
其它双音节词和多
音节词，前加more, difficult more difficult most difficult
most
不规则变化
副词比较等级的构成
副词比较等级的构成大致与形容词比较等级的构成相同，但以后缀ly结尾的副词用more 和most。
hard hardest hardest
early earlier earliest
quickly more quickly most quickly
不规则变化
形容词与副词比较等级的基本用法
A. 基本形式“as +原级+as” 结构
. He?s as tall as I.
B．否定的同级比较常用 not as… as或 not so … as
. He does not smoke so heavily as his brother.
C．变体
1) as + much/many + 名词+ as
2) as +形原级+ a + 名词+as
3) as + 形+ 不可数名词+ as
4) 名词复数+as +形+ as
5) the same as/ be similar to
比较级
A.基本结构“比较级+than” 结构
He is taller than I .
She sees me more often than she sees her brother.
B．变体
1）形比较级+ 名+ than
2）名+ 形比较级+ than
3）the + 形比较级+ of + the two
4）superior/ inferior to
最高级
A. 常用“the +最高级+比较范围”
This is the best picture in the hall.
He sings the best in the class.
B. 变体
1) more… than any other
2) Not … + 比较等级
关于比较结构用法的补充说明
1）more…than…是…而不是，与其说是…不如说是
She is more been than wise.
He is more a writer than an artist.
2） not so much …as与其说是…不如说是
eg. It wasn?t so much that I disliked her as that I just wasn?t interested.
3)not more/er than与 no more/er than
He is no richer than I= as poor as
He is not richer than I
4) more and more. He is becoming fatter and fatter.
5). The more… the more…
. The harder she worked, the more progress she made.
6）more than 多于
. More than 1000 people attended the meeting.
7）more than 不止，超过
. She is more than pretty.
8) more than 简直不
My trip to Beijing is more than sightseeing.
形容词副词
1 前置修饰语的排列顺序
可以置于冠词前的形容词（all both such) -----冠词，指示形容词，所有格形容词，不定形容词（a an the this yourhis any some)-----------基数词（one ) 序数词
（first)------------ 表示性质，状态，质量的形容词（gooduseful)--------------表示大小，长短，形状的形容词----------------表示年龄，新旧，温度的形容词------------表示颜色的形容词---------------------表示国籍，产地，区域的形容词-----------表示材料，用做形容词的名词----------动名词，分词
2．后置修饰语由前缀a-构成的形容词
3．形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时，必须后置
4．enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后，但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时，必须后置
5．有些形容词本身就有…比……年长?，…比……优等的意思这些形容词后面用介词to 而不用than
6．much too作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词，不修饰名词
7．more不能用来修饰比较级
8．与名词连用的more of a .. ./ as much of a... / more of a.... 意为更像……9．as much of a……意为称得上，less of a 意为算不上
10．none other than(不是别人，正是）=no other than
11．any/sone/every与other连用时，其后若用可数名词，一般为单数
代词名词数词
1.在使用两个以上的人称代词时顺序是:第二人称第三人称第一人称
2. everyone后面不可以跟of短语 every one 就可以
3.以…名词/动名词+介词（短语）/形容词/副词/动词不定式?构成的复合名词，它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数以…man 或者woman+名词?构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式如：homework
4.物质名词一般不可数，但用于表示…各种不同品种?时几乎都可做可数名词如：different teas
5.当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示…某一种?或…某一方面?的抽象概念时其前可加a/an
6.名词所有格要点：必须用?s的场合
1 )?s属格用于表示时间，度量衡，价值的名词之后
2 ) 作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加?s
3) 人或物为两人共有，在第二个名词后加?s
4 )当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物如商店，住家，教堂，医院等，此名词常省略
5) 复合名词在最后一个词后加?s
6) 当被修饰的名词后有同位语时，必须用?s
7) 当用来表示类别或属性时，要用?s children?s shoes 儿童鞋
必须用of的场合
1) 名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时
2) 以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时
7.如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前有基数词以表示确切数目时，都不能用复数形式如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时，须用复数，而且后面加of
8.表示顺序的两种方式：
1)…名词+基数词?，不用冠词，如Chapter four
2) ?the+序数词+名词… 如the Fourth Chapter
9.倍数增减的表示法
1) 倍数+形容词/副词比较级+than
2) 倍数+as+形容词/副词+as
3) 倍数+名词
4) 动词+百分比或倍数
5) 动词+to+数词
6) double/triple/quadruple+名词
7) 动词+by+数词/百分比/倍数
10.分数分子为基数词，分母为序数词分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数
11.百分比后接名词时加of