安全生产基本常识
安全生产基本常识
安全生产执法的基本原则：
(1)人身安全第一的原则；(2)预防为主的原则；(3)权责一致的原则；(4)社会监督、综合治理的原则；(5)依法从重处罚的原则。
安全生产的方针：
安全生产方针是指政府对安全生产工作总的要求，它是安全生产工作的方向。根据历史资料，我们发现我国安全生产方针大体可以归纳为3次变化，即：“生产必须安全、安全为了生产”;“安全第一，预防为主”;“安全第一，预防为主，综合治理”。
坚持四不放过原则（事故处理的基本原则）。指企业发生事故后，原因分析不清、事故责任者没受到处罚、广大群众没有受到教育、没有落实事故防范措施决不放过。
安全生产要处理好的五种关系：
（1）安全与危险并存；（2）安全与生产的统一；（3）安全与质量同步；（4）安全与速度互促；（5）安全与效益兼顾。
安全生产要坚持的六项原则：
（1）坚持管生产同时管安全的原则；（2）坚持目标管理的原则；（3）坚持预防为主的原则；（4）坚持全面动态管理的原则；（5）坚持全过程控制的原则；（6）坚持持续改进的原则。
特种设备：特种设备是指涉及生命安全、危险性较大的锅炉、压力容器（含气瓶，下同）、压力管道、电梯、起重机械、客运索道、大型游乐设施和场（厂）内专用机动车辆。
特种作业及人员范围包括：
（1）电工作业。含发电、送电、变电、配电工，电气设备的安装、运行、检修（维修）、试验工，矿山井下电钳工；
（2）金属焊接、切割作业。含焊接工，切割工；
（3）起重机械(含电梯)作业。含起重机械（含电梯）司机，司索工，信号指挥工，安装与维修工；
（4）企业内机动车辆驾驶。含在企业内及码头、货场等生产作业区域和施工现场行驶的各类机动车辆的驾驶人员；
（5）登高架设作业。含2米以上登高架设、拆除、维修工，高层建（构）筑物表面清洗工；
（6）锅炉作业（含水质化验）。含承压锅炉的操作工，锅炉水质化验工；
（7）压力容器作业。含压力容器罐装工、检验工、运输押运工，大型空气压缩机操作工；
（8）制冷作业。含制冷设备安装工、操作工、维修工；
（9）爆破作业。含地面工程爆破、井下爆破工。
（10）矿山通风作业。含主扇风机操作工，瓦斯抽放工，通风安全监测工，测风测尘工；
（11）矿山排水作业。含矿井主排水泵工，尾矿坝作业工；
（12）矿山安全检查作业。含安全检查工，瓦斯检验工，电器设备防爆
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provincial Committee of Xia Baol ong stressed: this year is t he "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's departme nts at all levels must firmly establish t he "guanghui is gold and silver" gree n devel opme nt conce pt, convi nce d that Castle i s not relaxed, always maintai ning strategi c ability a nd strong determi nation to improve t he environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning the w ar, ever-higher levels of compre hensive well-of f society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year w e will "river water quality improved at the county level, up t o five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on three t hing s: a good job, "clear river s" reachi ng the County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, the County garbage River, bla ck and odorous River is "Dragnet" investigati on, timely rectificati on of problems found i n pla ce firmly to prevent river polluti on re bound. In a ccorda nce wit h the "one-stop strategy", improving the i nferior five water
quality monitoring stati ons work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 muni cipa lities controll ed deteri oration, ensure the creation thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay special attenti on t o poll ution-cutti ng construction of na notubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source e ngineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urba n sew age treatment, to improve "effluent from sew age treatment rate, running a ccuracy, com pliance" requirement, spee d up t he tow n's support netw or k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" question. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, thi s year is the final year of the three-year acti on, determinati on to fight a nd the m omentum around, e ndi ng the battle on w hich fully to ensure t he realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domest ic waste water treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsur e that wastewater treatment facility up and runni ng, role play, av oid the "Sun" problem. Third, pay spe cial attention
to the River Lake pond desilting operation. Pr ovinces now have focused on polluti on control of water go to "dig up mud", as t he deepe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation line touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the priorities a nd t he pr ogramme of work, in a ccordance wit h the "o ne river one policy" requires deta iled cleani ng, dre dging plan, planning a head of time cleani ng out mud "way out", accordi ng to local conditi ons to do sludge, pr omote scientific re source ut ilization of silt a nd mud. (B) the heavy regulation of heavily poll uting i ndustries. Polluti on of water must grab the sour ce, wastewater i s primarily the source of backwar d production capacity, increase the intensity of
检查工；
（13）矿山提升运输作业。含主提升机操作工，（上、下山）绞车操作工，固定胶带输送机操作工，信号工，拥罐（把钩）工；
（14）采掘（剥）作业。含采煤机司机，掘进机司机，耙岩机司机，凿岩机司机；
（15）矿山救护作业；
（16）危险物品作业。含危险化学品、民用爆炸品、放射性物品的操作工、运输押运工、储存保管员；
(17)经国家局批准的其它的作业。
特种作业人员必须具备以下基本条件：
（1）年龄满18周岁；（2）身体健康，无妨碍从事相应工种作业的疾病和生理缺陷；（3）初中（含初中）以上文化程度，具备相应工种的安全技术知识，参加国家规定的安全技术理论和实际操作考核并成绩合格；（4）符合相应工种作业特点需要的其它条件。
危险源：定义：可能导致死亡、伤害、职业病、财产损失、工作环境破坏或这些情况组合的根源或状态。危险源应三个要素构成：潜在危险性、存在条件和触发因素。工业生产作业过程的危险源一般分为五类。
重大危险源：是指长期地或者临时地生产、搬运、使用或者储存危险物品，且危险物品的数量等于或者超过临界量的单元
危险源辨识：识别危险源的存在并确定其特性的过程。
（1）基坑支护与降水工程
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provi ncial Committee of Xia Ba olong stresse d: thi s year is the "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's de partments at all level s must firmly establish the "g uanghui is g old a nd silver" green deve lopme nt concept, convi nce d that Castle is not relaxed, al ways maintaini ng strategic a bility and strong determinati on t o improve the environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning t he war, ev er-hig her level s of com prehe nsive w ell-off society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year we wi ll "river water quality impr oved at the county level, up to five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on t hree thi ngs: a g ood job, "clear rivers" reaching t he County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, t he County gar bage River, bl ack a nd odor ous R iver is "Dragnet" investigation, timely rectification of pr oblems found in place firmly to prev ent river polluti on re bound. In a cc orda nce w ith the "one-stop strategy", improving the inferior five water
quality monitoring stations work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 municipalities controlled deterioration, e nsure t he creati on thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay speci al attention to polluti on-cutting constr uction of na not ubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source engineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urban se wage treatment, to impr ove "effluent from sewage treatment rate, running a ccuracy, complia nce" requirement, spee d up the tow n's support networ k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" questi on. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, this year is the final year of the thre e-year a ction, determinati on t o fight and t he moment um around, e ndi ng the battle on whi ch fully to e nsure the realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domestic wa stewater treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsure that wastewater treatment facility up a nd ru nni ng, rol e play, avoid t he "Sun" pr oblem. T hird, pay spe cial attenti on to
the River Lake pond desi lting operation. Provi nces now have focused on polluti on contr ol of water go to "dig up mud", as t he de epe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation li ne touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the pri orities a nd the programme of work, in accordance with the "one river one poli cy" requires detaile d clea ning, dredgi ng pla n, pla nni ng ahe ad of time clea ning out mud "way out", accor ding to l ocal conditions to do sl udge, promote scie ntific resource utilizati on of silt and m ud. (B) the heavy regulati on of heavily polluti ng indust ries. Poll ution of water must grab the source, wa stewater is primari ly the source of back ward pr od ucti on capacity, increase t he inte nsity of
基坑支护工程是指开挖深度超过5m（含5m）的基坑（槽）并采用支护结构施工的工程；或基坑虽未超过5m，但地质条件和周围环境复杂、地下水位在坑底以上等工程。
（2）土方开挖工程
土方开挖工程是指开挖深度超过5m（含5m）的基坑、槽的土方开挖。
（3）模板工程
各类工具式模板工程，包括滑模、大模板及特殊结构模板工程等。
（4）起重吊装工程
（5）脚手架工程
高度超过24m的落地式钢管脚手架；悬挑式脚手架；吊篮脚手架；卸料平台等。
（6）拆除、爆破工程
采用人工、机械拆除或爆破拆除的工程。
（7）临时用电工程
（8）其他危险性较大的工程
建筑幕墙的安装施工；预应力结构张拉施工；特种设备施工；网架和索膜结构施工；6m以上的边坡施工；30m及以上高空作业；采用新技术、新工艺、新材料，可能影响建设工程质量安全，已经行政许可，尚无技术标准的施工；对工地周边设施和居民安全可能造成影响的分部分项工程；其他专业性强、工艺复杂、危险性大、交叉等易发生重大事故的施工部位及作业活动。
建筑施工的“五大伤害”
高处坠落、施工坍塌、物体打击、机具伤害和触电等事故。
反对“三违”
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provincial Committee of Xia Baol ong stressed: this year is t he "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's departme nts at all levels must firmly establish t he "guanghui is gold and silver" gree n devel opme nt conce pt, convi nce d that Castle i s not relaxed, always maintai ning strategi c ability a nd strong determi nation to improve t he environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning the w ar, ever-higher levels of compre hensive well-of f society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year w e will "river water quality improved at the county level, up t o five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on three t hing s: a good job, "clear river s" reachi ng the County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, the County garbage River, bla ck and odorous River is "Dragnet" investigati on, timely rectificati on of problems found i n pla ce firmly to prevent river polluti on re bound. In a ccorda nce wit h the "one-stop strategy", improving the i nferior five water
quality monitoring stati ons work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 muni cipa lities controll ed deteri oration, ensure the creation thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay special attenti on t o poll ution-cutti ng construction of na notubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source e ngineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urba n sew age treatment, to improve "effluent from sew age treatment rate, running a ccuracy, com pliance" requirement, spee d up t he tow n's support netw or k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" question. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, thi s year is the final year of the three-year acti on, determinati on to fight a nd the m omentum around, e ndi ng the battle on w hich fully to ensure t he realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domest ic waste water treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsur e that wastewater treatment facility up and runni ng, role play, av oid the "Sun" problem. Third, pay spe cial attention
to the River Lake pond desilting operation. Pr ovinces now have focused on polluti on control of water go to "dig up mud", as t he deepe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation line touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the priorities a nd t he pr ogramme of work, in a ccordance wit h the "o ne river one policy" requires deta iled cleani ng, dre dging plan, planning a head of time cleani ng out mud "way out", accordi ng to local conditi ons to do sludge, pr omote scientific re source ut ilization of silt a nd mud. (B) the heavy regulation of heavily poll uting i ndustries. Polluti on of water must grab the sour ce, wastewater i s primarily the source of backwar d production capacity, increase the intensity of
员工遵章守纪，是实现安全生产的基础。员工在生产过程中，不仅要有熟练的技术，而且必须自觉遵守各项操作规程和劳动纪律，远离“三违”。即：违章指挥、违章操作、违反劳动纪律。
“三宝”“四口”“临边”
“三宝”指安全帽、那全带、安全网的正确使用；
“四口”指楼梯口、电梯井口、预留洞口、通道口；
“临边”通常指尚未安装栏杆或栏板的仰天周边、无外脚手架防护的楼面与屋面周边、分层施工的楼梯与楼梯断边、井架、施工电梯或外手脚手架等通向建筑物的通道的两侧边、框架结构建筑的楼层周边、斜道两侧边、卸料平台外侧边、雨棚与挑檐边、水箱与水塔周边等处。
四不伤害：施工现场每一个操作人员和管理人员都要增强自我保护意识，切实做到“不伤害自己，不被他人伤害,我保护他人不受伤害。”
防止机械伤害的“一禁、二必须、三定、四不准”
（1）一禁：不懂电器和机械的人员严禁使用和摆弄机电设备。
（2）二必须：机电设备应完好，必须有可靠有效的安全防护措施；机电设备停电、停工休息时必须拉闸关机，按要求上锁。
（3）三定：机电设备应做到定人操作，定人保养、检查；机电设备应做到定机管理、定期保养；机电设备应做到定岗位和岗位职责。
（4）四不准：机电设备不准带病运转；不准超负荷运转；不准在运转时维修保养；在机电设备运转时，操作人员不准将手、头、身伸入运转的机械行程范围内。
高处作业必须严格按照安全规范操作
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provi ncial Committee of Xia Ba olong stresse d: thi s year is the "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's de partments at all level s must firmly establish the "g uanghui is g old a nd silver" green deve lopme nt concept, convi nce d that Castle is not relaxed, al ways maintaini ng strategic a bility and strong determinati on t o improve the environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning t he war, ev er-hig her level s of com prehe nsive w ell-off society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year we wi ll "river water quality impr oved at the county level, up to five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on t hree thi ngs: a g ood job, "clear rivers" reaching t he County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, t he County gar bage River, bl ack a nd odor ous R iver is "Dragnet" investigation, timely rectification of pr oblems found in place firmly to prev ent river polluti on re bound. In a cc orda nce w ith the "one-stop strategy", improving the inferior five water
quality monitoring stations work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 municipalities controlled deterioration, e nsure t he creati on thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay speci al attention to polluti on-cutting constr uction of na not ubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source engineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urban se wage treatment, to impr ove "effluent from sewage treatment rate, running a ccuracy, complia nce" requirement, spee d up the tow n's support networ k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" questi on. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, this year is the final year of the thre e-year a ction, determinati on t o fight and t he moment um around, e ndi ng the battle on whi ch fully to e nsure the realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domestic wa stewater treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsure that wastewater treatment facility up a nd ru nni ng, rol e play, avoid t he "Sun" pr oblem. T hird, pay spe cial attenti on to
the River Lake pond desi lting operation. Provi nces now have focused on polluti on contr ol of water go to "dig up mud", as t he de epe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation li ne touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the pri orities a nd the programme of work, in accordance with the "one river one poli cy" requires detaile d clea ning, dredgi ng pla n, pla nni ng ahe ad of time clea ning out mud "way out", accor ding to l ocal conditions to do sl udge, promote scie ntific resource utilizati on of silt and m ud. (B) the heavy regulati on of heavily polluti ng indust ries. Poll ution of water must grab the source, wa stewater is primari ly the source of back ward pr od ucti on capacity, increase t he inte nsity of
（1）高处作业人员要身穿紧口工作服，脚穿防滑鞋，头戴安全帽，腰系安全带。
（2）遇到大雾、大雨和六级以上大风时，禁止高处作业。
（3）高处作业暂时不用的工具，装入工具袋，随用随拿。常用的工具应系带在身上，用不着的工具和拆下的材料应采用系绳溜放到地面，不得向下抛掷，以免掉落伤人。作业结束后应及时清理运送到指定的地点，防止遗留在作业现场而掉落伤人。
高处作业的防护措施
（1）高处作业平台的防护哪些要求？
答：高处作业平台四周要有1～1.2m的防护拦杆，栏杆外挂密目网封闭。底部四周铺18cm高档脚板，平台板为5cm厚木脚手板。平台设梯子，供工作人员上下，梯子要与平台骨架固定牢固，踏板间距为30cm。
临边作业的防护哪些要求？
答：在高处作业时，工作面边缘没有围护设施，或虽有围护设施，但高度低于0.8m时，此高处作业为临边作业。桥（墩、台）面、基坑周边等临边应搭设防护栏杆，外挂密目网封闭。防止坠落人或物。
佩戴安全帽有哪些要求？
答：⑴安全帽由帽衬和帽壳两部分组成，帽衬与帽壳不能紧贴，应有一定间隙，当有物料坠落到安全帽壳上时，帽衬可起到缓冲作用，不使颈椎受到伤害。⑵必须栓紧下鄂带，当人体发生坠落时，由于安全帽戴在头部，起到对头部的保护作用。
高处作业禁止穿哪些鞋？
答：禁止穿硬底和带钉易滑的鞋。
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provincial Committee of Xia Baol ong stressed: this year is t he "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's departme nts at all levels must firmly establish t he "guanghui is gold and silver" gree n devel opme nt conce pt, convi nce d that Castle i s not relaxed, always maintai ning strategi c ability a nd strong determi nation to improve t he environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning the w ar, ever-higher levels of compre hensive well-of f society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year w e will "river water quality improved at the county level, up t o five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on three t hing s: a good job, "clear river s" reachi ng the County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, the County garbage River, bla ck and odorous River is "Dragnet" investigati on, timely rectificati on of problems found i n pla ce firmly to prevent river polluti on re bound. In a ccorda nce wit h the "one-stop strategy", improving the i nferior five water
quality monitoring stati ons work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 muni cipa lities controll ed deteri oration, ensure the creation thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay special attenti on t o poll ution-cutti ng construction of na notubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source e ngineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urba n sew age treatment, to improve "effluent from sew age treatment rate, running a ccuracy, com pliance" requirement, spee d up t he tow n's support netw or k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" question. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, thi s year is the final year of the three-year acti on, determinati on to fight a nd the m omentum around, e ndi ng the battle on w hich fully to ensure t he realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domest ic waste water treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsur e that wastewater treatment facility up and runni ng, role play, av oid the "Sun" problem. Third, pay spe cial attention
to the River Lake pond desilting operation. Pr ovinces now have focused on polluti on control of water go to "dig up mud", as t he deepe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation line touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the priorities a nd t he pr ogramme of work, in a ccordance wit h the "o ne river one policy" requires deta iled cleani ng, dre dging plan, planning a head of time cleani ng out mud "way out", accordi ng to local conditi ons to do sludge, pr omote scientific re source ut ilization of silt a nd mud. (B) the heavy regulation of heavily poll uting i ndustries. Polluti on of water must grab the sour ce, wastewater i s primarily the source of backwar d production capacity, increase the intensity of
当发现有人触电时应如何急救？
答：首先迅速关闭电闸或用木方、木板等不导电材料，将触电人与接触电器部分分离开；然后抬到平整的场地施行人工急救，并向工地负责人报告。
引起触电事故的主要原因有哪些？
答：（1）使用有缺陷的电气设备，触及带电的破旧电线，触及未接地的电气设备及裸露线，开头，保险等；（2）无保护性的地线或地线质量不良；（3）非电气工作人员进行电器维修；
配电箱、开头箱中导线的进、出线口有何规定？
答：配电箱、开头箱中导线的进、出线口应设在箱底下面，进出线口应配置固定线卡，进出线应加绝缘护套并成束卡固在箱体上，不得与箱体直接接触。移动式配电箱、开关箱的进、出线应采用橡皮护套绝缘电缆，不得有接头。
配电箱、开头箱的安装高度有何规定？
答：固定式配电箱、开关箱的中心点与地面的垂直距离为1.4-1.6m。移动式配电箱、开关箱应装设在坚固、稳定的支架上。其中心点与地面的垂直距离为0.8-1.6m。
在建工程（含脚手架）的外侧边缘与外电架空线路边线之间的安全距离为多少？
答：1kV以下距离为4米；1-10kV距离为6米；35-110kV距离为8米；154-220kV距离为10米；350-500kV距离为15米。
为什么保险丝不能用铜、铁丝代替？
答：因为铜、铁丝的熔点比保险丝的熔点高，当电流突然增大时，不能即刻熔断，起不到切断电流的保险作用，会使电气设备因短路或过载而起火。
什么情况下应编制施工用电施工组织设计？
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provi ncial Committee of Xia Ba olong stresse d: thi s year is the "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's de partments at all level s must firmly establish the "g uanghui is g old a nd silver" green deve lopme nt concept, convi nce d that Castle is not relaxed, al ways maintaini ng strategic a bility and strong determinati on t o improve the environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning t he war, ev er-hig her level s of com prehe nsive w ell-off society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year we wi ll "river water quality impr oved at the county level, up to five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on t hree thi ngs: a g ood job, "clear rivers" reaching t he County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, t he County gar bage River, bl ack a nd odor ous R iver is "Dragnet" investigation, timely rectification of pr oblems found in place firmly to prev ent river polluti on re bound. In a cc orda nce w ith the "one-stop strategy", improving the inferior five water
quality monitoring stations work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 municipalities controlled deterioration, e nsure t he creati on thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay speci al attention to polluti on-cutting constr uction of na not ubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source engineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urban se wage treatment, to impr ove "effluent from sewage treatment rate, running a ccuracy, complia nce" requirement, spee d up the tow n's support networ k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" questi on. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, this year is the final year of the thre e-year a ction, determinati on t o fight and t he moment um around, e ndi ng the battle on whi ch fully to e nsure the realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domestic wa stewater treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsure that wastewater treatment facility up a nd ru nni ng, rol e play, avoid t he "Sun" pr oblem. T hird, pay spe cial attenti on to
the River Lake pond desi lting operation. Provi nces now have focused on polluti on contr ol of water go to "dig up mud", as t he de epe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation li ne touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the pri orities a nd the programme of work, in accordance with the "one river one poli cy" requires detaile d clea ning, dredgi ng pla n, pla nni ng ahe ad of time clea ning out mud "way out", accor ding to l ocal conditions to do sl udge, promote scie ntific resource utilizati on of silt and m ud. (B) the heavy regulati on of heavily polluti ng indust ries. Poll ution of water must grab the source, wa stewater is primari ly the source of back ward pr od ucti on capacity, increase t he inte nsity of
答施工用电数量在5台及以上，或用电设备容量在50千瓦及以上时，应编制施工用电施工组织设计，经技术负责人批准后实施。
常见的触电事故是怎样发生的？
答：（1）人体直接接触带电体；（2）人体接触发生故障的电气设备；（3）与带电体的距离过小；（4）跨步电压触电。
电工在停电维修时，必须在闸刀处挂上什么警示牌？
答：“禁止合闸，正在工作”。
在建工程的周边与外电架空线路1KV以下、1-10KV、35-110KV的边线之间的最小安全操作距离应大于多少米？
答：4m、6m、8m。
施工现场临时用电配电系统中的三级配电是指那三级？
答：总配电箱、分配电箱和开关箱。
什么是“十不用”原则﹖
答：1）被吊物重员超过机械性能允许范围不准吊；2）信号不清不准吊，3）吊物下方有人站立不准吊；4）吊物上站人不准吊；5）埋在地下的物品不准吊；6）斜拉斜牵物不准吊；7）散物捆绑不牢不准吊；8）零散物不装容器不准吊；9）吊物重量不明、吊索具不符合规定不准吊；10）六级以上大风、大雾天影响视力和大雨雪时不准吊。
44、起重机吊运物体时是否可以从入的头顶越过﹖
答：不可以，起重吊运物体禁止从人的头顶超过。
45、钢丝绳在什么情况下应进行更换﹖
答：钢丝绳断丝数在捻节距内超过总丝数的１０％，绳径磨损４０％，应更换新绳。
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provincial Committee of Xia Baol ong stressed: this year is t he "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's departme nts at all levels must firmly establish t he "guanghui is gold and silver" gree n devel opme nt conce pt, convi nce d that Castle i s not relaxed, always maintai ning strategi c ability a nd strong determi nation to improve t he environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning the w ar, ever-higher levels of compre hensive well-of f society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year w e will "river water quality improved at the county level, up t o five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on three t hing s: a good job, "clear river s" reachi ng the County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, the County garbage River, bla ck and odorous River is "Dragnet" investigati on, timely rectificati on of problems found i n pla ce firmly to prevent river polluti on re bound. In a ccorda nce wit h the "one-stop strategy", improving the i nferior five water
quality monitoring stati ons work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 muni cipa lities controll ed deteri oration, ensure the creation thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay special attenti on t o poll ution-cutti ng construction of na notubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source e ngineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urba n sew age treatment, to improve "effluent from sew age treatment rate, running a ccuracy, com pliance" requirement, spee d up t he tow n's support netw or k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" question. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, thi s year is the final year of the three-year acti on, determinati on to fight a nd the m omentum around, e ndi ng the battle on w hich fully to ensure t he realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domest ic waste water treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsur e that wastewater treatment facility up and runni ng, role play, av oid the "Sun" problem. Third, pay spe cial attention
to the River Lake pond desilting operation. Pr ovinces now have focused on polluti on control of water go to "dig up mud", as t he deepe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation line touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the priorities a nd t he pr ogramme of work, in a ccordance wit h the "o ne river one policy" requires deta iled cleani ng, dre dging plan, planning a head of time cleani ng out mud "way out", accordi ng to local conditi ons to do sludge, pr omote scientific re source ut ilization of silt a nd mud. (B) the heavy regulation of heavily poll uting i ndustries. Polluti on of water must grab the sour ce, wastewater i s primarily the source of backwar d production capacity, increase the intensity of
46、起重用的钢丝绳接头有什么要求﹖
答：起重用的钢丝绳接头，必须采用插接，其插接长度不得小于钢丝绳直径的20倍，总长不得短于30cm。
48、使用潜水泵有哪些安全要求﹖
答：使用潜水泵应安装漏电动作电流小于15mA，漏电动作时间小于0.1S的漏电保护器，且做好保护接零或保护接地。
49、电焊作业应注意哪些事项﹖
答：电焊属特种作业，电焊工必须持证上岗；电源控制应使用自动开关，不准使用手动开关；一、二次线必须加防触电保护装置；一次线长度不超过5ｍ不能拖地；二次线长度应小于30ｍ，接线应压接牢固，并安装防护罩；焊钳把线应采用专用电缆，双线到位，不准有接头，绝缘无破损；不得借用金属脚手架，轨道及结构钢筋作回路地线。
50、推土机在斜坡横向推土时，斜坡不能超过多少度﹖
答：30度。
5、操作旋转机械设备的人员防护有哪些要求﹖
答：应穿”三紧”（袖口紧、下摆紧、裤脚紧）工作服；不准戴手套、围巾；女工的发辫要盘在工作帽内，不准露出帽外。
51、使用手持电动工具应注意哪些事项﹖
答：（1）工具使用前，应经专职电工检验接线是否正确，防止零线与相线错接造成事故。（2）长期搁置不用或受潮的工具在使用前，应由电工测量绝缘阻值是否符合要求。（3）工具自带的软电缆或软线不得接长，当电源与作业场所距离较远时，应采用移动电箱解决。（4）工具原有的插头不得随意拆除或改换，严禁不用插头直接将电线的金属丝插入插座。（5）发现工具外壳，手柄
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provi ncial Committee of Xia Ba olong stresse d: thi s year is the "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's de partments at all level s must firmly establish the "g uanghui is g old a nd silver" green deve lopme nt concept, convi nce d that Castle is not relaxed, al ways maintaini ng strategic a bility and strong determinati on t o improve the environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning t he war, ev er-hig her level s of com prehe nsive w ell-off society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year we wi ll "river water quality impr oved at the county level, up to five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on t hree thi ngs: a g ood job, "clear rivers" reaching t he County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, t he County gar bage River, bl ack a nd odor ous R iver is "Dragnet" investigation, timely rectification of pr oblems found in place firmly to prev ent river polluti on re bound. In a cc orda nce w ith the "one-stop strategy", improving the inferior five water
quality monitoring stations work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 municipalities controlled deterioration, e nsure t he creati on thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay speci al attention to polluti on-cutting constr uction of na not ubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source engineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urban se wage treatment, to impr ove "effluent from sewage treatment rate, running a ccuracy, complia nce" requirement, spee d up the tow n's support networ k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" questi on. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, this year is the final year of the thre e-year a ction, determinati on t o fight and t he moment um around, e ndi ng the battle on whi ch fully to e nsure the realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domestic wa stewater treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsure that wastewater treatment facility up a nd ru nni ng, rol e play, avoid t he "Sun" pr oblem. T hird, pay spe cial attenti on to
the River Lake pond desi lting operation. Provi nces now have focused on polluti on contr ol of water go to "dig up mud", as t he de epe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation li ne touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the pri orities a nd the programme of work, in accordance with the "one river one poli cy" requires detaile d clea ning, dredgi ng pla n, pla nni ng ahe ad of time clea ning out mud "way out", accor ding to l ocal conditions to do sl udge, promote scie ntific resource utilizati on of silt and m ud. (B) the heavy regulati on of heavily polluti ng indust ries. Poll ution of water must grab the source, wa stewater is primari ly the source of back ward pr od ucti on capacity, increase t he inte nsity of
破裂，应停止使用，进行更换。（6）非专职人员不得擅自拆卸和修理工具。（7）手持式工具的旋转部件应有防护装置；（8）作业人员按规定穿戴绝缘防护用品；（9）电源处必须装漏电保护器。
52、氧气瓶和乙炔瓶工作间距不应少于多少米？各种气瓶距明火距离多少米﹖气瓶放置时，一般应该横放还是立放？
答：氧气瓶和乙炔瓶工作间距不应少于5米；距明火距离不少于10米；气瓶放置时，一般应立放。
55、电气着火应如何扑救?
答：电气着火用二氧化碳灭火机、1211灭火机、干粉灭火机等扑灭火，不能用水。
十、脚手架
57、脚手架：指施工现场为工人操作并解决垂直和水平运输而搭设的各种支架。建筑界的通用术语，指建筑工地上用在外墙、内部装修或层高较高无法直接施工的地方。主要为了施工人员上下干活或外围安全网维护及高空安装构件等，说白了就是搭架子，脚手架制作材料通常有：竹、木、钢管或合成材料等。有些工程也用脚手架当模板使用，此外在广告业、市政、交通路桥、矿山等部门也广泛被使用。
脚手架分类：（1）外脚手架：①单排脚手架：由落地的许多单排立杆与大、小横杆、扫地杆等绑扎或扣接而成；②双排脚手架：由落地的许多里外两排立杆，与大小横杆、扫地杆等绑扎或扣接而成；③工具式脚手架：包括悬挑脚手架、吊篮脚手架、挂脚手架等。（2）内脚手架：搭设在建筑物或构筑物内的脚手架，主要有：①马镫式内脚手架；②支柱式脚手架。
58、钢管扣件式脚手架：
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provincial Committee of Xia Baol ong stressed: this year is t he "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's departme nts at all levels must firmly establish t he "guanghui is gold and silver" gree n devel opme nt conce pt, convi nce d that Castle i s not relaxed, always maintai ning strategi c ability a nd strong determi nation to improve t he environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning the w ar, ever-higher levels of compre hensive well-of f society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year w e will "river water quality improved at the county level, up t o five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on three t hing s: a good job, "clear river s" reachi ng the County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, the County garbage River, bla ck and odorous River is "Dragnet" investigati on, timely rectificati on of problems found i n pla ce firmly to prevent river polluti on re bound. In a ccorda nce wit h the "one-stop strategy", improving the i nferior five water quality monitoring stati ons work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 muni cipa lities controll ed deteri oration, ensure the creation thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay special attenti on t o poll ution-cutti ng construction of na notubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source e ngineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urba n sew age treatment, to improve "effluent from sew age treatment rate, running a ccuracy, com pliance" requirement, spee d up t he tow n's support netw or k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" question. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, thi s year is the final year of the three-year acti on, determinati on to fight a nd the m omentum around, e ndi ng the battle on w hich fully to ensure t he realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domest ic waste water treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsur e that wastewater treatment facility up and runni ng, role play, av oid the "Sun" problem. Third, pay spe cial attention
to the River Lake pond desilting operation. Pr ovinces now have focused on polluti on control of water go to "dig up mud", as t he deepe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation line touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the priorities a nd t he pr ogramme of work, in a ccordance wit h the "o ne river one policy" requires deta iled cleani ng, dre dging plan, planning a head of time cleani ng out mud "way out", accordi ng to local conditi ons to do sludge, pr omote scientific re source ut ilization of silt a nd mud. (B) the heavy regulation of heavily poll uting i ndustries. Polluti on of water must grab the sour ce, wastewater i s primarily the source of backwar d production capacity, increase the intensity of
（1）钢管扣件式脚手架的构造：
钢管扣件式脚手架主要由钢管和扣件组成。主要杆件有立杆、大横杆、小横杆、斜杆和底座等。
钢管扣件脚手架的基本形式有双排式和单排式两种
扣件用于钢管之间的连接，基本形式有三种：a、对接扣件用于两根钢管的对接连接；b、旋转扣件用于两根钢管呈任意角度交叉的连接；c、直角扣件用于两根钢管呈垂直交叉的连接。
（2）构造要求：
立杆间距：大横杆步距和小横杆间距最下一层步距可放大到1.8m，便于底层施工人员的通行和运输。
剪刀撑：设置在脚手架两端的双跨内和中间每隔30m净距的双跨内，仅在架子外侧与地面呈45°布置。
连墙杆：每3步5跨设置一根，其作用不仅防止架子外倾，同时增加立杆的纵向刚度。
59、碗扣式脚手架：杆件全部轴向连接，力学性能好
60、门式钢管脚手架：由门式框架、剪刀撑和水平梁架或脚手板构成基本单元。
门型脚手架又称多功能门型脚手架，是目前国际上应用最普遍的脚手架之一。
59、施工中脚手架常见的问题
扫地杆缺失，纵横交接处未连接、扫地杆距地距离过大或过小等；脚手板开裂、厚度不够、搭接没有满足规范要求；大模板拆除后内侧立杆与墙体之间没有防坠网；剪刀撑在平面内没有连续；开口脚手架未设斜撑；脚手板下小横
videoconfere nce, Secretary of the provi ncial Committee of Xia Ba olong stresse d: thi s year is the "five water treatment" "357" timetables "for three years to resolve outstanding i ssues, obviously w orked," victory of the year. The County's de partments at all level s must firmly establish the "g uanghui is g old a nd silver" green deve lopme nt concept, convi nce d that Castle is not relaxed, al ways maintaini ng strategic a bility and strong determinati on t o improve the environment, consiste ntly playing w ell "five water treatment of" winning t he war, ev er-hig her level s of com prehe nsive w ell-off society was built. (A) lay the sewage uphill battle. This year we wi ll "river water quality impr oved at the county level, up to five" this basi c objective grasp of polluti on contr ol that focus, wit h the focus on t hree thi ngs: a g ood job, "clear rivers" reaching t he County created. Organizati on "look ba ck" special i nspecti on, t he County gar bage River, bl ack a nd odor ous R iver is "Dragnet" investigation, timely rectification of pr oblems found in place firmly to prev ent river polluti on re bound. In a cc orda nce w ith the "one-stop strategy", improving the inferior five water quality monitoring stations work thi s year to ensure the Elimination of 1 pr ovincial control, five water quality se ction 3 municipalities controlled deterioration, e nsure t he creati on thi s year of "clear rivers" standards. Second, pay speci al attention to polluti on-cutting constr uction of na not ubes. Inte rcepting nanotubes are the basi s of poll ution of water source engineering, engi neering, matter of success or failure of water manageme nt. Urban se wage treatment, to impr ove "effluent from sewage treatment rate, running a ccuracy, complia nce" requirement, spee d up the tow n's support networ k constructi on, i s focusing on nanot ube s home "last meters" questi on. Domestic sewage treatment in r ural areas, this year is the final year of the thre e-year a ction, determinati on t o fight and t he moment um around, e ndi ng the battle on whi ch fully to e nsure the realizati on of all County 648 forme d village coverage. Also, be sure to attach importa nce t o focus on rural domestic wa stewater treatment facility operation a nd ma nagement, e nsure that wastewater treatment facility up a nd ru nni ng, rol e play, avoid t he "Sun" pr oblem. T hird, pay spe cial attenti on to the River Lake pond desi lting operation. Provi nces now have focused on polluti on contr ol of water go to "dig up mud", as t he de epe ning water of this year's "plays". Next, to jump-start an i nvestigation li ne touches w ork, impleme ntation plan a ccordi ng to the pri orities a nd the programme of work, in accordance with the "one river one poli cy" requires detaile d clea ning, dredgi ng pla n, pla nni ng ahe ad of time clea ning out mud "way out", accor ding to l ocal conditions to do sl udge, promote scie ntific resource utilizati on of silt and m ud. (B) the heavy regulati on of heavily polluti ng indust ries. Poll ution of water must grab the source, wa stewater is primari ly the source of back ward pr od ucti on capacity, increase t he inte nsity of
杆间距过大；连墙件没有做到内外刚性连接；防护栏杆间距大于600mm；扣件连接不紧，扣件滑移等。
62、安全色的含义及用途：
安全色，传递安全信息的颜色，包括红、黄、蓝、绿四种