考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及解析5

Text 1

The United States is said to have a mixed economy because privately owned businesses and government both play important roles. Indeed, some of the most enduring debates of American economic history focus on the relative roles of the public and private sectors.

The American free enterprise system emphasizes private ownership. Private businesses produce most goods and services, and almost two-thirds of the nation's total economic output goes to individuals for personal use (the remaining one-third is bought by government and business). The consumer role is so great, in fact, that the nation is sometimes characterized as having a “consumer economy.”

This emphasis on private ownership arises, in part, from American beliefs about personal freedom. From the time the nation was created, Americans have feared excessive government power, and they have sought to limit government's authority over individuals—including its role in the economic realm. In addition, Americans generally believe that an economy characterized by private ownership is likely to operate more efficiently than one with substantial government ownership.

When economic forces are unfettered, Americans believe, supply and demand determine the prices of goods and services. Prices, in turn, tell businesses what to produce; if people want more of a particular goods than the economy is producing, the price of the goods rises. That catches the attention of new or other companies that, sensing an opportunity to earn profits, start producing more of that goods. On the other hand, if people want less of the goods, prices fall and less competitive producers either go out of business or start producing different goods.

There are limits to free enterprise, however. Americans have always believed that some services are better performed by public rather than private enterprise. For instance, in the United States, government is primarily responsible for the administration of justice, education, the road system, and national defense.

In this mixed economy, individuals can help guide the economy not only through the choices they make as consumers but through the votes they cast for officials who shape economic policy. In recent years, consumers have voiced concerns about product safety, environmental threats posed by certain industrial practices, and potential health risks citizens may face; government has responded by creating agencies to protect consumer interests and promote the general public welfare.

1. In Line 1, Para. 4, the expression “economic forces are unfettered” means .

[A] prices are determined by consumers [B] supply and demand are allowed to operate freely

[C] economic regulations are not enforced [D] the economy is growing

2. The last paragraph tells us that .

[A] a mixed economy is guided by both individual citizens and the government

[B] the role of the government in a mixed economy is more important than that of the consumer

[C] individual Americans can influence the economy in multiple ways

[D] the government does not regard the concerns of individual citizens

3. According to the text, the U.S. is sometimes called a “consumer economy” because .

[A] most goods and services are produced by consumers

[B] privately owned business plays a major role in the economy

[C] individual consumption plays a major role in the economy

[D] consumers' rights are very important in the U.S.

4. This text is mainly about .

[A] how average Americans view their economic system

[B] the role of the government in the American economy

[C] how supply and demand determine prices in the American economy

[D] the roles of the public and private sectors in the American economy

5. From the first sentence of the third paragraph, we learn that .

[A] American political beliefs have influenced its economic system

[B] Americans fear excessive governmental control of the economy

[C] private ownership is important because of American beliefs in personal freedom

[D] personal freedom is the basis for private ownership in the U.S.

Text 2

The Internet began in the 1960s as a small network of academic and government computers primarily involved in research for the U.S. military. Originally limited to researchers at a handful of universities and government facilities, the Internet has quickly become a worldwide network providing users with information on a range of subjects and allowing them to purchase goods directly from companies via computer. By 1999, 84 million U.S. citizens had access to the Internet at home or work. More and more Americans are paying bills, shopping, ordering airline tickets, and purchasing stocks via computer over the Internet.

Internet banking is also becoming increasingly popular. With lower overhead costs in terms of staffing and office space, Internet banks are able to offer higher interest rates on deposits and charge lower rates on loans than traditional banks. “Brick and mortar" banks are increasingly offering online banking services via transactional websites to complement their traditional services. At present, 14 percent of Internet households conduct their banking by means of the Internet, and the figure is expected to double or triple during the next two or three years.

Increasing commercial use of the Internet has heightened security and privacy concerns. With a credit or debit card, an Internet user can order almost anything from an Internet site and have it delivered to their home or office. Companies doing business over the Internet need sophisticated security measures to protect credit card, bank account, and social security numbers from unauthorized access as they pass across the Internet. Any organization that connects its networks to the global Internet must carefully control the access point to ensure that outsiders cannot disrupt the organization's internal networks or gain unauthorized access to the organization's computer systems and data.

6. According to the text, Internet banking .

[A] requires minimal usage fees [B] offers price advantages to users

[C] is more efficient than traditional banking [D] is environmentally-conscious

7. The term “brick and mortar banks” (Line 3, Para.2) refers to .

[A] banks with dependable reputations [B] banks with competitive interest rates

[C] banks with traditional walk-in services [D] banks with reliable on-line services

8. The last sentence of the third paragraph tells us that .

[A] any organization's networks may be at risk of security breaches

[B] current technology cannot safeguard against unauthorized access to online networks

[C] information security should be a pressing concern for Internet commerce

[D] organizations must secure their networks and data against unauthorized use

9. What is this text mainly about?

[A] Conveniences brought to consumers through use of the Internet.

[B] Implications of increasing commercial use of the Internet.

[C] Security risks posed by commercial use of the Internet.

[D] Advantages of Internet banking versus traditional banking.

10. Which commercial usage of the Internet does the author NOT refer to?

[A] Buying airline tickets . [B] Trading stocks.

[C] Applying for a credit card. [D] Opening a bank account.

Text 3

Some of today's most cutting-edge technology is now being used to help students with special needs. No longer just the province of games for “video needs," virtual reality has come into its own as a tool for special education teachers and therapists. As such, it is used for assessment, teaching, and practice, according to Skip Rizzo, research assistant/professor at the University of Southern California.

For example, virtual reality has been used effectively to assess students' depth perception, with the results being quite different from those obtained from traditional paper and pencil tests. It is also used to help students gain transition skills: Students with autism or developmental delay can visit a virtual supermarket, take public transportation, cross the street, or organize his or her day. Students in wheelchairs can learn how to navigate buildings. And the beauty is, these students can make any number of mistakes without endangering themselves.

In fact, one of the biggest virtues of virtual reality is that it allows students to learn in a safe environment, and this holds true for students with behavior disorders. After a student has learned an appropriate behavior or way of controlling his or her anger, the student is put in progressively more difficult virtual social situations where he or she can practice the new technique. And it is expected that future teachers will be exposed to virtual classes, complete with “difficult students” to help them master behavior management techniques.

Virtual reality even allows us to tailor the world to meet a child's needs. Let's say we're teaching a child to cross the street by paying attention to traffic signs. Educators have found that it is often difficult for the child to locate the traffic sign in a busy environment. With virtual reality, we can blow up the “walk sign" so the student knows what it looks like. Then we gradually begin shrinking the sign and adding other environmental elements. Once the student has mastered this virtually, he or she transfers the knowledge to the real world. In the end, this is the most important function of virtual reality programs for special students.

11. In Line 2, Par. 1, the word “province” means .

[A] technology [B] domain [C] basis [D] region

12. Virtual reality can help future teachers learn .

[A] how to assess students' skill levels [B] how to respond to individual student's needs

[C] how to deal with students who misbehave [D] how to run an orderly classroom

13. This text mainly deals with .

[A] The importance of using virtual reality in special education

[B] The applications of virtual reality for special students

[C] The advantages of virtual reality over conventional special education methods

[D] The potential role of virtual reality in special education

14. Which group does the author NOT suggest might benefit from virtual reality applications to

[A] students with mental illness [B] students with behavioral disorders

[C] students with physical handicaps [D] students with developmental problems

15. According to the text, what is the ultimate purpose of virtual reality in education?

[A] to give special students a chance to experience life in the outside world

[B] to train teachers to work with students with special needs

[C] to allow special students to learn life-skills in a safe environment

[D] to prepare special students to transition into mainstream society

Text 4

In today's world, racial, ethnic, and national categories no longer impose fixed barriers or unbending traditions. This is not to say that these categories have disappeared. Rather, they are mixing and interacting in new ways . The hybrid nature of today's society is a valuable resource that companies and businesses should tap into in their quest to innovate.

The ability to apply knowledge to new situations is the most valued currency in today's economy. More than ever, creativity rewards those who exercise it, so curiosity about the source of creativity has never been higher. How creativity comes about is a riddle, but a few things seem clear. Highly creative people don't necessarily excel in raw brainpower. They are misfits on some level. They tend to question accepted views and to consider contradictory ones.

The implications are plain to see: Divergent thinking is an essential ingredient of creativity. Diverse groups produce diverse thinking. Therefore, diversity promotes creativity. This logic applies to corporations, research teams, think tanks, and other groups of creators. Those who rely on a team of diverse people are more likely to innovate than those who rely on platoons of similar people.

To be sure, hybridity poses risks. A hybrid person may lose himself in a jumble of affiliations. A hybrid nation may botch the process of reinvention. Still, the price of such errors seems lower than the cost of circling the ethnic wagons and either shutting out people who are different or forcing them to become “one of us." Never before have so many people married across racial and ethnic lines. N ever before have so many people left their homelands for work or pleasure. Never before have so many people touched or tasted the clothes, foods, musical styles, and ideas of cultures not available to them in their youth. These people are not becoming phantoms or dilettantes. Rather, they are part of an outpouring of human creativity that is being driven by radical mixing.

“You cannot spill a drop of American blood," Herman Melville wrote in 1849, “without spilling the blood of the whole world." More than ever, Melville's declaration applies not only to America, but to all nations.

16. The author's attitude towards mixing of cultures is one of .

[A] unrestricted enthusiasm [B] eager advocacy [C] genuine concern [D] satisfied approval

17. According to the text, people are curious about sources of creativity because .

[A] creativity is profitable [B] creativity is a basic human instinct

[C] creativity is directly related to diversity [D] creative thought is valued by almost everybody

18. In the fourth pa ragraph, the term “botch" most likely means .

[A] complicate [B] err in [C] excel at [D] flourish in

19. The author suggests of current times that .

[A] without diversity, creativity would cease [B] the growth of the economy depends on a diverse

[C] businesses can gain from the diversity [D] today's creative individual does best in business

20. This text is mainly about .

[A] the significance of diversity to creative thought

[B] the advantages of diversity for innovative businesses

[C] the impact of an increasingly multicultural society on the economy

[D] the advantages and disadvantages of diversity

Text 1

词汇注释

enduring [in5djuEriN] a. 持续的，长久的

sector [5sektE] n. 部门

enterprise [5entEpraiz] n. 企业

characterize [5kArIktEraIz] v. 以…为特点，有…特点

arise [E5raiz] v. 起源于，由…引起；形成

excessive [ik5sesiv] adj. 过度的

authority [C:5WCriti] n. 管辖权；权力；权威

realm [relm] n. 领域

in addition 除此以外，另外

efficient [i5fiFEnt] a. 有效率的

substantial [sEb5stAnFEl] a. 基本上的；大量的

unfettered [5Qn5fetEd] a. 自由的；不受拘束（或限制、控制）的

particular [pE5tikjulE] a. 特别的；尤其的

competitive [kEm5petitiv] a. 有竞争力的

go out of business 倒闭

primarily [5praimErili] adv. 主要地，首要地；起初

responsible [ris5pCnsEbl] a. 负责的

administration [Edminis5treiFEn] n. 管理；经营；支配

justice [5dVQstis] n. 司法；正义

voice [vCis] vt. 表达，吐露；发出（声音）

practice [5prAktis] n. 积习；常规工作；实践

potential [pE5tenF(E)l] adj. 潜在的

agency [5eidVEnsi] n. 机构

promote [prE5mEut] v. 推进，促进；推动

welfare [5welfZE] n. 福利

题目解析

1.答案为[B]，属于词义推断题。回答本题的关键是确定unfettered的词义。根据第四段第一句内容：美国人相信一旦经济力量unfettered，供求关系就决定商品和服务的价格。由生活常识可知，只有经济力量放开时（即自由市场经济），商品和服务的价格才

能由供求关系来决定。此外，下一段第一句话又指出：然而，自由企业也有局限。线索词however（然而）清楚地表明此句以及此段的内容与上段内容恰好相反，由此也可推知unfettered应该是“limits”的反义词，即“自由的、不受限制的”。这样，只有选项B的意思符合句意，其他选项都是理解错误的干扰项。

2.答案为[C]，属于主旨思想题。本题考查最后一段的主题思想。本段首句即是本段的主题句，后面的句子是具体的实例：在混合经济中，个人不仅可以通过自身作为消费者所做出的各种选择来指导经济走向，还可以通过投票选出经济政策的制订者来施加影响。由此可知，选项C的内容与此相符。其他选项A、B概括过头，D与本段最后一句的后半句意义相反。

3.答案为[C]，属于事实细节题。题干中的关键词consumer economy 出现在第二段最后一句，其中so that （如此……以至于……）表明了句间存在的因果关系：美国之所以具有“消费者经济”的特点是因为消费者起着很重要的作用。原文= 题干 + 选项C，其中进行了因果句式转换，原文中的great换成了选项C中的major。

4.答案为[D]，属于主旨思想题。本题考查全文的中心思想。一般来讲，了解段落的中心看它的首尾句，了解文章的主题只需重点阅读首尾段即可。本文开篇就点出了文章主题：美国私有企业和政府在经济中扮演着重要角色，因此美国经济是混合型的经济。下文是具体的展开、说明。由此可知，符合此意的只有选项D。选项A概括过头，超出了文章内容；B、C是文章中提到的部分细节，概括不够。

5.答案为[A]，属于信息推断题。本题考查第三段第一句话的内容：私有制受到重视的部分原因是美国人崇尚个人自由。其中arise from（起因于，由...而产生）表明了前后之间的因果关系。由此可推知选项A的内容：美国人的政治信仰影响了其经济体制。选项B的内容部分正确，C、D 中important和 basis的使用歪曲了原文的意思。

参考译文

美国的经济结构是混合型的，据说这是因为私有企业和政府在经济中都扮演重要角色的缘故。的确，美国经济史上有些永恒的辩题主要讨论的就是公共部门和私有企业的作用。美国的自由企业制度强调的是私有制。社会大多数商品和服务是由私有企业生产和提供的，全国经济总产出中大约三分之二流向个人消费者（其余的三分之一由政府和企业予以采购）。消费者的作用至关重要，有时“消费经济”甚至成为美国的一个特点。

美国人对个人自由的崇尚是私有制受到重视的渊源之一。从建国之日起，美国人就一直害怕政府的权力过大，一直试图限制政府对个人的管辖权，包括限制政府在经济领域的作用。此外，美国人大都认为私有制经济可能会比以公有制为主的经济运转效率更高。美国人相信一旦经济力量摆脱羁绊，获得自由，供求关系就决定商品和服务的价格，而价格反过来又能告诉各企业生产哪种产品。如果针对某种商品的需求大于供给，该商品的价格就上升。价格的上升吸引了新成立的公司或其他公司的注意，这些公司感觉到有利可图，开始生产更多的同类商品。相反，如果供给大于需求，商品价格就会下降，缺乏竞争力的企业不是倒闭就是转而生产别的商品。

不过，自由企业也有局限。美国人总是认为某些行业由公共部门管理比私人企业管理要好。比如，美国政府主要负责司法、教育、公路系统、国防等方面的管理工作。

在混合型经济结构中，个人不仅可以通过身为消费者所做出的各种选择来指导经济走向，还可以通过投票选出经济政策的制订者来施加影响。近年来，消费者对产品安全、

某些工业行为对环境造成的威胁、国民面临的潜在健康危险等问题深表忧虑；政府对此做出反应，成立机构，保护消费者权益，推动公共福利事业的发展。

Text 2

词汇注释

academic [7AkE5demik] a. 大学的；学院的

involve [in5vClv]v. 从事；涉及；卷入

originally [E5ridVEnEli] adv. 最初地；原本地

facility [fE5siliti] n. （供特定用途的）场所；军事机构；设施

range [reindV]ｎ. 一系列；排；山岭

via [5vaiE, 5vi:E] prep. 经由，经过；凭借

overhead [5EuvEhed] a. （费用等）经常的；管理的；间接的

in terms of 从…方面说；根据

staff [stB:f] v. 为…配备职员（或教员等）

interest rates 利率

deposit [di5pCzit] n. 存款；沉积物

loan [lEun]n. 贷款

Brick and mortar banks 相对于网上银行及virtual banks（虚拟银行）而言的传统意义上的银行

transactional a. 交易的

website n. 网址

complement [5kCmplimEnt] v.补充，补足

by means of 以…方式

triple [5tripl] v. 是…三倍

commercial [kE5mE:FEl] a.商业的

heighten [5haitn] v. 提高

security [si5kjuEriti] n. 安全

privacy [5praivEsi] n. 隐私

debit card （银行存款户持有的）借方卡

deliver [di5livE] v. 送交；投递

sophisticated [sE5fistikeitid] a. 复杂的；高级的

unauthorized [5Qn5C:WEraizd] a. 未经许可的；未经授权的

access [5Akses] n. 进入（权）；接近；入口

ensure [in5FuE] v. 确保

disrupt [dis5rQpt] v. 干扰，扰乱

internal [in5tE:nl] a. 内部的

data [5deitE] n. 数据

题目解析

6.答案为[B]，属于信息归纳题。题干中的关键词Internet banking出现在第二段第一

句（网上银行也越来越受欢迎）。随后的句子说明了原因：由于员工和办公空间等经常性开支费用减少，与传统银行相比，网上银行能提供较高的存款利率、发放低息贷款。总结归纳这些信息后不难得出选项B的内容：为用户提供有利的价格。其他选项文中均未提到。

7.答案为[C]，属于概念理解题。题干中的关键词“brick and mortar banks”出现在第二段第三句：越来越多的“brick and mortar”银行正在通过交易网站提供网上银行业务，作为对传统业务的补充。由此可知brick and mortar是指传统意义上的银行，即选项C正确（其中walk-in service意为“不需要预约的服务”）。

8.答案为[D]，属于信息推断题。本文第三段最后一句指出：任何机构若将其内部网络与全球因特网相连，则必须严密控制衔接点，以确保外人无法扰乱机构内部网络，也不能未经许可而进入其计算机系统，接触数据。符合此意的只有选项D，选项A中的any 表达太绝对；选项B、C的内容文中没有提到，也无法推出。

9.答案为[B]，属于主旨思想题。本题考查文章的主题思想。本文第一段讲的是因特网由最初发展为网上商务的历史，第二段专门介绍了网上银行，第三段重点说明了网上商务的注意问题。由此不难看出全文都是围绕着网上商务展开的，因此选项B正确。选项

A、C、D的内容分别是文中第一、三、二段描述的细节，不能概括全文。

10.答案为[C]，属于事实细节题。本题要求找出作者文中未提到的有关因特网商务用途的选项。选项A、B在第一段最后一句中直接提到，选项D在第二段中提到。只有选项C 未提到，是本题的正确答案。

参考译文

因特网发端于20世纪60年代，当时的网络很小，由为美国军方从事研究工作的大学和官方的一些计算机联网而成。最初，因特网只供几所大学和政府机构的研究人员使用，但它很快成为一个遍布全球的网络，为用户提供一系列问题的相关信息，使用户可以直接通过电脑向公司购买商品。到1999年，在家或在工作单位能上网的美国人已经达到8400万。越来越多的美国人通过电脑在因特网上付账、购物、预订飞机票、买股票。网上银行也日益受到欢迎。由于员工和办公空间等经常性开支费用减少，同传统银行相比，网上银行可以提供较高的存款利率、发放低息贷款。

越来越多的“传统”银行通过交易网站提供网上银行业务，作为对传统业务的补充。目前14%的上网家庭通过因特网处理银行业务，在未来的两三年间，该数字有望增加一倍或两倍。

网上商务的频繁加剧了人们对于网上交易安全问题和个人隐私权问题的担忧。因特网用户凭一张信用卡或借记卡就能从网上订购任何物品，然后等着送货上门。进行网上交易的公司需要拥有高级的安全措施以保障信用卡号、银行账户号、社会保障号在交易过程中不会被未经许可的人得到。任何组织若将其内部网络与全球因特网相连，则必须严密控制衔接点，以确保外人无法扰乱组织内部网络，也不能未经许可而进入其计算机系统，接触数据。

Text 3

词汇注释

cutting-edge a. 尖端的，先进的

province [5prCvins] n.范围，领域

video [5vidiEu] a. 电视的；图像的

nerd n. ［俚］讨厌鬼；乏味的人；蠢人

virtual [5vE:tjuEl, -tFuEl] a. 虚拟的；实际上的

come into its own 获得应得的声誉;发挥所长;开始盛行；进入繁盛期

therapist [5WerEpIst] n. （特定治疗法的）治疗专家

as such 就以这种身份或资格；就其本身而论

assessment [E5sesmEnt] n. 评估

perception [pE5sepFEn] n. 感觉；感知

obtain [Eb5tein] v. 获得

transition [trAn5ziVEn, -5siFEn] n. 过渡；转变

autism [5C:tizEm] n. 孤独症；自我中心主义

navigate [5nAvi^eit] v. 走过，经过;穿行

endanger [in5deindVE] v. 使处于危险境地

virtue [5vE:tju:] n. 优点；美德

hold true 适用，有效

progressively adv. 逐渐地；渐进地

be exposed to 使处于…作用之下；使…接触…

be complete with 有，具有

tailor [5teilE] v. 使适应特定需要(to)

traffic sign 交通信号

locate [lEu5keit] v. 找到；使…坐落于

blow up 放大（照片等）；夸大

shrink [FriNk] v. 缩小

element [5elimEnt] n. 因素

transfer [trAns5fE:] v. 转移；转换

function [5fQNkFEn] n. 功能

program [5prEu^rAm] n. 课程；计划

题目解析

11.答案为[B]，属于词义推断题。province一词最常见的意义是“省”，其次意为“范围、领域”。显然，放入province的上下文中，第一个意思不合适（一省的游戏），应该取第二个意思（游戏的地盘/范围）。四个选项中只有[B] domain（范围）符合句意。一般来讲，对熟词的考查，取其常用意义的选项往往是干扰项，如本题的选项D。

12.答案为[C]，属于信息归纳题。题目中的关键词future teachers出现在原文第三段最后一句：未来的教师有望接触有“难对付的学生”的虚拟课堂，以掌握行为管理技巧。由此可知，只有选项C的内容与此相符。其他选项A、B的内容在文中未提到，D正好与此句内容相反，故可排除。

13.答案为[B]，属于主旨思想题。本题考查全文的中心思想。文章第一句指出“现在人们正在使用一些当代最前沿的技术帮助有特殊需要的学生”。紧接者指出这种技术就是虚拟现实。接下来的段落进一步补充说明虚拟现实技术对这些学生的帮助。第二段举例

说明了虚拟现实的种种用途；第三段讲述了虚拟现实的各种好处；最后一段介绍了虚拟现实的进一步应用：它甚至还能让我们改变周围的世界以满足孩子的需求。由此可看出全文都围绕着虚拟现实对有特殊需要的学生的应用这一主题。因此，选项B正确。其他选项A、C、D分别是文章第一、三、四段的中心，不能概括全文。

14.答案为[A]，属于事实细节题。题目问：把虚拟现实应用到教育中去会使很多学生受益，其中那些学生作者在文中未提到。选项B在文章第三段第一句中直接提到。选项C 出现在第二段第三句，其中students in wheelchairs（做轮椅的学生）亦即C项中physical handicap（身体有残疾的学生）的同义表达。选项D在第二段第二句中提到，其中developmental delay意为“发育迟缓”。因此，只有选项A文中未提到，恰是本题的答案。

15.答案为[D]，属于事实细节题。题目中的关键词ultimate purpose其实是原文最后一句中 the most important function的同义替换，这是出题人常用的出题技巧。但要回答此题还需要了解本句中this的指代内容。联系上一句内容可知：一旦学生确实掌握了这一虚拟世界的法则，他或她就会将之用于现实世界，而这也是虚拟现实课程对于有特殊需要的学生来说最重要的功能所在。由此可知，选项D正确：虚拟现实运用到教育中的最根本的目的是为这些有特殊需要的学生进入现实主流社会做准备。其他选项都不是虚拟现实教育的主要目的。

参考译文

现在人们正在使用一些当代最前沿的技术帮助有特殊需要的学生。虚拟现实不再只是“图像迷”游戏的地盘，它已经声誉鹊起，开始流行，成为从事特殊教育的教师和治疗师们使用的工具。南加利福尼亚大学的教授兼研究助理斯基普·里佐说，虚拟现实就其本身而言,可以用来进行评估、教学、练习等活动。

例如，虚拟现实已经用于对学生的纵深觉察能力进行评估，而且效果显著，通过该方法取得的结果与用传统的纸笔测试得到的结果截然不同。虚拟现实还用来帮学生掌握向普通人生活过渡的技巧：患孤独症的学生或发展迟滞的学生可以去虚拟超市、乘坐公交汽车、过马路、或者安排自己一天的活动。坐轮椅的学生能学会如何在建筑群里穿行。最妙的是，学生们无论犯多少错误都不会威胁到自身的安全。

事实上，虚拟现实最大的好处在于它使学生在安全的环境中学习，而这一点对于那些行为失调的学生同样适合。学生学会某种适当的行为举止或者学会控制自己的情绪之后，就会置身于难度越来越大的虚拟社交场合，练习自己学会的新技巧。在未来，教师有望接触有“难对付的学生”的虚拟课堂，通过这种方式掌握行为管理技巧。

虚拟现实甚至还能让我们改变周围的世界以满足孩子的需求。比如，我们教孩子过马路时要注意看交通信号灯。教育者们发现，孩子通常很难在乱糟糟的环境下找到交通信号灯；但是借助于虚拟现实我们可以放大“行走信号”，让学生知道它是什么样子，然后逐渐将其缩小并添加周围的景物。一旦学生确实掌握了这一虚拟世界的法则，他或她就会将之用于现实世界，而这也是虚拟现实课程对于有特殊需要的学生来说最重要的功能所在。

Text 4

词汇注释

racial [5reiFEl] adj. 种族的；人种的；民族的

ethnic [5eWnik] adj. 种族的；异族的

category [5eWnik] n. 类别

impose [im5pEuz]v. 强加…于

barrier [5bAriE] n. 障碍；隔阂；壁垒

unbending [5Qn5bendiN] adj.坚定的；顽固的；不屈不挠的interact [7intEr5Akt] v. 相互作用

hybrid [5haibrid] adj. 混合的

valuable [5vAljuEbl] adj. 宝贵的

resource [ri5sC:s] n.资源

tap [tAp] v.开发，开辟；着手利用

quest [kwest] n. （历时较久的）探求，寻求

innovate [5inEuveit] v. 创新，革新，改革

apply [E5plai] v. 适用（to）

valued [5vAlju:d] adj. 受重视的；宝贵的

currency [5kQrEnsi] n. 通货，货币

reward [ri5wC:d] v. 回报；报答

curiosity [7kjuEri5Csiti] n. 好奇心

come about 产生

excel [ik5sel] v. 胜过他人；超常，突出

raw [rC:] adj. 自然状态的；原始的

misfit [5mis5fit] n. 不适应环境（或工作）的人

tend to 倾向于

view [vju:] n. 见解；意见

contradictory [7kCntrE5diktEri] adj. 相互对立的；矛盾的implication [7impli5keiFEn] n. 含意

plain [plein] adj. 显然的，明显的

divergent [dai5vE:dVEnt] adj. 不同的；有分歧的

essential [i5senFEl] adj. 根本的

ingredient [in5^ri:diEnt] n. （构成）要素，因素；成分diverse [dai5vE:s] adj. 多变化的；不同的；形形色色的diversity [dai5vE:siti] n. 多样性

think tank 智囊团，思想库

rely on 依靠，依仗

platoon [plE5tu:n] n.（有共同性的）的一群人；一组东西hybridity [hai5briditi] n. 杂种状态；杂种性

pose [pEuz] v. 构成，造成

jumble [5dVQmbl] n. 杂乱的堆；混乱

affiliation [E7fili5eiFEn] n. 联系；从属关系

botch [bCtF] v. 笨手笨脚地弄坏；拙劣地修补

reinvention [5ri:in5vest] n. 重新确定；彻底改造

error [5erE] n.错误

wagon [5wA^En] n.马车

available [E5veilEbl] adj. 可获得的；可利用的

phantom [5fAntEm] n. 令人恐惧的事物；幻觉；化身

dilettante [7dili5tAnti] n.（艺术、科学等方面的）半吊子；浅薄的涉猎者outpouring [5autpC:riN] n.（思想、感情等）洋溢，迸发；涌出物

radical [5rAdikEl] adj. 彻底的；根本的；过激的

spill [spil] v. 溅出

题目解析

16.答案为[B]，属于态度推断题。判断作者态度题，需要分析行文中作者的用词。题目中的mixing of cultures 在行文中以不同的形式出现，如：diversity， hybrid，diverse， mixing， hybridity。作者在文中不断使用creativity, valuable, most valued, rewards, essential, promote, innovate, outpouring等褒义词。而第四段第5—7句重复使用了never before引导的倒装句和平行句更是明确第表达了作者对文化的融合所持的支持、提倡的态度。因此，选项B正确（积极倡导）。选项A、C的概括有点过头，因为毕竟作者还是在第四段稍微提到了一些弊病。

17.答案为[A]，属于逻辑关系题。题目中的关键词curious about sources of creativity 出现在第二段第二句（其中原文中的curiosity换成了题干中的curious）：人们对创造力的源泉产生了前所未有的浓厚兴趣是因为发挥创造力的人会得到前所未有的回报。由此可知，选项A符合此意：原文=题干+选项A（其中是原文的同义表达）。其他选项

B、D在文中未提到，选项C推导有误，与第三段第三句不符。

18.答案为[A]，属于词义推断题。botch所在的句子与其前面一句构成了平行结构，而且在意义上后一句是前一句的进一步引申说明。这两句指出：混血儿由于各方面的关系错综复杂，可能会迷失自我。一个种族混杂的国家可能会把重整河山的进程botch。由此可推知botch的意思与前句中的lost himself in a jumble of affiliation相近，而决不会是个褒义词，因此可首先排除选项C（在……方面表现突出）、D（在……方面繁荣兴旺）。选项A、B中符合此意的应该是A（使复杂、麻烦、难处理）。

19.答案为[C]，属于信息推断题。题目中的关键词current times的同义词today’s society出现在第一段最后一句：现代社会的混杂性是个宝贵的资源，公司、企业在探索创新的过程中应该好好加以发掘利用。由此可知，符合此意的只有选项C，其中原文中的hybrid nature, valuable resource分别换成此选项中的diversity和gain。其他选项都属于推导过泛、过广。

20.答案为[B]，属于主旨思想题。文章第一段最后一句就是本文的主题（见上题译文）。下面的段落进一步解释混杂性的好处：它对创造力有推动作用，有助于公司、团体进行革新和创新。因此，选项B正确。其他选项A、C是文章第一、三段的内容，而选项D 中提到的disadvantages（弊病）在第四段前三句中简单提到，但接下来的一句用still 一转折表明了作者真正的观点态度：这种风险比起排斥、分化异类的代价小多了。

参考译文

当今的世界，种族、民族、国家的界限划分再也不会造成固定的隔阂或无法通融的传统观念；但这并不意味着这些类别已经消失，相反，它们正以新的方式混杂交融、相互作

用。现代社会的混杂性是个宝贵的资源，公司、企业在探索创新的过程中应该好好加以发掘利用。

对知识活学活用的能力是现代经济生活中最受重视的通货。发挥创造力的人们得到前所未有的回报，于是人们对创造力的源泉也产生了前所未有的浓厚兴趣。创造力是怎样产生的？这是一个谜，不过有些事情似乎十分明了：具有高度创造力的人的天生智力不一定出类拔萃，在某种程度上他们还与周围的环境格格不入；他们常常会对大家都接受的见解提出质疑，而对有争议的意见情有独钟。

这其中的含意显而易见：不同的思维是创造力的基本要素之一。不同的群体产生不同的思维，因此多样性对于创造力起到了推动作用。同样的道理也适用于公司、研究组、智囊团以及其他创造性团队。依靠一支由形形色色的人所组成的团队的人们比那些仰仗由相似人群所构成的团体的人们更有可能进行革新和创新。

当然了，混杂状态是有风险的。混血儿由于各方面的关系错综复杂，可能会迷失自我。一个种族混杂的国家可能会把重整河山的过程弄得一塌糊涂。然而不管怎样，与绕过异族的马车、排斥异类或强迫他们变成“我们中的一分子”的成本相比，为上述过失所付出的代价要小得多。在此之前，从来没有这么多人跨越种族、民族的界限缔结姻缘；在此以前，从来没有这么多人为工作或游乐的需要离开故乡；在此以前，从来没有这么多人接触或尝试过小时候无法获得或接触到的各种服装、饮食、音乐风格、文化观念。这些人并没有变得令人恐惧或是成为浅薄的涉猎者；相反，他们是人类创造力表现的一部分，这种创造力正是在彻底地混合搅拌后迸发出来的。

1849年，作家赫尔曼·梅尔维尔这样写道：“如果美国人在流血，全世界也在流血。” 如今，他的这句话比以往任何时候都更适用，不仅适用于美国，更适用于世界各国。