Recent developments of thermoelectric power generation
鞣鼹甏ｌ醛瓣黪
Ｃ打ｉｎｅｓｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＢｕｌｌｅｔｉｎ２００４Ｖ０１．４９Ｎｏ．１２１２１２—１２１９
Ｒｅｃｅｎｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｓｏｆ
ｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｐｏｗｅｒ
ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ
ＬＵＡＮ
Ｗｅｉｌｉｎｇ＆ＴＵＳｈａｎｔｕｎｇ
Ｅａｓｔ
ＣｈｉｎａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅａｎｄＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｓｃｈｏｏｌｏｆ
Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌ
Ｅｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇ，Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ２００２３７，ＣｈｉｎａＣｏｒｒｅｓｐｏｎｄｅｎｃｅｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅａｄｄｒｅｓｓｅｄｔｏ
Ｌｕａｎ
Ｗｅｉｌｉｎｇ（ｅ－ｍａｉｌ：ｌｕａｎ＠
ｅｃｕｓｔ．ｅｄｕ．ｃｎ）
Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ
０ｎｅｆｏｒｍｏｆｅｎｅｒｇｙｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｔｈａｔｉｓｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄ
ｔｏｂｅ
ｏｎ
ｔｈｅｒｉｓｅ
ｉｎｔｈｅｎｅｘｔｓｅｖｅｒａｌｄｅｃａｄｅｓｉｓｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ
ｐｏｗｅｒ
ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ（ＴＥＰＧ）ｗｈｉｃｈｃｏｎｖｅｒｔｓｈｅａｔｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｔｏ
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙ．Ｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｗｉｔｈｏｔｈｅｒｍｅｔｈｏｄｓ，ＴＥＰＧｐｏｓｓｅｓｓｅｓｔｈｅｓａｌｉｅｎｔｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｏｆｂｅｉｎｇｃｏｍｐａｃｔ，ｌｉｇｈｔ－ｗｅｉｇｈｔｅｄ，ｎｏｉｓｅｌｅｓｓｉｎｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｈｉｇｈｌｙｒｅｌｉａｂｌｅ，ｆｒｅｅｏｆｃａｒｂｏｎｄｉｏｘｉｄｅ
ｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎａｎｄｒａｄｉｏａｃｔｉｖｅｓｕｂｓｔａｎｃｅｓ．Ｌｏｗｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｅｆｎｃｉｅｎｃｙ
ａｎｄｈｉｇｈｃｏｓｔ．ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，
ａｒｅ
ｓｏｍｅ
ｏｆｔｈｅ
ｄｉｓａｄｖａｎｔａ２ｅｓ．ＵｓｅｏｆＴＥＰＧｉｓｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｊｕｓｔｉｆｉｅｄｔｏｈｉｇｈｔｅｃｈａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓａｓｓｏｃｉａｔｅｄｗｉｔｈａｅｒｏｓｐａｃｅ，ｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙｏｐｅｒａｔｉｏｎ，
ｔｅｌ．ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎ
ａｎｄ
ｎａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎ。
ｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆｕｎｍａｎｎｅｄｖｅｈｉｃｌｅｓｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｅｄｆｒｏｍｒｅｍｏｔｅｌｏｃａｔｉｏｎｓ．Ｍｏｒｅ－ｏｖｅｒ．ＴＥＰＧｄｏｅｓｎｏｔｃｏｎｔＨｂｕｔｅｔｏｔｈｅｄｅｐｌｅｔｉｏｎｏｆｎａｔｕｒａｌ
ｒｅｓｏｕｒｃｅ
ａｎｄｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｓｕｃｈ
ａｓ
ｃｌｉｍａｔｅ
ｗａｒｍｉｎｇｔｈａｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎａｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｔｉｍｅｓ．ＴｈｉｓｗｏｒｋｉｓｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｅｄｗｉｔｈｐｒｏｖｉｄｉｎｇａｎｏｖｅｒｖｉｅｗｏｆｔｈｅｓｔａｔｅｏｆｔｈｅａｒｔｏｆＴＥＰＧｗｉｔｈｅｍｐｈａｓｅｓｐｌａｃｅｄｏｎａｓｓｅｓｓｉｎｇｉｔｓｃｕｒｒｅｎｔａｎｄｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．Ｐｏｉｎｔｅｄｏｕｔａｒｅｔｈｅｗａｙｓｔｏｆａｂｒｉ－ｃａｔｅ
ｈｉｇｈ
ｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ。ａｈｕｒｄｌｅｔｏ
ｏｖｅｒｃｏｍｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｅｎｈａｎｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆＴＥＰＧｄｅｖｉｃｅｅｍｃｉｅｎｃｙ．
Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ：ｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ，
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｐｏｗｅｒ，ｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｓｅｎｓｏｒ．
Ｔｈｅｓｅａｒｃｈｆｏｒ
ｇｒｅｅｎ，ｃｏｍｐａｃｔ．１０ｎｇ－ｌａｓｔｉｎｇ，
ｌｏｗ．．ｍａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄｓｏｆｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇｅｌｅｃ．．ｔｒｉｃａｌ
ｐｏｗｅｒｈａｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｉｎ
ｐｒｉｏｒｉｔｙ
ａｓ
ｔｈｅｐｕｂｌｉｃ
ｂｅ—
ｃｏｍｅｓｍｏｒｅａｗａｒｅｏｆｅｎｅｒｇｙｃｏｎｓｅｒｖａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎ—
ｍｅｎｔｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｆｕｅｌｃｅｌｌｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅｓａｒｅｃｕｒ—
ｒｅｎｔｌｙｂｅｉｎｇｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｅｄ．Ｔｈｅｙ．ｈｏｗｅｖｅｒ，ｅｎｃｏｕｎｔｅｒ
ｄｉｆｆｉ—
ｃｕｌｔｉｅｓ
ｉｎｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ．Ｃｏｍｐａｒａｔｉｖｅｌｙｓｐｅａｋｉｎｇ，
ＴＥＰＧｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｚｅｄａｓｏｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｍａｊｏｒｅｎｅｒｇＹｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎ
ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ，ｍａｉｎｌｙｂｅｃａｕｓｅｏｆｔｈｅａｄｖａｎ—
ｔａｇｅｓｍｅｎｔｉｏｎｅｄｅａｒｌｉｅｒｗｈｉｃｈｉｎｃｌｕｄｅｃｏｍｐａｃｔｓｉｚｅ，ｌｉｇｈｔｗｅｉｇｈｔ．ｎｏｉｓｅｌｅｓｓｎｅｓｓａｎｄｎｏｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎ．ＴｈｅＵＳ０ｆｆｉｃｅｏｆＳｐａｃｅ＆ＤｅｆｅｎｓｅＰｏｗｅｒＳｙｓｔｅｍｓｒｅｇａｒｄｓＴＥＰＧａｓａｐｒｏｖｅｎｍｅｔｈｏｄｆｏｒｅｎｅｒｇｙｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｅｒｍｓｏｆｓａｆｅｔｙ，ｒｅｌｉａｂｉｌｉｔｙａｎｄｍａｉｎｔａｉｎａｂｉｌｉｔｖ．Ｉｔｉｓａｌｓｏｃａｐａｂｌｅｏｆｐｒｏ—
ｄｕｃｉｎｇｅｉｔｈｅｒｈｅａｔｏｒ
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙｆｏｒｌｏｎｇｐｅｒｉｏｄｓｏｆｔｉｍｅｍｅａｓｕｒａｂｌｅｉｎｄｅｃａｄｅｓ
ｕｎｄｅｒ
ｈａｚａｒｄｎｅｓｓｃｏｎｄｉｔｉｏｎｓ
ｅｎ—
ｃｏｕｎｔｅｒｅｄｉｎ
ｏｕｔｅｒ
ｓｐａｃｅ“．Ｔｈｅｒｅｃｅｎｔｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｗａｓ
ａｒｉｓｅｎｔｈａｔＴＥＰＧｄｅｖｉｃｅｓａｒｅａｌｓｏｃｏｓｔ—ｅｆｆｅｃｔｉｖｅｉｆｅｎｖｉ—
ｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｉｓｔａｋｅｎｉｎｔｏａｃｃｏｕｎｔ．Ｔｈｉｓｍａｋｅｓｔｈｅｍｅｔｈｏｄ
ａｔｔｒａｃｔｉｖｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙｉｎａｄｄｉｔｉｏｎｔｏｉｔｓｓｕｐｅｒｉｏｒｆｅａｔｕｒｅｓｆｏｒａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｉｎｔｈｅｈｉｇｈ—ｔｅｃｈｆｉｅｌｄｓｉｎ—ｖｏｌｖｉｎｇｓｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚｅｄｍｅｄｉｃｉｎｅ．ｓｐａｃｅａｎｄｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙｕｓｅｌｉｌＪ．ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆＴＥＰＧｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅｃｏｇ—
ｎｉｚｅｄｉｎｍａｎｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓａｓ１０ｎｇｔｏｍｉｄ—ｔｅｒｍｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｐｒｏｇｒａｍｓ．ＵＳＡａｉｍｓｐｒｉｎｃｉｐａｌｌｙａｔｉｔｓａｐｐｌｉｃａ—ｔｉｏｎｉｎｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙ．ｓｐａｃｅａｎｄｈｉｇｈ—ｔｅｃｈａｒｅａｓ．ＴｈｅＪａｐａｎｅｓｅｇｏｖｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｉｓｆｕｎｄｉｎｇＴＥＰＧｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｉｎｇｗａｓｔｅ
ｈｅａｔ
ｅｍｉｔｔｅｄ
ｆｒｏｍ
ａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｓ，ｆａｃｔｏｒｉｅｓａｎｄｓｉｍｉｌａｒ
ｓｏｕｒｃｅｓ．Ｔｈｅ
ＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎＵｎｉｏｎｆｏｃｕｓｅｓａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ
ｏｎｌｏｗ．ｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｅｎｓｏｒｓ．Ｃｈｉｎａｍａｋｅｓａｃｈｉｅｖｅ．ｍｅｎｔｓｏｎｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｔｈｅｏｒｙａｎｄｔｈｅｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｒｍｏ．
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｓｅｍｉｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｏｒｓａｌｔｈｏｕｇｈｗｉｔｈｌｅｓｓｅｍｐｈａｓｅｓｏｎｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｆｏｒｔｈｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔ．Ｔｈｏｕｇｈｓｅｖｅｒａｌｏｖｅｒｓｅａ
ｃｏｍｐａｎｉｅｓｂｕｉｌｔｐｌａｎｔｓｉｎＳｈａｎｇｈａｉ．Ｈａｎｇｚｈｏｕａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒ
ｃｉｔｉｅｓ，ｔｈｅｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｉｓｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄｐｒｏｄｕｃｔａｒｅ
ｓｔｉｌｌｌａｃｋｉｎｇｏ’１“．１
Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｓｍ
ｏｆｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ
Ｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆｈｅａｔｄｉｒｅｃｔｌｙｉｎｔｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙｉｓｎｏｔ
ａ
ｎｅｗｐｒｉｎｃｉｐｌｅ．Ｉｔｗａｓｄｉｓｃｏｖｅｒｅｄｉｎ１８２２ｂｙａＧｅｒｍａｎ
ｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｓｔ，ＴｈｏｍａｓＳｅｅｂｅｃｋ．Ｈｅｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｔｈａｔａｎ
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ
ｖｏｌｔａｇｅ
ｉｓ
ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄ
ｗｈｅｎ
ｔｗｏｄｉｓｓｉｍｉｌａｒ，ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｌｙ
ｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｖｅ
ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ（ｉｒｏｎ
ａｎｄ
ｃｏｐｐｅｒ）ａｒｅｉｏｉｎｅｄｉｎａ
ｃｌｏｓｅｄｃｉｒｃｕｉｔａｎｄｔｈｅｔｗｏ１ｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｋｅｐｔａｔｄｉｆｉｅｒｅｎｔｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓ．Ｓｕｃｈｐａｉｒｓｏｆ｛ｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅｃａｌｌｅｄｔｈｅｒｍｏ．
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｃｏｕｐｌｅｓ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎｏｂｓｅｒｖｅｄｉｓｃａｌｌｅｄＳｅｅｂｅｃｋｅｆｆｅｃｔ．
ＴｈｅｓｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃｏｆＴＥＰＧ
ｉｓｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｄｉｎＦｉｇ．１．Ａ
ｔｙｐｉｃａｌｄｅｖｉｃｅｉｓｃｏｍｐｏｓｅｄｏｆｔｗｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｌｙｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｎｇ
Ｆｉｇ．１．ＳｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃｄｉａｇｒａｍｏｆｍｕｌｔｉｃｏｕｐｌｅＴｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃＧｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ
Ｍｏｄｕｌｅｓ．
１）Ｕ．Ｓ．ＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｅｒｇｙ．ＡｄｖａｎｃｅｄＲａｄｉｏｉｓｏｔｏｐｅＰｏｗｅｒＳｙｓｔｅｍｓ，ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ．ｇｏｖ／ｓｐａｃｅ／ａｒｐｓｆａｃｔ．ｐｄｆ，２００２１２１２
∞ｉｎｅｓｅ
ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＢｕｌｌｅｔｉｎＶ０１．４９Ｎｏ．１２Ｊｕｎｅ
２００４
ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ：ｏｎｅｃａｌｌｅｄＮ—ｔｙｐｅａｎｄｔｈｅｏｔｈｅｒＰ—ｔｙｐｅ．Ｎ—ｔｙｐｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｉｓｄｏｐｅｄｓｏｔｈａｔｉｔｗｉｌｌｈａｖｅａｎｅｘｃｅｓｓｏｆｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓ（ｍｏｒｅｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓ
ｔｈａｎｎｅｅｄｅｄｔｏｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅａｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｍｏ—
ｌｅｃｕｌａｒｌａｔｔｉｃｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ）ａｎｄＰ—ｔｙｐｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｉｓｄｏｐｅｄｓｏｔｈａｔｉｔｗｉｌｌｈａｖｅａｄｅｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｏｆｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓｆｆｅｗｅｒｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓｔｈａｎｎｅｃｅｓｓａｒｙｔｏｃｏｍｐｌｅｔｅａｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｌａｔｔｉｃｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅ）．ＴｈｅｅｘｔｒａｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓｉｎｔｈｅＮ—ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌａｎｄｔｈｅｈｏｌｅｓｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｇｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＰ—ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌａｒｅｔｈｅｃｈａｒｇｅｃａｒｒｉｅｒｓ．Ｔｈｅｓｅｔｗｏｋｉｎｄｓｏｆｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ
ａｒｅ
ｃｏｎｎｅｃｔｅｄｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｌｙｉｎｓｅｒｉｅｓｂｙ
ｈｉｇｈｌｙｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｎｇｍｅｔａｌｓｔｒｉｐｓａｎｄｓａｎｄｗｉｃｈｅｄｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅｒｍａｌｌｙｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｎｇｂｕｔｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｌｙｉｎｓｕｌａｔｉｎｇｐｌａｔｅｓ．Ａｓｔｈｅｈｅａｔｍｏｖｅｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｈｏｔｔｏｔｈｅｃｏｌｄｐｌａｔｅ，ｔｈｅｃｈａｒｇｅｃａｒｒｉｅｒｓａｒｅｃａｒｒｉｅｄｗｉｍｔｈｅｈｅａｔ．Ｈｅａｔａｌｓｏａｆｆｅｃｔｓｃｈａｒｇｅｃａｒｒｉｅｒｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｉｎｔｈｅｒｅｔｕｒｎｐａｔｈｆｔｙｐｉｃａｌｌｙｃｏｐｐｅｒｗｉｒｅ）．Ｂｅｃａｕｓｅｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓｆｌｏｗｉｎ
ａ
ｄｉｒｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｐｐｏｓｉｔｅｔｏ
ｔｈａｔｏｆｈｏｌｅ．ｔｈｅｃｕｒｒｅｎｔｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｓｉｎｔｈｅｐｅｌｌｅｔｓｄｏｎｏｔｏｐｐｏｓｅｏｎｅａｎｏｔｈｅｒ，ｂｕｔａｒｅｓｅｒｉｅｓ—ａｄｄｉｎｇ．Ｔｈｅｈｅａｔ
ｍｏｖｅｍｅｎｔｉｎｓｅｍｉｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｏｒｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ
ｃａｎ
ｃａｒｒｙｆａｒｍｏｒｅ
ｃｈａｒｇｅｃａｒｒｉｅｒｓｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｔｈｅｒｅｔｕｒｎｐａｔｈｏｆａｃｉｒｃｕｉｔ．
Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ．ａｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ（ｉ．ｅ．Ｓｅｅｂｅｃｋｖｏｌｔａｇｅ）ｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄ．ＢｙｌｉｎｋｉｎｇｔｏｇｅｔｈｅｒａｌａｒｇｅｎｕｍｂｅｒｏｆｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃＰａｎｄＮｃｏｕｐｌｅｓ，ａｓｉｚｅａｂｌｅｖｏｌｔａｇｅｃａｎｂｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄ．ＣｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｌｙａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅＴＥＰＧｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｌ８
—１２８
ｃｏｕｐｌｅｓ．Ｔｈｅｐｏｗｅｒｏｕｔｐｕｔｄｅｐｅｎｄｓ
ｏｎ
ｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃ—
ｔｒｉｃｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ’ｓ
ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ
ａｎｄ
ｔｈｅ
ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ
ｇｒａｄｉｅｎｔ
ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｃｏｌｄａｎｄｈｏｔｅｎｄｓ．
ＩｎＴＥＰＧｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｃｈａｒｇｅｃａｒｒｉｅｒｓ（ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｓｏｒｈｏｌｅｓ）
ｉｎｓｔｅａｄｏｆｌａｔｔｉｃｅａｒｅｔｈｅｅｎｅｒｇｙｔｒａｎｓｐｏｒｔｍｅｄｉａ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｉｓｎｏ
ｎｅｅｄｏｆｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｃｏｍｐｏｎｅｎｔｓｏｒｈａｚａｒｄｏｕｓｗｏｒｋｉｎｇｆｌｕｉｄｓｄｕｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｗｈｏｌｅｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ，ＴＥＰＧｏｆｆｅｒｓ
ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔ
ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ
ｏｖｅｒ
ｏｔｈｅｒ
ｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓｉｎ—
ｖｏｌｖｉｎｇ
ｎｏ
ｍｏｖｉｎｇｐａｒｔｓ
ｏｒ
ｂｕｌｋｆｕｉｄｓ，ｌｏｗｍａｉｎｔｅｎａｎｃｅ，
ｌｉｇｈｔｗｅｉｇｈｔ，ｎｏｖｉｂｒａｔｉｏｎ，ｎｏｏｐｔｉｃａｎｄｓｏｎｉｃｓｉｇｎａｌ，ａｎｄｆｌｅｘｉｂｉｌｉｔｙｏｎｈｅａｔｓｏｕｒｃｅ．２
ＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓｏｆｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎＴｈｅ
ｆｉｒｓｔＴＥＰＧｕｎｉｔｗａｓｂｕｉｌｔｉｎｔｈｅｆｏｒｍｅｒＳｏｖｉｅｔＵｎｉｏｎｉｎ
１９４２ｗｉｔｈ
ａｎ
ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ
ｏｆ
１．５％一２％．Ｉｎ
ｔｈｅ
ｌ９６０ｓ．ｔｈｅｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｔｈｉｓａｒｅａ
ｗａｓｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｆｉｅｄａｎｄ
ａ
ｓｅｒｉｅｓ
ｏｆ
ｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃ
ｄｅｖｉｃｅｓ
ｗｅｒｅｍａｄｅ
ｓｕｃｃｅｓｓｆｕｌｌｙａｎｄ
ａｐｐｌｉｅｄｉｎｍｉｌｉｔａｒｙｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇｒｅｍｏｔｅｔｅｌ＿。ｃｏｍ。。ｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｎａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎ．Ｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｍｏｒｅｒｅｃｅｎｔｃｏｎ—
ｃｅｍｏｆｅｎｅｒｇｙａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｃｒｉｓｉｓ，ａｄｄｅｄｖａｌｕｅｗａｓｇｉｖｅｎｔｏｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆＴＥＰＧ
（ｉ）Ｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎ
ｏｆｓｐａｃｅ．ＴＥＰＧｈａｓｐｒｏｖｉｄｅｄ
ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｐｏｗｅｒｓａｆｅｌｙａｎｄｒｅｌｉａｂｌｙｏｖｅｒｔｈｅｐａｓｔｔｈｒｅｅｄｅｃａｄｅｓｉｎｒｅｇｉｏｎｓｏｆｓｐａｃｅｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｓｏｌａｒｐｏｗｅｒ
ｉｓｎｏｔｆｅａｓｉｂｌｅ．ＴｈｅＵＳＤｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆＥｎｅｒｇｙ（ＤＯＥ）ｈａｓｕｓｅｄＴＥＰＧｆｏｒｓｐａｃｅｆｏｒｍａｎｙｙｅａｒｓＬｌ“．ＴｈｅＡｐｏｌｌｏ（ｔｏｔｈｅｍｏｏｎ），Ｖｉｋｉｎｇ（ｔｏＭａｒｓ），Ｐｉｏｎｅｅｒ，Ｖｏｙａｇｅｒ，Ｕｌｙｓｓｅｓ，Ｇａｌｉｌｅｏ．ａｎｄＣａｓｓｉｎｉ（ｏｕｔｅｒＳｏｌａｒＳｙｓｔｅｍ）ｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓａｌｌｕｓｅｄＴＥＰＧｓ．ＴｈｅＴＥＰＧｓｆｏｒｔｈｅＰｉｏｎｅｅｒ１０ｓｐａｃｅｃｒａｆｔｈａｖｅｏｐｅｒａｔｅｄｆｌａｗｌｅｓｓｌｙｆｏｒ３０ｙｅａｒｓａｎｄｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｅｔｏｐｏｗｅｒｔｈｅ
ｓｐａｃｅｃｒａｆｔ
ａｓ
ｉｔｔｒａｖｅｌｓｂｅｙｏｎｄ
Ｐｌｕｔｏ．Ｄｕｒｉｎｇ
黢鹾Ｖｌ鼹暇翁
ｌａｓｔｔｈｒｅｅｄｅｃａｄｅｓ，ｔｈｅＵｎｉｔｅｄＳｔａｔｅｓｈａｓｌａｕｎｃｈｅｄ２５ｍｉｓ—ｓｉｏｎｓｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇ４４ＴＥＰＧｓ。ｗｈｉｌｅＴＥＰＧｓｈａｖｅｎｅｖｅｒ
ｂｅｅｎ
ｔｈｅ
ｃａｕｓｅ
ｏｆ
ａ
ｓｐａｃｅｃｒａｆｔａｃｃｉｄｅｎｔ．
ＴＥＰＧｄｅｖｉｃｅｓｓｕｐｐｌｙｈｕｎｄｒｅｄｓｏｆｗａｔｔｓｏｆｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌ
ｐｏｗｅｒｆｏｒｓｐａｃｅｃｒａｆｔｂｙｄｉｒｅｃｔｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｈｅａｔｇｅｎ—ｅｒａｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｎａｔｕｒａｌｄｅｃａｙｏｆｒａｄｉｏｉｓｏｔｏｐｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ．ＳｕｃｈＴＥＰＧ
ｉｓ
ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅｃａｌｌｅｄＲａｄｉｏｉｓｏｔｏｐｅ
Ｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃ：ｔｒｉｃ
Ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｏｒ（ＲＴＧｌ．ＲＴＧｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｓｏｆｔｗｏｍａｊｏｒｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ：ａｈｅａｔｓｏｕｒｃｅｔｈａｔｃｏｎｔａｉｎｓｄｅｃａｙｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ（Ｐｌｕｔｏｎｉｕｍ一２３８）
ａｎｄ
ａ
ｓｅｔ
ｏｆｓｏｌｉｄ—ｓｔａｔｅｔｈｅｒｍｏｃｏｕｐｌｅｓ．Ｆｉｇ．２ｉｌｌｕｓｔｒａｔｅｄ
ｔｈｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆＲＴＧａｎｄｉｔｓＧｅｎｅｒａｌＰｕｒｐｏｓｅＨｅａｔＳｏｕｒｃｅｍｏｄｕｌｅｓｕｓｅｄｏｎｓｐａｃｅｃｒａｆｔ．
Ｆｉｇ．２．ＲａｄｉｏｉｓｏｔｏｐｅＴｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃＧｅｎｅｒａｔｏｒ（ｕｐｐｅｒ）ａｎｄＧｅｎｅｒａｌ
ＰｕｒｐｏｓｅＨｅａｔＳｏｕｒｃｅｍｏｄｕｌｅｓ（１０ｗｅｒ）．
Ｎｏｗｈｕｍａｎ
ｂｅｉｎｇ’ｓｅｘｐｌｏｒａｔｉｏｎ
ｉｓ
ｈｅａｄｉｎｇ
ｔｏ
ｈｅｌｉｏｐａｕｓｅ．ｔｈｅｂｏｕｎｄａｒｙｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅＳｕｎ’ｓｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｅｎｄｓａｎｄｔｈｅｄａｒｋｒｅｃｅｓｓｅｓｏｆｉｎｔｅｒｓｔｅｌｌａｒｓｐａｃｅｂｅｇｉｎ．Ｔｏｇｅｔａｂｏｖｅ
ｔｈｅ
Ｓｕｎ，Ｕｌｙｓｓｅｓ
ｈａｓ
ｔｏ
ｆｌｙ
ａｒｏｕｎｄＪｕｐｉｔｅｒａｎｄ
ｓｌｉｎｇｓｈｏｔｏｕｔｏｆｔｈｅｐｌａｎｅｏｆｔｈｅｐｌａｎｅｔｓ．ＮｅａｒＪｕｐｉｔｅｒ，ｔｈｅＳｕｎ’ｓｒａｙｓａｒｅ２５ｔｉｍｅｓｗｅａｋｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈｏｓｅｎｅａｒｔｈｅＥａｒｔｈ．ＳｏｌａｒｐａｎｅｌｓｌａｒｇｅｅｎｏｕｇｈｔｏｃａｔｃｈｔｈｉｓｗｅａｋｅｎｅｒｇＹｗｏｕｌｄｈａｖｅｗｅｉｇｈｅｄｌ２００ｐｏｕｎｄｓ．ｄｏｕｂｌｉｎｇｔｈｅｗｅｉｇｈｔｏｆｔｈｅｓｐａｃｅｃｒａｆｔａｎｄｍａｋｉｎｇｉｔｔｏｏｈｅａｖｙｆｏｒｂｏｏｓｔｅｒｒｏｃｋｅｔｓｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｓｈｕｔｔｌｅ．Ｉｎｓｔｅａｄ，Ｕｌｙｓｓｅｓｗａｓｅｑｕｉｐｐｅｄｗｉｔｈａｎ
Ｉ汀Ｇ
ｗｅｉｇｈｉｎｇｏｎｌｙ１２４ｐｏｕｎｄｓ．Ｉｔｅａｓｉｌｙｐｏｗｅｒｓａｌｌｔｈｅ
ｐｒｏｂｅ’ｓｏｎｂｏａｒｄｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｎａｖｉｇａｔｉｏｎ，ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉ—ｃａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｓｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃｉｎｓｔｒｕｍｅｎｔｓ¨．
ＴｈｅＤＯＥａｎｄＮＡＳＡ
ａｒｅ
ｉｎｉｔｉａｔｉｎｇｔｈｅｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔ
ｏｆ
ａ
ｎｅｗｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｐｏｗｅｒ
ｓｙｓｔｅｍ
ｔｈａｔｃｏｕｌｄ
ｂｅ
ｕｓｅｄｆｏｒ
ａ
ｖａｒｉｅｔｙ
ｏｆｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ．ＴｈｅｎｅｗＲＴＧｃａｌｌｅｄ
Ｍｕｌｔｉ—ＭｉｓｓｉｏｎＲａｄｉｏｉｓｏｔｏｐｅＴｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃＧｅｎｅｒａｔｏｒｆＭＭＲＴＧ），ｗｉｌｌｂｅｄｅｓｉｇｎｅｄｔｏｏｐｅｒａｔｅｏｎ
ｐｌａｎｅｔａｒｙ
１１
ｕ．ｓ．ＯｆｆｉｃｅｏｆＳｐａｃｅ＆ＤｅｆｅｎｓｅＰｏｗｅｒＳｙｓｔｅｍｓ，Ｒａｄｉｏｉｓｏｔｏｐｅｐｏｗｅｒｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ．ｇｏｖ／ｓｐａｃｅ／ｇｐｈｓ．ｈｔｍｌ，２００３
ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＢｕｌｉｅｔ／ｎ
Ｖ０１．４９
Ｎｏ．１２
Ｊｕｎｅ
２００４
１２１３
Ｆｉｇ．３．
５０００
ＷＴＥＰＧｆｏｒＳＣＡＤＡ，ｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｃａｔｉｏｎｓａｎｄｃａｔｈｏｄｉｃ
ｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｇａｓｐｉｐｅｌｉｎｅ．
Ｆｉｇ．４．ＬｏｗｐｏｗｅｒＴＥＰＧｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｓ２．５Ｗ
ａｔ３．３Ｖ
ｏｎ
ｍａｔｃｈｅｄｌｏａｄ
ｍａｄｅｂｙＨｉ—ＺＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ，Ｉｎｃ．
ｐｈｏｔｏｎＬ２“．ｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｉｎｆｌａｍｍａｂｌｅｇａｓｌｅａｋＬ２“．
Ｓｈｉｎｅｔａ１．ａｔｔｈｅＳｙｎｅｒｇｙＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈＣｅｎｔｅｒｏｆＡＩＳＴ，Ｊａｐａｎ，ｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｒｅｐｏｒｔｅｄａｐｒｏｍｉｓｉｎｇｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎ－ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｓｅｎｓｏｒｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇａｔａｍｂｉｅｎｔｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ．Ｔｈｅ
ｓｅｎｓｏｒ
ｃｏｎｓｉｓｔｅｄｏｆ
ａ
ｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｍｉｎｆｉｌｍａｎｄ
ａ
ｈａｌｆ
ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｐａｒｔｏｆＰｔｆｉｌｍ．Ｗｈｅｎｓｅｎｓｏｒ
ｗａｓｅｘｐｏｓｅｄｔｏｔｈｅ
ｇａｓｍｉｘｔｕｒｅｏｆａｉｒａｎｄｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｇａｓ，ｔｈｅｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｅｃａｔａｌｙｔｉｃｏｘｉｄａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｈｅａｔｓｕｐｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆＰｔｆｉｌｍ，ａｎｄｍｅｎｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｖｏｌｔａｇｅｂｕｉｌｄｓｕｐａｌｏｎｇｔｈｅｈｏｔａｎｄｃｏｌｄｒｅｇｉｏｎ
ｏｆｔｈｅｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｆｉｌｍ．Ｓｕｃｈ
ａ
ｓｅｎｓｏｒ
ｉｓ
ｅｘｐｅｃｔｅｄｔｏｂｅｃａｐａｂｌｅｏｆｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｎｇｓｍａｌｌｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｍｏｌｅｃｕｌｅｓｗｉｔｈｈｉｇｈｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙ０２…．
Ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｇａｓｓｅｎｓｏｒｓａｒｅｂｅｃｏｍｉｎｇｌａｇｇｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅ
ｒｅｑｕｉｒｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｍｏｄｅｍｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｄｕｅｔｏｔｈｅｉｒｗｅａｋｎｅｓｓｏｆｌａｒｇｅｓｉｚｅ，ｈｅａｖｙｗｅｉｇｈｔ，ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｉｔｙ，ｌｏｗ
ｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｔｏ
Ｒ氅Ｖｌ鲢ＷＳ
ｃｅｒｔａｉｎ
ｇａｓ（ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｔｏｍｏｓｔｉｎｆｌａｍｂｌｅｇａｓ），ａｎｄｓｌｏｗ
ａｃｔｉｏｎ．Ｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｒｅ．ｔｈｅｓｅｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙ１ａｒｇｅｌｙｄｅｐｅｎｄｓｏｎ
ｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈｎｏｔｏｎｌｙｄｅｍａｎｄｓｅｘｔｒａｈｅａｔｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓ，ｂｕｔａｌｓｏｉｓａｐｏｔｅｎｔｉａｌｏｆｆｉｒｅ．ｗｈｅｒｅａｓ
ｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｇａｓｓｅｎｓｏｒｏｗｎｓｍｅｒｉｔｓｏｆｏｐｅｒａｔｉｎｇａｔｒｏｏｍｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ，ｓｍａｌｌｓｉｚｅ，ｈｉｇｈｓｅｌｅｃｔｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄｑｕｉｃｋｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ．１％ｍｉｘｔｕｒｅｏｆｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｇａｓａｎｄ
ａｉｒ
ｃａｎ
ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅａｎｏｕｔｐｕｔｖｏｌｔａｇｅｏｆ２ｍＶｗｉｔｈａ
ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅ
ｔｉｍｅ
ｏｆ５０ｓ．Ｆｉｇ．５ｇｉｖｅｓｔｈｅｍｅａｓｕｒｉｎｇｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｖｏｌｔａｇｅａｓ
ａｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａｔｉｏｎ．
＞
姜
司
Ｏ１００２００３００４００５００６００
Ｔｉｍｅ／ｓ
Ｆｉｇ．５．Ｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｓｅｎｓｉｎｇｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｔｏｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎｃｏｎｃｅｎｔｒａ—
ｔｉｏｎｓｏｆａｍｅⅡｎｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｓｅｎｓｏｒｍａｄｅｉｎＪａｐａｎ．
Ｄ．Ｔ．Ｓ．ＧｍｂＨｃｏｍｐａｎｙｅｘｐｌｏｒｅｄ
ａ
ｍｉｃｒｏｉｎｆｒａｒｅｄ
ｓｅｎｓｏｒ
ｒＩＲＳ．２３５）ｂａｓｅｄ
ｏｎ
ｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｏｆ２３５
ｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｉｌｅｓ
ａｉｍｉｎｇ
ａｔ
ｄｅｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆａｃｔｉｖｅｌｙｉｎｆｌａｒｅｄｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎ“．Ｔｈｅｓｅ
ｓｅｎｓｏｒｓ
ｄｏｎｏｔｎｅｅｄ
ａｆｉｌｔｅｒｗｉｎｄｏｗ．ｐｏｓｓｅｓｓａ
ｈｉｇｈｒｅ．
ｓｐｏｎｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ，ａｒｅｎｏｔｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｄｂｙｈｅａｔｃｏｎｄｕｃｔｉｏｎａｎｄ
ｈｅａｔ
ｃｏｎｖｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅ
ｓｕｒｒｏｕｎｄｉｎｇｓ，ａｎｄ
ａｒｅ
ｒｅｓｉｓｔａｎｔ
ａｇａｉｎｓｔｈｉｇｈｉｎｔｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆｈｅａｔ
ｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｙ
ｃａｎｂｅｕｓｅｄｆｏｒｃｏｎｔａｃｔｌｅｓｓｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔａｎｄｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇ，ｐｒｅｓｅｎｃｅａｎｄｍｏｔｉｏｎｄｅｔｅｃｔｏｒｓ，ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｉｃｈｅａｔｃｏｓｔａｌｌｏ—
ｃａｔｏｒｓ，ＩＲ．ｍｅａｓｕｒｅｍｅｎｔｅｑｕｉｐｍｅｎｔａｎｄｓｏｏｎ．Ｆｉｇ．６ｓｈｏｗｓｔｈｅｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｅｆｏｉｌＩＲｓｅｎｓｏｒｓｗｉｔｈａｓｉｚｅｏｆ５．６ｍｍ×
３．１ｍｍ×０．０８ｍｍ．ａｎｄｗｅｉｇｈｔｏｆ１９ｍｇ．
（ｖｉ）Ｗａｓｔｅ
ｈｅａｔｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ．
Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ．ｃｏｎｃｅｒｎｓ
ａｒｅ
ｌａｒｇｅｌｙａｒｏｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｌａｒｇｅｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｏｆ
ｆｏｓｓｉｌｆｕｅｌａｎｄｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔａｌｄａｍａｇｅｃａｕｓｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｅｘｔｒａｂｕｒｎｉｎｇｏｆｆｏｓｓｉｌｆｕｅｌｓ．Ｉｔｈａｓｂｅｅｎｒｅａｌｉｚｅｄｔｈａｔｉｎｓｉｔｕａ—ｔｉｏｎｓｗｈｅｒｅｔｈｅｓｕｐｐｌｙｏｆｈｅａｔｉｓｃｈｅａｐ
ｏｒ
ｆｌｅｅ．ｅｆ！ｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ
ｏｆｔｈｅＴＥＰＧｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｓｎｏｔａｎｏｖｅｒｒｉｄｉｎｇｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒａｔｉｏｎ．Ｔｈｅｕｓｅｏｆｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔａｓａｎｅｎｅｒｇｙｓｏ，。ｕ。ｒ、ｃｅ
ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｔｈｅ
ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｃｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｖｅｎｅｓｓｏｆＴＥＰＧｏ‘“．Ｊａｐａｎｅｓｅｇｏｖ．
ｅｒｎｍｅｎｔｃａｒｒｉｅｄｏｕｔ‘‘ＲｅｃｙｃｌｅａｎｄＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈ
ｏｎ
Ｓｏｌｉｄ
Ｗａｓｔｅ
ＦｕｅｌＰｒｏｇｒａｍ”ｓｅｖｅｒａｌｙｅａｒｓａｇｏ．ａｉｍｉｎｇａｔｇｅｎｅｒ－
ａｔｌｎｇｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃＰｏｗｅｒｆｒｏｍｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｃｏｇｅｎｅｒａｔｌｏｎｏｆＴＥＰＧａｎｄｇａｓｔｕｒｂｉｎｅｓｙｓｔｅｍＬ。Ｊ．Ｉｎ２００３．ＤＯＥｏｆＵＳＡａｎｎｏｕｎｃｅｄｔｏｓｕｐｐｏｒｔＰＰＧＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ（Ｉｎｃ．ｏｆＰｉｔｔｓｂｕｒｇｈ），
１）Ｄ．Ｔ．Ｓ．ＧｍｂＨ，Ｉｎｆｒａｒｅｄ—ｓｅｎｓｏｒｓ．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ．ｄｔｓ—ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｏｒ．ｃｏｍ／ｓｅｎ—ｔｘｅ．ｈｔｍ，２００３
Ｃｈ『仃ｅｓｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＢｕｌｌｅｔｉｎＶ０１．４９
Ｎｏ．１２
Ｊｕｎｅ２００４
１２１５
Ｒ驻Ｖｌ程鞴器
Ｆｉｇ．６．Ｆｌｅｘｉｂｌｅｆｏｉｌ（ＩＲＳ一２３５Ｆ）ＩＲ
ｓｅｎｓｏｒｓ
ｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｂｙＤ．Ｔ．Ｓ．ＧｍｂＨ
ｃｏｍｐａｎｙ．
ＭｉｃｈｉｇａｎＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ，ａｎｄＰａｃｉｔｉｃＮｏｒｔｈｗｅｓｔ
ＮａｔｉｏｎａｌＬａｂｏｒａｔｏｒｙｔｏｐｅｒｆｏｒｍｈｉｇｈ．．ｅｆｆｃｉｅｎｃｙｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅ．．ｃｔｒｉｃｅｎｅｒｇｙｃｏｎｖｅｒｓｉｏｎｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓａｎｄｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｔｏｒｅ—ｃｏｖｅｒｗａｓｔｅｅｎｅｒｇｙｆｒｏｍｅｘｈａｕｓｔｅｄｇａｓａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒｉｎｆｒａ—ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｈｅａｔｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｄｂｙｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｐｌａｎｔｓ”．
ｆ１１Ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔ．Ｔｈｅｇｒｅａｔｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆ
ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎａｃｃｅｌｅｒａｔｅｓｔｈｅｅｍｉｔｔｉｎｇｏｆｖａｓｔａｍｏｕｎｔｓｏｆｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔｆｒｏｍｆａｃｔｏｒｉｅｓ，ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓ，ｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇ
ｐｌａｎｔｓａｎｄ
ｐｏｗｅｒｕｔｉｌｉｔｉｅｓ，ｓｕｃｈ
ａｓ
ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｐｌａｎｔｓ，ｏｉｌ
ｒｅｆｉｎｅｒｉｅｓ，ｐａｐｅｒｒｉｃｅｍｉｌｌｓ，ｓｕｇａｒｍｉｌｌｓ．Ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｗａｓｔｅ
ｈｅａｔｉｓｒｅｌｅａｓｅｄｉｎｇａｓｅｓ
ｏｒ
ｌｉｑｕｉｄｓｍｅｄｉａａｔｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｆ＜
４５０Ｋ１ｔｈａｔｉｓｔｏｏｌｏｗｆｏｒ
ｕｓｅ
ｉｎｃｏｎｖｅｎｔｉｏｎａｌｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎ—
ｅｒａｔｉｎｇｕｎｉｔｓ．ＴＥＰＧｏｆｉｅｒｓ
ａｎ
ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｉｖｅ
ｏｆｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙ
ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｐｏｗｅｒｅｄｂｙｌｏｗｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔ，ａｎｄａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅｐａｒｔｌｙｓｏｌｖｅｓｔｈｅｗｏｒｌｄｗｉｄｅｅｎｅｒｇｖｃｏｎ．ｓｔｒａｉｎｔ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｐｌａｃｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｂｙ—ｈｅａｔｂｏｉｌｅｒａｎｄｇａｓｔｕｒｂｉｎｅｂｙｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｄｅｖｉｃｅｓｍａｋｅｓｉｔｃａｐａｂｌｅｏｆｌａｒｇｅｌｙ
ｒｅ—
ｄｕｃｉｎｇｃａｐｉｔａｌｃｏｓｔ，ｉｎｃｒｅａｓｉｎｇｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ，ｓａｖｉｎｇｅｎｅｒｇＹｓｏｕｒｃｅ．ａｎｄｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｎｇｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＬ２“．Ｆｉｇ．７ｓｈｏｗｓａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅｏｆＴＥＰＧｕｓｅｄｉｎｎａｔｕｒａｌｇａｓｆｉｅｌｄｔｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｐｏｗｅｒｆｏｒｃａｔｈｏｄｉｃｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｗｅｌｌａｎｄｇａｓｌｉｎｅ“．
（２）Ｇａｒｂａｇｅｉｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｏｒ．Ｔｈｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｏｆｌａｒｇｅ
ａｍｏｕｎｔｓｏｆｌｉｖｉｎｇｇａｒｂａｇｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｅｖｅｒｙｄａｙｉｓａｓｅｒｉｏｕｓｐｒｏｂｌｅｍａｒｏｕｓｅｄ
ｂｙ
ｔｈｅ
ｈｉｇｈｌｙｅｘｔｅｎｓｉｏｎｏｆｃｉｔｉｅｓａｎｄ
ｇｒｅａｔｌｙｉｎｃｒｅｍｅｎｔｏｆｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ．０ｒｇａｎｉｃｃｏｍｂｕｓｔｉｂｌｅｍａ—ｔｅｒｉａｌｓｃｏｎｔａｉｎｅｄｉｎｇａｒｂａｇｅａｒｅｒｅｇａｒｄｅｄａｓｔｈｅｓｅｃｏｎｄ—ｃｌａｓｓｅｎｅｒｇｙｗｈｉｃｈｏｗｎｓｌａｒｇｅａｍｏｕｎｔｓｏｆｈｅａｔ．Ｆｏｒｅｘ—ａｍｐｌｅ，ｂｕｒｎｉｎｇ２００ｔｏｎｓｇａｒｂａｇｅ
ｃａｎ
ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅ２０００ｋＷ
ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙ“．Ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｎｇｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙｆｒｏｍｇａｒｂａｇｅｗｉｌｌｂｒｉｎｇｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓ，ｉｎｃｌｕｄｉｎｇｅｘｐｌｏｉｔｉｎｇｏｆｎｅｗｅｎｅｒｇｙｓｏｕｒｃｅ，ｌｏｗｅｒｉｎｇｐｏｗｅｒｃｏｓｔ，ａｎｄｒｅｄｕｃｉｎｇａｉｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ．Ａ
ｃｏｍｍｏｎｐｒｏｔｏｔｙｐｅｉｓ
ａ
ｃｏｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆＴＥＰＧｗｉｔｈｇａｒ—
ｂａｇｅｉｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｏｒｂｙｐｌａｃｉｎｇｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｍｏｄｕｌｅｓｏｎｗａｌｌｓｏｆｔｈｅｆｕｒｎａｃｅ’ｓｆｕｎｎｅｌｓ．Ｔｈｉｓｃｏｎｓｔｒｕｃｔｉｏｎｃａｎｅｌｉｍｉｎａｔｅ
ｔｈｅｂｙ—ｈｅａｔ
ｆｕｒｎａｃｅ，ｇａｓ
ｔｕｒｂｉｎｅ
ａｎｄｏｔｈｅｒ
ａｐｐｅｎｄｅｎｔｐａｒｔｓｏｆｓｔｅａｍｒｅｃｙｃｌｅ．
Ｂｙｎｏｗ，ｍｏｒｅａｎｄｍｏｒｅａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｓａｒｅ
ｆｏｃｕｓｅｄ
ｏｎ
ｔｈｅ
ｉｎｖｅｓｔｉｇａｔｉｏｎｏｆＴＥＰＧｂａｓｅｄｏｎ
ｌｉｆｅｇａｒｂａｇｅｂｙｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄ
ｃｏｕｎｔｒｉｅｓ，ｓｕｃｈ
ａｓ
ＵＳＡ，Ｊａｐａｎ，Ｆｒａｎｃｅ，ＵＫ，Ｇｅｒｍａｎｙ
ａｎｄ
Ｉｔａｌｙ瞄…．ＩｎＦｉｇ．８ａｎｅｘａｍｐｌｅｏｆＴＥＰＧｆａｃｉｎｇｔｏｇａｒｂａｇｅｉｎｃｉｎｅｒａｔｏｒｗａｓｓｈｏｗｎｗｉｔｈａｐｏｗｅｒｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆ１００ｋＷ／ｍ３．
Ｔｈｅａｎｎｕａｌｅｃｏｎｏｍｉｃａｌｃｏｓｔｆｏｒｇａｒｂａｇｅｔｒｅａｔｍｅｎｔｉｓ
ｖｅｒｙ
１ａｒｇｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａ．Ｉｆｉｎｖｏｌｖｉｎｇｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎａｎｄ
ｄｉｓｐｏｓａｌｃｏｓｔ．ｉｔａｔｔａｉｎｅｄｎｅａｒｌｙ３０ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎＹｕａｎ．Ｉｎｏｔｈｅｒｗｏｒｄｓ，２５０ｂｉｌｌｉｏｎＹｕａｎ
ｃａｎ
ｂｅｇｏｔｉｆｔｈｅｇａｒｂａｇｅｃａｎｂｅｒａｔｉｏｎａｌｌｙｕｔｉｌｉｚｅｄＬ２…．Ｉｎ
ｏｒｄｅｒｔｏａｔｔｒａｃｔｍｏｒｅｃｏｎｃｅｒｎ
ｆｒｏｍｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｉｅｓａｎｄｆａｃｔｏｒｉｅｓ，ｔｈｅＳｔａｔｅ
Ｄｅｐａｒｔｍｅｎｔｏｆ
Ｃｈｉｎａｅｎａｃｔｅｄｓｅｒｉｅｓｏｆｐｒｅｆｅｒｅｎｔｉａｌｐｏｌｉｃｙｔｏｓｔｉｍｕｌａｔｅｔｈｅ
Ｒ＆Ｄｏｆｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｇｒａｔｅｄｕｓｉｎｇｏｆｇａｒｂａｇｅ．
Ｆｉｇ．７．ＡＴＥＰＧｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｐｏｗｅｒｆｏｒｃａｔｈｏｄｉｃｐｒｏｔｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｗｅｌｌａｎｄｇａｓｌｉｎｅ，ｗｈｉｃｈｕｓｅｄｔｈｅｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｈｏｔａｎｄｃｏｌｄｌｅｇｓｏｆｇｌｙｃｏｌｎａｔｕｒａｌｇａｓｄｅｈｙｄｒａｔｏｒｃｙｃｌｅ．
ｆ３）Ｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔｆｒｏｍａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅ．Ｔｈｅｒｅｃｏｖｅｒｉｎｇ
ｏｆｈｅａｔｆｒｏｍｅｘｈａｕｓｔｇａｓｅｓｉｎａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｓｉｓａｔｙｐｉｃａｌａｐ—ｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｉｔｙｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｕｓｉｎｇＴＥＰＧＡｕｔｏｍｏ—
ｂｉｌｅｓｂｒｉｎｇｕｓａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓｓｕｃｈａｓｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙａｎｄｃｏｎｖｅｎ—ｉｅｎｃｅ，ａｔｔｈｅｓａｍｅｔｉｍｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｉｎｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎａｎｄｇｒｅａｔｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎｏｆｆｕｅｌ．Ｔｈｅｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｐｏｗｅｒｕｓｅｄｉｎａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｓｉｓｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅｄｕｓｉｎｇｐａｒｔｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｅｒｇｙｃｏｎ一
１）ＯｆｆｉｃｅｏｆＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｉａｌｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｉｅｓ，Ｕ．Ｓ．Ａ．ＤＯＥｓｅｌｅｃｔｓ３２
ｎｅｗ
ｐｒｏｊｅｃｔｓ
ｔｏ
ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｅｎｅｒｇｙ
ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙｉｎＵ．Ｓ．ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ
ｏｉｔ．ｄｏｅ．ｇｏｖ／ｃｆｍ／ｆｕｌｌａｒｔｉｃｌｅ．ｃｆｍ／ｉｄ＝７８２，２００３．
２）Ｈｉ—ＺＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ．Ｐｏｗｅｒｆｒｏｍｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔｉｎｇａｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｆｉｅｌｄ．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ．ｈｉ—ｚ．ｃｏｍ／ｗｅｂｓｉｔｌ４．ｈｔｍ，２００３．
３）Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｆｒｏｍ
ｇａｒｂａｇｅ－－Ｔｈｅｂｒｉｇｈｔｆｕｔｕｒｅｏｆｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｆｒｏｍｇａｒｂａｇｅ．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ．ｃｈｉｎａ．ｃｏｍ．ｃｎ／ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅ／ｈｕａｎｊｉｎｇ／２４７３５５．ｈｔｍ，２００２．
１２１６
∞ｉｎｅｓｅ
ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＢｕｌｌｅｔｉｎＶ０１．４９Ｎｏ．１２Ｊｕｎｅ
２００４
Ｆｉｇ．８．ＴＥＰＧｐｒｏｄｕｃｅｄｂｙｔｈｅＪａｐａｎｅｓｅＥｎｅｒｇｙＣｏｎｓｅｒｖａｓｉｏｎＣｅｎｔｅｒ，ｗｈｉｃｈｕｓｅｄｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔａｓｅｎｅｒｇｙｓｏｕｒｃｅｔｏｇｅｎｅｒａｔｅａｎｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｐｏｗｅｒｄｅｎｓｉｔｙｏｆ１００ｋＷ／ｍ３．
ｖｅａｅｄｉｎｔｏ
ａ
ｄｒｉｖｉｎｇｆｏｒｃｅｗｉｔｈ
ａｎ
ａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｏｒ．Ｔｈｅｃｅｎｔｒａｌ
ｐｒｏｂｌｅｍｏｆｔｈｅｅｎｅｒｇｙ
ｔｒａｎｓｆｏｒｍａｔｉｏｎｉｓｔｈａｔｏｎｌｙ
ｐａｒｔ
ｏｆ
ｔｈｅｅｎｅｒ￡ｙｆｌｏｗ
ｓｕｐｐｌｉｅｄ
ｂｙｔｈｅ
ｆｕｅｌ
ｉｓｃｏｎｖｅｎｅｄ
ｉｎｔｏ
ｂｒａｋｅｐｏｗｅｒｏｕｔｐｕｔ．Ｔｈｅｅｎｅｒｇｙｄｉｓｓｉｐａｔｅｄｉｓｌｏｓｔｂｙｔｒａｎｓｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔｔｈｒｏｕｇｈｅｘｈａｕｓｔｇａｓ，ｃｏｏｌｉｎｇｗａｔｅｒ．１ｕｂｒｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｉｌａｎｄｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎ【３…．Ｆｏｒｉｎ．ｓｔａｎｃｅ．ｉｎ
ａ
ｇａｓｏｌｉｎｅｅｎｇｉｎｅ．ａｂｏｕｔ３０％ｏｆｔｈｅｐｒｉｍａｒｙ
ｇａｓｏｌｉｎｅｅｎｅｒｇｙｉｓｄｉｓｃｈａｒｇｅｄａｓｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔｉｎｔｈｅｅｘｈａｕｓｔｇａｓｅｓ．Ｉｆａｐｐｒｏｘｉｍａｔｅｌｙ６％ｏｆｔｈｅｗａｓｔｅｈｅａｔｃｏｕｌｄｂｅ
ｃｏｎｖｅｒｔｅｄ
ｉｎｔｏｅｌｅｃｔｆｉｃａｌ
ｐｏｗｅｒ，ｔｈｅｆｕｅｌｃｏｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ
ａｒｏｕｎｄ１０％ｗｏｕｌｄｂｅｐｏｓｓｉｂｌｅｔｏｂｅｒｅｄｕｃｅｄ“．Ｔｈｉｓｉｓｔｈｅｒｅａｓｏｎ
ｗｈｙＴＥＰＧ
ｃａｎ
ｂｅｐｒｏｆｉｔａｂｌｅｉｎｔｈｅ
ａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅ
ｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙ．
ＪａｐａｎｈａｓｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｅｄａｓｍａｌｌｔｙＤｅｏｆＴＥＰＧｕｓｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｘｈａｕｓｔｇａｓｈｅａｔｆｒｏｍａｕｔｏｍｏｂｉｌｅｓｔｏｐｒｏｄｕｃｅａｎｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｐｏｗｅｒｏｆ１００Ｗ．ａｎｄｓａｖｅ５％ｏｆｔｈｅｇａｓｏｌｉｎｅｃｏｎｓｕｍｐ—ｔｉｏｎ【“Ｊ．ＵＳＡｒｅｃｅｎｔｌｙｄｅｃｌａｒｅｄｉｔｓｐｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆａ１ｋＷＴＥＰＧｕｓｅｄｏｎａｄｉｅｓｅｌｔｒｕｃｋ【３２’３。Ｊ．Ｆｉｇ．９ｉｓｔｈｅＭａｃｋｔｒｕｃｋｅｑｕｉｐｐｅｄｗｉｔｈｔｈｉｓＴＥＰＧｒｕｎｎｉｎｇｏｕｔｏｆＣｈａｎｄｌｅｒ，Ａｒｉ—ｚｏｎａ．Ｔｈｅｇｅｎｅｒａｔｏｒｌｏｏｋｓｌｉｋｅｔｈｅ仃ｕｃｋ’ｓｖｅｒｔｉｃａｌｍｕｆｆｉｅｒ．ｗｈｉｃｈｉｔｒｅｐｌａｃｅｓ．ＴｈｉｓＴＥＰＧｃａｎｂｅｅｍｐｌｏｙｅｄａｓａｓｕｂ—ｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｆｏｒｔｈｅｔｒｕｃｋｅｎｇｉｎｅａｌｔｅｒｎａｔｏｒ．Ｐｏｗｅｒｔｏｔｈｅｄｒｉｖｅｓｈａｆｔｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｓｂｙｔｈｒｅｅｔｏｆｉｖｅｈｏｒｓｅｐｏｗｅｒ，ｗｈｉｃｈｉｎ—
ｃｒｅａｓｅｓ
ｆｕｅｌ
ｅｆｆｉｃｉｅｎｃｙ
ａｎｄｒｅｄｕｃｅｓｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ．
ｆ４１Ｎａｔｕｒａｌ
ｓｏｕｒｃｅ．
Ｓｏｌａｒｒａｄｉａｔｉｏｎ．ｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｃｅ
ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎ
ａｉｒ
ａｎｄｏｃｅａｎ／ｇｒｏｕｎｄａｒｅｅｎｄｌｅｓｓ
ｎａｔｕｒａｌｈｅａｔｓｏｕｒｃｅ．Ｔｒａｄｉｔｉｏｎａｌｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｏｒｓｂａｓｅｄｏｎｎａｔｕｒａｌｈｅａｔｄｅｍａｎｄｈｅａｔｅｎｇｉｎｅ，ｄｙｎａｍｏｔｏｒ，ｏｒｓｔｅａｍｔｕｒｂｉｎｅｔｏａｃｔ
ａｓ
ｉｍｐｕｌｓｉｏｎｅｎｇｉｎｅ．Ｗｉｔｈｓｕｃｈ
ａ
ｃｏｍｐｌｅｘ
ｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｔｈｅａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆｇｅｎｅｒａｔｏｒｈａｓ
ｔｏ
ｂｅｒｅｓｔｒａｉｎｅｄ
ｍｅｒｅｌｙｔｏｌａｒｇｅｐｏｗｅｒ。ｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｉｎｇｔｈｅｅｃｏ＿ｎｏｍｉｃａｌｂｅｎｅｆｉｔ．Ｓｔｅｖｅｎ【。’１’‘７ｆｒｏｍｔｈｅＭｉｓｓｉｓｓｉｐｐｉＳｔａｔｅＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙｏｆＵＳＡｕｓｅｄ
ａ
ｃｏｍｍｅｒｃｉａｌｌｙａｖａｉｌａｂｌｅＴＥＰＧ
鼗鲢Ｖ｜瑟糕Ｓ
ｆｏｒ
ｐｏｗｅｒｇｅｎｅｒａｔｉｏｎ
ｔｏ
ｏｐｅｒａｔｅ
ｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｔｈｅａｉｒａｎｄ
ｇｒｏｕｎｄｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅｓｗｉｔｈａｄａｉｌｙａｖｅｒａｇｅｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃａｌｅｎｅｒｇｙｏｆ１００ｍＷｆＦｉｇ．１０）．Ａｄｖａｎｔａｇｅｓｏｆｔｈｉｓｓｙｓｔｅｍｉｎｖｏｌｖｅｌｏｎｇｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｌｉｆｅ（０＿一１０ｙｅａｒｓ），ｎｏａｃｏｕｓｔｉｃｅｍｉｓｓｉｏｎｓ，ｌｏｗ
ｖｉｓｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ（ｈａｌｆａｉｒ，ｈａｌｆｇｒｏｕｎｄ），ｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｎｉｇｈｔｔｉｍｅ
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１）ＶＯｚｑｕｅｚ…Ｊ
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２）Ｓｔｅｖｅｎｓ，Ｊ．Ｗ．，Ｅｎｅｒｇｙｈａｒｖｅｓｔｉｎｇ：Ａｇｒｏｕｎｄ－ｓｏｕｒｃｅｔｈｅｒｍｏｅｌｅｃｔｒｉｃｇｅｎｅｒａｔｏｒ．ｈｔｔｐ：／／ｗｗｗ．ｄａｒｐａ．ｍｉｌ／ｄｓｏ／ｔｒａｎｓ／ｅｎｅｒｇｙ／ｂｒｉｅｆｉｎｇｓ／１８Ｓｔｅｖｅ．ＰＤＦ，
２０００．
ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＢｕｌｌｅｔｉｎＶ０１．４９Ｎｏ．１２Ｊｕｎｅ２００４
１２１７
Recent developments of thermoelectric power
generation
作者：LUAN Weiling， Tu Shantung
作者单位：East China University of Science and Technology, School of
MechanicalEngineering, Shanghai 200237, China
刊名：
科学通报(英文版)
英文刊名：CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN
年，卷(期)：2004，49(12)
被引用次数：5次
参考文献(45条)
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相似文献(10条)
1.外文期刊LUAN Welling.TU Shantung Recent developments of thermoelectric power generation
One form of energy generation that is expected to be on the rise in the next several decades is thermoelectric power generation (TEPG) which converts heat directly to electricity. Compared with other methods, TEPG possesses the salient features of being compact, light-weighted, noiseless in operation, highly reliable, free of carbon dioxide emission and radioactive substances. Low current conversion efficiency and high cost, however, are some of the disadvantages. Use of TEPG is therefore justified to hightech applications associated with aerospace, military operation, tel-communication and navigation, instrumentation of unmanned vehicles monitored from remote locations. Moreover, TEPG does not contribute to the depletion of natural resource and pollution of the environment such as climate warming that has been a concern in recent times. This work is concerned with providing an overview of the state of the art of TEPG with emphases placed on assessing its current and potential application. Pointedout are the ways to
fabricate high performance thermoelectric material, a hurdle to overcome for the enhancement of TEPG device efficiency.
2.外文期刊Dughaish ZH.Lead telluride as a thermoelectric material for thermoelectric power
generation
The specialized applications of thermoelectric generators are very successful and have motivated a search for materials with an improved figure of merit Z, and also for materials which operate at elevated temperatures. Lead telluride, PbTe, is an intermediate thermoelectric power generator. Its maximum operating temperature is 900 K. PbTe has a high melting point, good chemical stability, low vapor pressure and good chemical strength in addition to high figure of merit Z. Recently, research in thermoelectricity aims to obtain new improved materials for autonomous sources of electrical power in specialized medical, terrestial and space applications and to obtain an unconventional energy source after the oil crises of 1974. Although the efficiency of thermoelectric generators is rather low, typically similar to 5%, the other advantages, such as compactness, silent, reliability, long life, and long period of operation without attention, led to a wide range of applications. PbTe thermoelectric generators have been widely used by the US army, in space crafts to provide onboard power, and in pacemakers batteries. The general physical properties of lead telluride and factors affecting the figure of merit have been reviewed. Various possibilities of improving the figure of merit of the material have been given, including effect of grain size on reducing the lattice thermal conductivity lambda(L). Comparison of some transport properties of lead telluride with other thermoelectric materials and procedures of preparing compacts with transport properties very close to the single crystal values from PbTe powder by cold and hot-pressing techniques are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. [References: 75]
3.外文会议Caillat. T..Fleurial. J.-P..Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineer Zn-Sb alloys
for thermoelectric power generation
/spl beta/-Zn/sub 4/Sb/sub 3/ was identified as a new high performance p-type thermoelectric material (Caillat et al., 1996). A maximum dimensionless thermoelectric figure of merit ZT of about 1.3 was obtained on p-type /spl beta/-Zn/sub 4/Sb/sub 3/ samples at a temperature of about 400/spl deg/C. This is the highest figure of merit ever obtained at this temperature for a p-type thermoelectric material. The possibility of improving ZT values by forming Zn/sub 4-x/Cd/sub x/Sb/sub 3/ solid solutions was studied. Preliminary results obtained on alloys between Zn/sub 4/Sb/sub 3/ and Cd/sub 4/Sb/sub 3/ are presented and show that the lattice thermal conductivity can be reduced. As a result, a maximum ZT value of 1.4 at a temperature of about 250/spl deg/C was obtained for a sample with a composition Zn/sub 3.2/Cd/sub 0.8/Sb/sub 3/. Initial bonding and stability studies are presented and show that the integration of these materials into devices is possible. The efficiency of a thermoelectric generator using these new materials was calculated and the results show that significant improvements are possible compared to state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials. Some potential applications for these new thermoelectric materials are described.
4.外文会议Julio E. Rodriguez LSCO Ceramics as Possible Thermoelectric Material for Low Temperature
Applications
Temperature dependent Seebeck coefficient S(T), thermal conductivity κ(T) and electrical resistivity ρ(T) measurements on polycrystalline La_(1.85)Sr_(0.15)CuO_(4-δ)^s(LSCO) compounds grown by solid-state reaction method were carried out in the temperature range between 100 and 290K. The obtained samples were submitted to annealing processes of different duration in order to modify their oxygen stoichiometry. The Seebeck coefficient is positive over the measured temperature range and its magnitude increases with the annealing time up to approximately 150 μV/K. The electrical resistivity exhibits a metallic behavior, in all samples with ρ(T) values less than 1mΩ-cm. As the annealing time increases, the total thermal conductivity increases to values near 3 W/K-m. From S(T), κ(T) and ρ(T) data, the thermoelectric power factor (PF) and the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT) were determined. These parameters reach maximum values around 25 μW/K~2-cm and 0.18, respectively. The observed behavior in the transport properties become these compounds potential thermoelectric materials, which could be used in low temperature thermoelectric
applications.
5.外文会议Kajikawa. T..Institute of Electric and Electronic Engineer Status and future prospects on
the development of thermoelectric power generation systems utilizing combustion heat from municipal
solid waste
The characteristics of combustion heat from the municipal solid waste are fitted for a large-scale application of thermoelectric power generation potentially. The status and future prospects of thermoelectric power generation systems to recover electricity from this heat source in Japan are reviewed and discussed. Experimental results on three different types of small-scale (500 W class) thermoelectric power generation systems installed in the real municipal solid waste processing systems to demonstrate the technological feasibility and to extract the technological problems are briefly introduced. The conceptual designs of a small scale system for the next phase of the R&D program are presented. From the view point of large-scale realization the thermoelectric material and modules configurations required for this application are also discussed. A case study on the marginal cost estimation shows the cost reduction to be less than 0.4-0.5 Million Yen/kW in order to make a profit on this system.
6.外文会议Douglas T. Crane.Lon E. Bell DESIGN TO MAXIMIZE PERFORMANCE OF A THERMOELECTRIC POWER
GENERATOR WITH A DYNAMIC THERMAL POWER SOURCE
It is a difficult technical challenge to design thermoelectric power generation systems that work optimally over a broad dynamic range of thermal input power. Conventional systems are designed to work optimally for a nominal operating condition, while maintaining the ability to operate at off nominal and extreme operating conditions without damage to the system. For systems that operate in a narrow range of thermal power conditions, thermoelectric waste heat recovery system design is simplified. However, for applications that do have a wide range of operating conditions, designs typically exhibit overall average efficiencies that are reduced by approximately 20% or more compared to that achievable for the thermoelectric material operating at peak efficiency. Both cars and trucks consume significant fuel at low mass flow rates. Since the ultimate goal of waste heat recovery systems is to minimize fuel consumption, it is critical that the recovery system be designed to operate near peak efficiency over the range of mass flow rates that make a significant contribution to overall power recovery. Such performance capability is especially important in
city driving, and in hybrid vehicle applications.This paper describes a design concept that maximizes the performance for thermoelectric power generation systems in which the thermal power to be recovered is from a fluid stream (e. g. exhaust gas) subject to varying temperatures and a broad range of fuel flow rates. The device is constructed in several parts, with each part optimized
for a specific range of operating conditions. The thermoelectric system characteristics, inlet mass flow rates and fluid temperatures, and load and internal electrical resistances are monitored and generator operation is controlled to maximize performance. With this design, the system operates near optimal efficiency for a much wider rangeof operating conditions. Application of the design concept to an automobile is used to show the benefits to
7.外文期刊Douglas T. Crane.Lon E. Bell Design to Maximize Performance of a Thermoelectric Power
Generator With a Dynamic Thermal Power Source
It is a difficult technical challenge to design thermoelectric power generation systems that work optimally over a broad dynamic range of thermal input power. Conventional systems are designed to work optimally for a nominal operating condition, while maintaining the ability to operate at off nominal and extreme operating conditions without damage to the system. For systems that operate in a narrow range of thermal power conditions, thermoelectric waste heat recovery system design is simplified. However, for applications that do have a wide range of operating conditions, designs typically exhibit overall average efficiencies that are reduced by approximately 20% or more compared with that achievable for the thermoelectric material operating at peak efficiency. Both cars and trucks consume significant fuel at low mass flow rates. Since the ultimate goal of waste heat recovery systems is to minimize fuel consumption, it is critical that the recovery system be designed to operate near peak efficiency over the range of mass flow rates that make a significant contribution to overall power recovery. Such performance capability is especially important in
city driving, and in hybrid vehicle applications. This paper describes a design concept that maximizes the performance for thermoelectric power generation systems in which the thermal power to be recovered is from a fluid stream (e.g., exhaust gas) subject to varying temperatures and a broad range of exhaust flow rates. The device is constructed in several parts, with each part optimized for a specific range of operating conditions. The thermoelectric system characteristics, inlet mass flow rates and fluid temperatures, and load and internal electrical resistances are monitored and generator operation is controlled to maximize performance. With this design, the system operates near optimal efficiency for a much wider range of operating conditions. Application of the design concept to an automobile is used to show the benef
8.外文期刊K. M. SAQR.M. K. MANSOUR.M. N. MUSA THERMAL DESIGN OF AUTOMOBILE EXHAUST BASED
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS: OBJECTIVES AND CHALLENGES
The potential for thermoelectric power generation (via waste heat recovery onboard automobiles) to displace alternators and/or provide additional charging to a vehicle battery pack has increased with recent advances in thermoelectric material processing. In gasoline fueled vehicles (GFVs), about 40% of fuel energy is wasted in exhaust heat, while a smaller amount of energy (30%) is ejected through the engine coolant. Therefore, exhaust-based thermoelectric generators (ETEG) have been a focus for GFV applications since the late 1980s. The conversion efficiency of modern thermoelectric materials has increased more than three-fold in the last two decades; however, disputes as to the thermal design of ETEG systems has kept their overall efficiency at limited and insufficient values. There are many challenges in the thermal design of ETEG systems, such as increasing the efficiency of the heat exchangers (hot box and cold plate), maintaining a sufficient temperature difference across the thermoelectric modules during different operating conditions, and reducing thermal losses through the system as a whole. This paper focuses on a review of the main aspects of thermal design of ETEG systems through various investigations performed over the past twenty years. This paper is organized as follows: first, the construction of a typical ETEG is described. The heat balance and efficiency of ETEG are then discussed. Then, the third section of this paper emphasizes the main objectives and challenges for designing efficient ETEG systems. Finally, a review of ETEG research activities over the last twenty years is presented to focus on methods used by the research community to address such challenges.
9.外文会议J. B. Posthill.J. C. Caylor.P. D. Crocco.T. S. Colpitts.R. Venkatasubramanian High-
Temperature PbTe Thin Films for Use in Cascade Thermoelectric Power Generation
PbTe-based thin films were deposited by thermal evaporation at temperatures ranging from ambient temperature to 430 ℃ on
thermoelectric material for a mid-temperature stage in a cascade power generation module. Pure PbTe, PbSe, and multilayer PbTe/PbSe films were investigated. All films deposited on different vicinal GaAs (100) substrates were found to be polycrystalline when deposited at 250 ℃ or lower. A subtle effect of substrate orientation and multilayer periodicity appears to contribute to the more randomly oriented polycrystallinity, which also lowers the thermal conductivity. These results are compared with PbTe epitaxial
results on BaF_2 (111).
10.外文期刊AARON D. LALONDE.PETER D. MORAN Synthesis and Characterization of p-Type
Pb_(0.5)Sn_(0.5)Te Thermoelectric Power Generation Elements by Mechanical Alloying
A mechanical alloying (MA) process to transform elemental powders into solid Pb_(0.5)Sn_(0.5)Te with thermoelectric functionality comparable to melt-alloyed material is described. The room-temperature doping level and mobility as well as temperature-dependent electrical conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and thermal conductivity are reported. Estimated values of lattice thermal conductivity (0.7 W m~(-1) K~(-1)) are lower than some reports of functional melt-alloyed PbSnTe-based material, providing evidence that MA can engender the combination of properties resulting in highly functional thermoelectric material. Though doping level and Sn composition have not been optimized, this material exhibits a ZT value > 0.5 at 550 K.
引证文献(5条)
1.王国文.王秀峰.于成龙.江红涛.李金换.陈思涛梯度热电材料的研究进展[期刊论文]-材料导报 2007(7)
2.ZHOU Min.LI JingFeng.WANG Heng Fabrication and property of high-performance Ag-Pb-Sb-Te system semiconducting thermoelectric materials[期刊论文]-科学通报（英文版） 2007(7)
3.张建松热电薄膜氢气传感器中催化剂的研究[学位论文]硕士 2007
4.栾伟玲.毛顺杰.涂善东.高濂.郭景坤锶掺杂铅酸钡陶瓷的热电性能[期刊论文]-硅酸盐学报 2006(2)
5.毛顺杰Ba<,1-x>Sr<,x>PbO<,3>热电氢气传感器的研究[学位论文]硕士 2004
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