EN 12150-1 2000

EN 12150-1 2000
EN 12150-1 2000

EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPéENNE EUROP?ISCHE NORM EN 12150-1 June 2000

ICS 81.040.20

English version

Glass in building - Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety

glass - Part 1: Definition and description

Verre dans la construction - Verre de silicate sodo-calcique de sécurité trempé thermiquement - Partie 1: Définition et

description Glas im Bauwesen - Thermisch vorgespanntes Kalknatron-Einscheibensicherheitsglas - Teil 1: Definition und

Beschreibung

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 16 April 1999.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

C O M I TéE U R O PéE N

D

E N O R M A LI S A T I O N

EUR OP?IS C HES KOM ITEE FüR NOR M UNG

Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart, 36 B-1050 Brussels

? 2000 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved

worldwide for CEN national Members.

Ref. No. EN 12150-1:2000 E

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EN 12150-1:2000

Contents Foreword (3)

Introduction (4)

1Scope (4)

2Normative References (4)

3Definitions (5)

4Glass products (5)

5Fracture characteristics (5)

6Dimensions and tolerances (6)

6.1Nominal thickness and thickness tolerances (6)

6.2Width and length (sizes) (6)

6.3Flatness (9)

7Edge work, holes, notches and cut-outs (12)

7.1Warning (12)

7.2Edge working of glass for toughening (12)

7.3Profiled edges (13)

7.4Round holes (14)

7.5Notches and cut-outs (17)

7.6Shaped panes (17)

8Fragmentation test (17)

8.1General (17)

8.2Dimensions and number of test specimens (17)

8.3Test procedure (17)

8.4Assessment of fragmentation (18)

8.5Minimum values from the particle count (19)

8.6Selection of the longest particle (20)

8.7Maximum length of longest particle (20)

9Other physical characteristics (20)

9.1Optical distortion (20)

9.2Anisotropy (iridescence) (20)

9.3Thermal durability (20)

9.4Mechanical strength (21)

9.5Classification of performance under accidental human impact (21)

10Marking (21)

Annex A (normative) Determination of U value (22)

Annex B (informative) Curved thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass (23)

Annex C (informative) Example of particle count (24)

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EN 12150-1:2000 Foreword

This European Standard has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 129 "Glass in building", the secretariat of which is held by IBN.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by December 2000, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by December 2000.

According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

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EN 12150-1:2000

Introduction

Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass has a safer breakage behaviour when compared with annealed glass. When it should be used to offer protection under accidental human impact, thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass also should be classified according to prEN 12600.

NOTE. CEN/TC129/WG8 is producing standards for the determination of the design strength of glass and is preparing a design method.

NOTE. CEN/TC129/WG2 is preparing a standard for production control and evaluation of conformity.

1Scope

This European Standard specifies tolerances, flatness, edgework, fragmentation and physical and mechanical characteristics of monolithic flat thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass for use in buildings.

Information on curved thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass is given in annex B, but this product does not form part of this standard.

Other requirements, not specified in this standard, may apply to thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass which is incorporated into assemblies, e.g. laminated glass or insulating units, or undergo an additional treatment, e.g. coating. The additional requirements are specified in the appropriate product standard. Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass, in this case, does not lose its mechanical or thermal characteristics.

2Normative References

This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from other publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to be revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred to applies.

EN 572-1Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 1: Definitions and general physical and mechanical properties

EN 572-2Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 2: Float glass

EN 572-4Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 4: Drawn sheet glass EN 572-5Glass in building - Basic soda lime silicate glass products - Part 5: Patterned glass EN 673Glass in building - Determination of thermal transmittance (U value) - Calculation Method

EN 1096-1Glass in building - Coated glass - Part 1: Definitions and classification

prEN 12600Glass in building - Pendulum test - Impact test method for flat glass and performance requirements

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EN 12150-1:2000 3Definitions

For the purposes of this European Standard the following definitions apply:-

3.1thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass: Glass within which a permanent surface compressive stress has been induced by a controlled heating and cooling process in order to give it greatly increased resistance to mechanical and thermal stress and prescribed fragmentation characteristics.

3.2flat thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass: Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass which has not been deliberately given a specific profile during manufacture.

3.3enamelled thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass: Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass which has a ceramic frit fired into the surface during the toughening process. After toughening the ceramic frit becomes an integral part of the glass.

NOTE. In the UK, this glass is also known as opaque thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass.

3.4horizontal toughening: Process in which the glass is supported on horizontal rollers.

3.5vertical toughening: Process in which the glass is suspended by tongs.

4Glass products

Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass is made from a monolithic glass generally corresponding to one of the following standards:

- soda lime silicate glass according to EN 572-1

- float glass according to EN 572-2

- drawn sheet glass according to EN 572-4

- patterned glass according to EN 572-5

- coated glass according to EN 1096-1.

Other nominal thicknesses of glass than those covered in the above standards are possible.

5Fracture characteristics

In the event of breakage, thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass fractures into numerous small pieces, the edges of which are generally blunt.

NOTE : Fragmentation in service does not always correspond to that described in clause 8, due to restraint from fixing or reprocessing (e.g. laminating), or due to the cause of fracture.

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EN 12150-1:2000

6Dimensions and tolerances

6.1Nominal thickness and thickness tolerances

The nominal thicknesses and thickness tolerances are those given in the relevant product standard (see clause 4), some of which are reproduced in table 1.

Table 1: Nominal thicknesses and thickness tolerances

Dimensions in millimetres Nominal Thickness tolerances for glass type

thickness d Drawn sheet Patterned Float 3± 0,2± 0,5± 0,2

4± 0,2± 0,5± 0,2

5± 0,3± 0,5± 0,2

6± 0,3± 0,5± 0,2

8± 0,4± 0,8± 0,3

10± 0,5± 1,0± 0,3

12± 0,6not manufactured± 0,3

15not manufactured not manufactured± 0,5

19not manufactured not manufactured± 1,0

25not manufactured not manufactured± 1,0

The thickness of a pane shall be determined as for the basic product. The measurement shall be taken at the centres of the 4 sides, and away from the area of any tong marks (see figure 3), which may be present.

6.2Width and length (sizes)

6.2.1General

When thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass dimensions are quoted for rectangular panes, the first dimension shall be the width, B, and the second dimension the length, H, as shown in figure 1. It shall be made clear which dimension is the width, B, and which is the length, H, when related to its installed position.

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EN 12150-1:2000

H

H

B B

Figure 1: Examples of width, B, and length, H, relative to the pane shape NOTE : For thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass manufactured from patterned

glass, the direction of the pattern should be specified relative to one of the dimensions.

6.2.2Maximum and minimum sizes

For maximum and minimum sizes, the manufacturer should be consulted.

6.2.3T olerances and squareness

The nominal dimensions for width and length being given, the finished pane shall not be larger than a prescribed rectangle resulting from the nominal dimensions increased by the tolerance, t, or smaller than a prescribed rectangle reduced by the tolerance, t. The sides of the prescribed rectangles are parallel to one another and these rectangles shall have a common centre (see figure 2). The limits of squareness are also the prescribed rectangles. Tolerances are given in table 2.

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EN 12150-1:2000

B+t

B-t

H+t

H-t

Figure 2: Tolerance limits for dimensions of rectangular panes

Table 2 : Tolerances on width, B , and length, H

Dimensions in millimetres

Nominal dimension Tolerance, t

of side, B or H

nominal glass thickness,d 12

nominal glass thickness,

d > 12 2000 2,5 (horizontal toughening)

3,0 (vertical toughening)

3,02000 < B or H 3000

3,0 4,0 3000 4,0 5,0

6.2.4

Edge deformation produced by vertical toughening

The tongs used to suspend the glass during toughening result in surface depressions, known as tong

marks (see figure 3). The centres of the tong marks are situated up to a maximum of 20 mm in from the edge. A deformation of the edge less than 2 mm can be produced in the region of the tong mark and there may also be an area of optical distortion. These deformations are included in the tolerances in table 2.

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EN 12150-1:2000

1) deformation 2) up to 20 mm 3) tong mark

4) 100 mm radius maximum area of optical distortion

Figure 3: Tong mark deformation

6.3Flatness 6.3.1

General

By the very nature of the toughening process, it is not possible to obtain a product as flat as annealed glass. The difference depends on the nominal thickness, the dimensions and the ratio between the dimensions. Therefore a distortion known as overall bow can occur. There are two kinds of bow (see figure 4):

- overall or general bow - local bow

NOTE 1: Overall bow can, in general, be accommodated by the framing system.

NOTE 2: Local bow needs to be allowed for in the glazing materials and the weather seals. For special requirements the manufacturers should be consulted.

6.3.2

Measurement of overall bow

The pane of glass shall be placed in a vertical position and supported on its longer side by two load bearing blocks at the quarter points (see figure 5).

The deformation shall be measured along the edges of the glass and along the diagonals, as the maximum distance between a straight metal ruler, or a stretched wire, and the concave surface of the glass (see figure 4).

The value for the bow is then expressed as the deformation, in millimetres, divided by the measured length of the edge of the glass, or diagonal, in millimetres, as appropriate.

1

4

3

2

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EN 12150-1:2000

The measurement shall be carried out at room temperature.

1) deformation for calculating overall bow 2) B , or H , or diagonal length 3) local bow

4) 300 mm length

Figure 4: Representation of overall and local bow

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EN 12150-1:2000

1) B or H 2) (B or H )/23) (B or H )/4

4) maximum 100 mm

Figure 5: Support conditions for the measurement of overall bow

6.3.3

Measurement of local bow

Local bow can occur over relatively short distances on the edges of the glass. Local bow shall be measured over a limited length of 300 mm by using a straight ruler, or a stretched wire, parallel to the edge at a distance of 25 mm from the edge of the glass (see figure 4).Local bow is expressed as millimetres / 300 mm length.

For patterned glass, local bow shall be determined by using a straight ruler resting on the high points of the pattern and measuring to a high point of the pattern.6.3.4

Limitation on overall and local bow

The maximum allowable values for the overall bow, when measured according to 6.3.2, and local bow,when measured according to 6.3.3, for glass without holes and/or notches and/or cut-outs are given in table 3.

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EN 12150-1:2000

Table 3: Maximum values for overall and local bow Toughening process Type of glass Maximum values

Overall bow mm/mm

Local bow mm/300 mm

Horizontal Float to EN 572-20,0030,5

Others0,0040,5 Vertical All0,0051,0

7Edge work, holes, notches and cut-outs

7.1Warning

WARNING: Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass should not be cut, sawed, drilled or edge worked after toughening.

7.2Edge working of glass for toughening

Every glass which is to be thermally toughened has to be edge worked prior to toughening.

The simplest type of edge working is the arrissed edge (see figure 6 a)). Other common types are shown in figures 6 b) to 6 d). For specialist edge work, such as ‘water jet cutting’, the manufacturers should be consulted.

Figure 6 a): Arrissed edge (with blank spots)

Figure 6 b): Ground edge (with blank spots)

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EN 12150-1:2000

Figure 6 c): Smooth ground edge (no blank spots)

Figure 6 d): Polished edge

7.3Profiled edges

Various other edge profiles can be manufactured with different types of edgework.

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EN 12150-1:2000

7.4Round holes

7.4.1General

This standard considers only round holes in glass that is not less than 4 mm nominal thickness. The manufacturers should be consulted about edge working of holes.

7.4.2Diameter of holes

The diameter of holes, , shall not, in general, be less than the nominal thickness of the glass. For smaller holes, the manufacturers should be consulted.

7.4.3Limitations on position of holes

In general, the limitations on hole positions relative to the edges of the glass pane, the corners of the glass pane and to each other depends on:

- the nominal glass thickness (d)

- the dimensions of the pane (B, H)

- the hole diameter ( )

- the shape of the pane

- the number of holes

The recommendations given below are those which are normally available and are limited to panes with

a maximum of 4 holes.

1) The distance, a, of the edge of a hole to the glass edge should be not less than 2d.

a

a 2d

Figure 7: Relationship between hole and edge of pane

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EN 12150-1:2000

2) The distance, b, between the edges of two holes should be not less than 2d.

b

b 2d

Figure 8: Relationship between two holes

3) The distance, c, of the edge of a hole to the corner of the glass should be not less than 6d.

2d

c

2d

c 6d

Figure 9: Relationship between hole and corner of pane

NOTE : If one of the distances from the edge of the hole to the edge of the glass is less than 35 mm, it can be necessary to position the hole asymmetrically with respect to the corner. The manufacturers should be consulted.

7.4.4Tolerances on hole diameters

The tolerances on hole diameters are given in table 4.

Table 4: Tolerances on hole diameters

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EN 12150-1:2000

Dimensions in millimetres Nominal hole diameter,

Tolerances 4 20 1,020 < 100 2,0

100 <

consult the manufacturer

7.4.5

Tolerances on position of holes

The tolerances on positions of holes are the same as the tolerances on the width, B , and the length, H (see table 2). The positions of holes are measured in two directions at right angles (x - and y - axes) from a datum point to the centre of the holes. The datum point is generally chosen as a real or virtual corner of the pane (see figure 10 for examples).

The position of a hole (X ,Y ) is (x t , y t ), where x and y are the required dimensions and t is the tolerance from table 2.

NOTE : The manufacturers should be consulted if tighter tolerances on hole positions are required.

Figure 10: Examples of the positioning of holes relative to the datum point

y

x

x

x

x

y

y

y

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EN 12150-1:2000 7.5Notches and cut-outs

Many configurations of notches and cut-outs can be supplied.

Figure 11: Examples of notches and cut-outs

The manufacturer should be consulted about edge working of notches and cut-outs

7.6Shaped panes

Many non-rectangular shapes can be manufactured and manufacturers should be consulted.

8Fragmentation test

8.1General

The fragmentation test determines whether the glass breaks in the manner prescribed for a thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass.

8.2Dimensions and number of test specimens

The dimensions of the test specimens shall be 360 mm x 1100 mm, without holes, notches or cut-outs. Five specimens shall be tested.

8.3Test procedure

Each test specimen shall be impacted, using a pointed steel tool, at a position 13 mm in from the longest edge of the test specimen at the mid-point of that edge, until breakage occurs (see figure 12).

NOTE : The fragmentation characteristics of glass are unaffected by temperatures between - 50 o C and + 100 o C.

Examples of steel tools are a hammer of about 75 g mass, a spring loaded centre punch, or other similar appliance with a hardened point. The radius of curvature of the point should be approximately 0,2 mm.

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EN 12150-1:2000

The test specimen shall be laid flat on a table without any mechanical constraint. In order to prevent scattering of the fragments, the specimen shall be simply held at the edges, e.g. by a small frame,adhesive tape etc., so that the fragments remain interlocked after breakage yet extension of the specimen is not hindered.

Dimensions in millimetres

1) impact point

Figure 12: Position of impact point

For thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass manufactured by vertical toughening, the impact point shall not be on the tong mark edge.8.4

Assessment of fragmentation

The particle count and measuring of the dimensions of the largest particle shall be made between 4 min to 5 min after fracture. An area of radius 100 mm, centred on the impact point, and a border of 25 mm,round the edge of the test specimen (see figure 13), shall be excluded from the assessment.

The particle count shall be made in the region of coarsest fracture (the aim being to obtain the minimum value). The particle count shall be made by placing a mask of (50 1) mm x (50 1) mm on the test piece (see annex C). The number of crack-free particles within the mask shall be counted. A particle is ‘crack-free’ if it does not contain any cracks which run from one edge to another (see figure 14).

550

1100

360

13

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EN 12150-1:2000

1) excluded area

Figure 13: Area to be excluded from the particle count determination and largest particle

measurement

Figure 14: Examples of crack-free particles and the assessment regarding the number In the particle count, all particles wholly contained within the area of the mask shall be counted as one particle each and all the particles which are partially within the mask shall be counted as 1/2 particle each (see annex C).8.5

Minimum values from the particle count

In order to classify a glass as a thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass, the particle count of each test specimen shall not be less than the values given in table 5.

Table 5: Minimum particle count values

Glass type

Nominal thickness (d ) in mm

Minimum particle count

Float and drawn sheet

3154 to 124015 to 1930Patterned

4 to 10

30

1100

360

25

25

25

25

100

11113

Dimensions in millimetres

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EN 12150-1:2000

8.6Selection of the longest particle

The longest particle shall be chosen from the body of the test specimen. It shall not be in the excluded area (see 8.4).

8.7Maximum length of longest particle

In order to classify the glass as thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass, the length of the longest particle shall not exceed 100 mm.

9Other physical characteristics

9.1Optical distortion

9.1.1Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass produced by vertical toughening

The tong marks can produce additional optical distortion which is generally in an area of radius 100 mm centred on the tong mark (see figure 3).

9.1.2Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass produced by horizontal toughening

While the hot glass is in contact with the rollers during the toughening process, a surface distortion is produced by a reduction in surface flatness, known as ‘roller wave’. Roller wave is generally noticed in reflection. Glass which is thicker than 8 mm can show signs of small imprints in the surface (‘roller pick-up’).

9.2Anisotropy (iridescence)

The toughening process produces areas of different stress in the cross section of the glass. These areas of stress produce a bi-refringent effect in the glass, which is visible in polarised light.

When thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass is viewed in polarised light, the areas of stress show up as coloured zones, sometimes known as ‘leopard spots’.

Polarised light occurs in normal daylight. The amount of polarised light depends on the weather and the angle of the sun. The bi-refringent effect is more noticeable either at a glancing angle or through polarised spectacles.

9.3Thermal durability

The mechanical properties of thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass are unchanged for continuous service up to 250 o C and are unaffected by sub-zero temperatures. Thermally toughened soda lime silicate safety glass is capable of resisting both sudden temperature changes and temperature differentials up to 200 K.

古代晋灵公不君、齐晋鞌之战原文及译文

晋灵公不君(宣公二年) 原文: 晋灵公不君。厚敛以雕墙。从台上弹人,而观其辟丸也。宰夫胹熊蹯不熟,杀之,寘诸畚,使妇人载以过朝。赵盾、士季见其手,问其故而患之。将谏,士季曰:“谏而不入,则莫之继也。会请先,不入,则子继之。”三进及溜,而后视之,曰:“吾知所过矣,将改之。”稽首而对曰:“人谁无过?过而能改,善莫大焉。诗曰:‘靡不有初,鲜克有终。’夫如是,则能补过者鲜矣。君能有终,则社稷之固也,岂惟群臣赖之。又曰:‘衮职有阙,惟仲山甫补之。’能补过也。君能补过,衮不废矣。” 犹不改。宣子骤谏,公患之,使鉏麑贼之。晨往,寝门辟矣,盛服将朝。尚早,坐而假寐。麑退,叹而言曰:“不忘恭敬,民之主也。贼民之主,不忠;弃君之命,不信。有一于此,不如死也!”触槐而死。 秋九月,晋侯饮赵盾酒,伏甲将攻之。其右提弥明知之,趋登曰:“臣侍君宴,过三爵,非礼也。”遂扶以下。公嗾夫獒焉。明搏而杀之。盾曰:“弃人用犬,虽猛何为!”斗且出。提弥明死之。 初,宣子田于首山,舍于翳桑。见灵辄饿,问其病。曰:“不食三日矣!”食之,舍其半。问之,曰:“宦三年矣,未知母之存否。今近焉,请以遗之。”使尽之,而为之箪食与肉,寘诸橐以与之。既而与为公介,倒戟以御公徒,而免之。问何故,对曰:“翳桑之饿人也。”问其名居,不告而退。——遂自亡也。 乙丑,赵穿①攻灵公于桃园。宣子未出山而复。大史书曰:“赵盾弑其君。”以示于朝。宣子曰:“不然。”对曰:“子为正卿,亡不越竟,反不讨贼,非子而谁?”宣子曰:“呜呼!‘我之怀矣,自诒伊戚。’其我之谓矣。” 孔子曰:“董狐,古之良史也,书法不隐。赵宣子,古之良大夫也,为法受恶。惜也,越竞乃免。” 译文: 晋灵公不行君王之道。他向人民收取沉重的税赋以雕饰宫墙。他从高台上用弹弓弹人,然后观赏他们躲避弹丸的样子。他的厨子做熊掌,没有炖熟,晋灵公就把他杀了,把他的尸体装在草筐中,让宫女用车载着经过朝廷。赵盾和士季看到露出来的手臂,询问原由后感到很忧虑。他们准备向晋灵公进谏,士季说:“如果您去进谏而君王不听,那就没有人能够再接着进谏了。还请让我先来吧,不行的话,您再接着来。”士季往前走了三回,行了三回礼,一直到屋檐下,晋灵公才抬头看他。晋灵公说:“我知道我的过错了,我会改过的。”士季叩头回答道:“谁能没有过错呢?有过错而能改掉,这就是最大的善事了。《诗经》说:‘没有人向善没有一个开始的,但却很少有坚持到底的。’如果是这样,那么能弥补过失的人是很少的。您如能坚持向善,那么江山就稳固了,不只是大臣们有所依靠啊。

AVR定时器中断初值计算方法

AVR定时器中断初值计算方法 使用芯片ATMega16外部晶振 定时器1(16位定时器)寄存器TCCR1B=0x04设定256预分频要利用定时器定时1秒 1,4000000/256=15625说明定时器每当1/15625秒就会触发一次中断 2,65535-15625=49910计算出要累加多少次才能在1秒后出发定时器1的溢出中断 3,49910<==>C2F6将计算后的值换算成16进制 4,TCNT1H=0xC2;对寄存器赋值 TCNT1L=0xF6; ================================================= 例如用16位定时器TIMER1,4MHZ晶振,256分频,100ms定时,如何求得初值赋给TCNT1 65536-(4M/256)*= 其中,4M是晶体频率,是定时时长单位秒。 对于8位的定时器 T=(2^8-计数初值)*晶振周期*分频数=(2^8-计数初值)/晶振频率*分频数计数初值=2^8-T/晶振周期/分频数=2^8-T*晶振频率/分频数

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国地名,在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉:成公二年的六月十七日。师,指齐晋两国军队。陈,列阵,摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏:齐国大夫。御,动词,驾车。御齐侯,给齐侯驾车。齐侯,齐国国君,指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父:齐国大夫。右:车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓:都是晋臣,“郑丘”是复姓。郤(xì)克,晋国大夫,是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑:副词,姑且。翦灭:消灭,灭掉。朝食:早饭。这里是“吃早饭”的意思。这句话是成语“灭此朝食”的出处。 [7]不介马:不给马披甲。介:甲。这里用作动词,披甲。驰之:驱马追击敌人。之:代词,指晋军。 [8]未绝鼓音:鼓声不断。古代车战,主帅居中,亲掌旗鼓,指挥军队。“兵以鼓进”,击鼓是进军的号令。 [9]病:负伤。 [10]张侯,即解张。“张”是字,“侯”是名,人名、字连用,先字后名。 [11]合:交战。贯:穿。肘:胳膊。 [12]朱:大红色。殷:深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子:您,尊敬。比说“子”更亲切。

左传《齐晋鞌之战》原文+翻译+注释

左传《齐晋鞌之战》原文+翻译+注释 楚癸酉,师陈于鞌(1)。邴夏御侯,逢丑父为右②。晋解张御克,郑丘缓 为右(3)。侯日:“余姑翦灭此而朝食(4)”。不介马而驰之⑤。克伤于矢, 流血及屦2未尽∧?6),曰:“余病矣(7)!”张侯曰:“自始合(8),而矢贯余手 及肘(9),余折以御,左轮朱殷(10),岂敢言病?吾子忍之!”缓曰:“自始合,苟有险,余必下推车,子岂_识之(11)?然子病矣!”张侯曰:“师之耳目,在 吾旗鼓,进退从之。此车一人殿之(12),可以集事(13),若之何其以病败君之大事也?擐甲执兵(14),固即死也(15);病未及死,吾子勉之(16)!”左并辔(17) ,右援拐?鼓(18)。马逸不能止(19),师从之,师败绩。逐之,三周华不注(20) 韩厥梦子舆谓己曰:“旦辟左右!”故中御而从齐侯。邴夏曰:“射其御者,君子也。”公曰:“谓之君子而射之,非礼也。”射其左,越于车下;射其右,毙于车中。綦毋张丧车,从韩厥,曰:“请寓乘。”从左右,皆肘之,使立于后。韩厥俛,定其右。逢丑父与公易位。将及华泉,骖絓于木而止。丑父寝于轏中,蛇出于其下,以肱击之,伤而匿之,故不能推车而及。韩厥执絷马前,再拜稽首,奉觞加璧以进,曰:“寡君使群臣为鲁、卫请,曰:‘无令舆师陷入君地。’下臣不幸,属当戎行,无所逃隐。且惧奔辟而忝两君,臣辱戎士,敢告不敏,摄官承乏。”丑父使公下,如华泉取饮。郑周父御佐车,宛茷为右,载齐侯以免。韩厥献丑父,郤献子将戮之。呼曰:“自今无有代其君任患者,有一于此,将为戮乎?”郤子曰:“人不难以死免其君,我戮之不祥。赦之,以劝事君者。”乃免之。 在癸酉这天,双方的军队在鞌这个地方摆开了阵势。齐国一方是邴夏为齐侯赶车,逢丑父当车右。晋军一方是解张为主帅郤克赶车,郑丘缓当车右。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了这些人再吃早饭。”不给马披甲就冲向了晋军。郤克被箭射伤,血流到了鞋上,但是仍不停止擂鼓继续指挥战斗。他说:“我受重伤了。”解张说:“从一开始接战,一只箭就射穿了我的手和肘,左边的车轮都被我的血染成了黑红色,我哪敢说受伤?您忍着点吧!”郑丘缓说:“从一开始接战,如果遇到道路不平的地方,我必定(冒着生命危险)下去推车,您难道了解这些吗?不过,您真是受重伤了。”daier解张说:“军队的耳朵和眼睛,都集中在我们的战旗和鼓声,前进后退都要听从它。这辆车上还有一个人镇守住它,战事就可以成功。为什么为了伤痛而败坏国君的大事呢?身披盔甲,手执武器,本来就是去走向死亡,伤痛还没到死的地步,您还是尽力而为吧。”一边说,一边用左手把右手的缰绳攥在一起,用空出的右手抓过郤克手中的鼓棰就擂起鼓来。(由于一手控马,)马飞快奔跑而不能停止,晋军队伍跟着指挥车冲上去,把齐军打得打败。晋军随即追赶齐军,三次围绕着华不注山奔跑。

定时器-计数器

定时器 / 计数器 一、实验目的 ⒈学会8253芯片和微机接口的原理和方法。 ⒉. 掌握8253定时器/计数器的工作方式和编程原理。 二、实验内容 利用8253进行二次分频,控制LED灯亮10秒,灭10秒。 三、实验程序清单(在H8253.ASM的基础上修改) CODE SEGMENT ;H8253.ASM ASSUME CS: CODE ORG 1290H START: JMP TCONT TCONTRO EQU 0043H TCON0 EQU 0040H TCON1 EQU 0041H TCONT: MOV DX,TCONTRO MOV AL,36H ;0号通道控制字需要修改 OUT DX,AL MOV DX,TCON0 ;计数初值要按计算出的值来写 MOV AL,00H OUT DX,AL MOV AL,04H OUT DX,AL MOV DX,TCONTRO MOV AL,36H ;1号通道控制字需要修改 OUT DX,AL MOV DX,TCON1 MOV AL,00H ;计数初值要按计算出的值来写 OUT DX,AL MOV AL,02H OUT DX,AL JMP $ CODE ENDS END START

四、实验步骤 ⒈8253的GATE0、GATE1接+5V,OUT0接CLK1,CLK1接LED灯(L1)。 8253的CLK0插孔接分频器74LS393(左下方)的T2插孔,分频器的频 率源为8.0MHZ,T→8.0MHZ。 ⒉运行实验程序 在系统提示符“P.”状态下,联机运行程序 3. 观察实验现象,修改程序中的计数初始值,观察结果。

关于定时器初值的设定

深入理解需要精通定时器溢出原理: 晶振时钟12分频后得到机器时钟,定时器启动后会按机器时钟进位,16bit模式,定时器溢出频率就是机器时钟除以定时器多余“空间”, 例如定时器初值是0xffff,则每1个机器时钟都会溢出,产生中断 例如定时器初值是0xfffe,则每2个机器时钟会溢出 …… 例如定时器初值是【65535(0xffff)-999】,则每1000个机器时钟会溢出,或 例如定时器初值是【65536-1000】,则每1000个机器时钟会溢出 …… 依次类推 实例 例如:设T0工作方式1定时,定时时间为2ms,在P1.0引脚上输出周期为4ms的方波,设单片机的晶振频率为12MHz。 解:要在P1.0输出周期为4ms的方波,即要使P1.0每隔2ms取反1次。 T0方式1定时,则T0的方式字为:TMOD=01H 计算2ms定时T0的初值: 12M晶振,机器周期为1M,2ms就是X个机器周期 X=T(2ms)/T0(1s/(12M/12))=0.002/1/1000000=2000 定时器初值就是65536-X=65536-2000=63536=F830H 其中将高8位F8H赋给TH0,低8位30H赋给TL0。 采用查询方法,编程如下: 1. https://www.360docs.net/doc/3211131886.html, 0000H 3.AJMP MAIN 4. https://www.360docs.net/doc/3211131886.html,O 0100H 6.MAIN: MOV TMOD,#01H 7.MOV TL0,#30H 8.MOV TH0,0F8H 9.SETB TR0 10.LOOP: JBC TF0,NEXT 11.SJMP LOOP 12.NEXT: MOV TL0,#30H 13.MOV TH0,#0F8H 14.CPL P1.0 15.SJMP LOOP 复制代码 采用中断的方法,编程如下: https://www.360docs.net/doc/3211131886.html, 0000H 2.AJMP MAIN

51单片机定时器初值的计算

51单片机定时器初值的计算一。10MS定时器初值的计算: 1.晶振12M 12MHz除12为1MHz,也就是说一秒=1000000次机器周期。10ms=10000次机器周期。 65536-10000=55536(d8f0) TH0=0xd8,TL0=0xf0 2.晶振11.0592M 11.0592MHz除12为921600Hz,就是一秒921600次机器周期,10ms=9216次机器周期。 65536-9216=56320(dc00) TH0=0xdc,TL0=0x00 二。50MS定时器初值的计算: 1.晶振12M 12MHz除12为1MHz,也就是说一秒=1000000次机器周期。50ms=50000次机器周期。 65536-50000=15536(3cb0) TH0=0x3c,TL0=0xb0 2.晶振11.0592M 11.0592MHz除12为921600Hz,就是一秒921600次机器周期,50ms=46080次机器周期。 65536-46080=19456(4c00)

TH0=0x4c,TL0=0x00 三。使用说明 以12M晶振为例:每秒钟可以执行1000000次机器周期个机器周期。而T 每次溢出 最多65536 个机器周期。我们尽量应该让溢出中断的次数最少(如50ms),这样对主程序的干扰也就最小。 开发的时候可能会根据需要更换不同频率的晶振(比如c51单片机,用11.0592M的晶振,很适合产生串口时钟,而12M晶振很方便计算定时器的时间),使用插接式比较方便。 对12MHz 1个机器周期1us 12/fosc = 1us 方式0 13位定时器最大时间间隔 = 2^13 = 8.192ms 方式1 16位定时器最大时间间隔 = 2^16 = 65.536ms 方式2 8位定时器最大时间间隔 = 2^8 = 0.256ms =256 us 定时5ms,计算计时器初值 M = 2^K-X*Fosc/12 12MHz 方式0: K=13,X=5ms,Fosc=12MHz 则M = 2^13 - 5*10^(-3)*12*10^6/12= 3192 = 0x0C78 THx = 0CH,TLx = 78H, 方式1: K=16,X=5ms,Fosc=12MHz 则M = 2^16 - 5*10^(-3)*12*10^6/12= 60536 = 0xEC78 THx = ECH,TLx = 78H,

《鞌之战》阅读答案(附翻译)

鞌之战[1]选自《左传·成公二年(即公元前589年)》【原文】癸酉,师陈于鞌[2]。邴夏御齐侯[3],逢丑父为右[4]。晋解张御郤克,郑丘缓为右[5]。齐侯曰:“余姑翦灭此而朝食[6]。”不介马而驰之[7]。郤克伤于矢,流血及屦,未绝鼓音[8],曰:“余病[9]矣!”张侯[10]曰:“自始合,而矢贯余手及肘[11],余折以御,左轮朱殷[12],岂敢言病。吾子[13]忍之!”缓曰:“自始合,苟有险[14],余必下推车,子岂识之[15]?——然子病矣!”张侯曰:“师之耳目,在吾旗鼓,进退从之[16]。此车一人殿之[17],可以集事[18],若之何其以病败君之大事也[19]?擐甲执兵,固即死也[20]。病未及死,吾子勉之[21]!”左并辔[22],右援枹而鼓[23],马逸不能止[24],师从之。齐师败绩[25]。逐之,三周华不注[26]。【注释】 [1]鞌之战:春秋时期的著名战役之一。战争的实质是齐、晋争霸。由于齐侯骄傲轻敌,而晋军同仇敌忾、士气旺盛,战役以齐败晋胜而告终。鞌:通“鞍”,齐国地名,在今山东济南西北。 [2]癸酉:成公二年的六月十七日。师,指齐晋两国军队。陈,列阵,摆开阵势。 [3]邴夏:齐国大夫。御,动词,驾车。御齐侯,给齐侯驾车。齐侯,齐国国君,指齐顷公。 [4]逢丑父:齐国大夫。右:车右。 [5]解张、郑丘缓:都是晋臣,“郑丘”是复姓。郤(xì)克,晋国大夫,是这次战争中晋军的主帅。又称郤献子、郤子等。 [6]姑:副词,姑且。翦灭:消灭,灭掉。朝食:早饭。这里是“吃早饭”的意思。这句话是成语“灭此朝食”的出处。 [7]不介马:不给马披甲。介:甲。这里用作动词,披甲。驰之:驱马追击敌人。之:代词,指晋军。 [8] 未绝鼓音:鼓声不断。古代车战,主帅居中,亲掌旗鼓,指挥军队。“兵以鼓进”,击鼓是进军的号令。 [9] 病:负伤。 [10]张侯,即解张。“张”是字,“侯”是名,人名、字连用,先字后名。 [11]合:交战。贯:穿。肘:胳膊。 [12]朱:大红色。殷:深红色、黑红色。 [13]吾子:您,尊敬。比说“子”更亲切。 [14]苟:连词,表示假设。险:险阻,指难走的路。 [15]识:知道。之,代词,代“苟有险,余必下推车”这件事,可不译。 [16]师之耳目:军队的耳、目(指注意力)。在吾旗鼓:在我们的旗子和鼓声上。进退从之:前进、后退都听从它们。 [17]殿之:镇守它。殿:镇守。 [18]可以集事:可以(之)集事,可以靠它(主帅的车)成事。集事:成事,指战事成功。 [19]若之何:固定格式,一般相当于“对……怎么办”“怎么办”。这里是和语助词“其”配合,放在谓语动词前加强反问,相当于“怎么”“怎么能”。以,介词,因为。败,坏,毁坏。君,国君。大事,感情。古代国家大事有两件:祭祀与战争。这里指战争。 [20]擐:穿上。执兵,拿起武器。 [21]勉,努力。 [22]并,动词,合并。辔(pèi):马缰绳。古代一般是四匹马拉一车,共八条马缰绳,两边的两条系在车上,六条在御者手中,御者双手执之。“左并辔”是说解张把马缰绳全合并到左手里握着。 [23]援:拿过来。枹(fú):击鼓槌。鼓:动词,敲鼓。 [24]逸:奔跑,狂奔。 [25] 败绩:大败。 [26] 周:环绕。华不注:山名,在今山东济南东北。【译文】六月十七日,齐晋两军在鞌地摆开阵势。邴夏为齐侯驾车,逢丑父担任车右做齐侯的护卫。晋军解张替郤克驾车,郑丘缓做了郤克的护卫。齐侯说:“我姑且消灭了晋军再吃早饭!”齐军没有给马披甲就驱车进击晋军。郤克被箭射伤,血一直流到鞋上,但他一直没有停止击鼓进。并说:“我受重伤了!”解张说:“从开始交战,箭就射穿了我的手和胳膊肘,我折断箭杆继续驾车,左边的车轮被血染得深红色,哪里敢说受了重伤?您还是忍住吧。”郑丘缓说:“从开始交战,只要遇到险峻难走的路,我必定要下去推车,您哪里知道这种情况呢?——不过您确实受重伤了!”解张说:“我们的旗帜和战鼓是军队的耳目,或进或退都听从旗鼓指挥。这辆战车只要一人镇守,就可以凭它成事。怎么能因为受伤而败坏国君的大事呢?穿上铠甲,拿起武器,本来就抱定了必死的决心。您虽然受了重伤还没有到死的地步,您就尽最大的努力啊!”于是左手把马缰绳全部握在一起,右手取过鼓槌来击鼓。战马狂奔不止,晋军跟着主帅的车前进。齐军大败,晋军追击齐军,绕着华不注山追了三圈。

AVR定时器中断初值计算方法

AVR 定时器中断初值计算方法 使用芯片AT Mega16 外部晶振 定时器1 (16位定时器)寄存器TCCR1B = 0x04 设定256预分频 要利用定时器定时1秒 1,4000000 / 256 = 15625 说明定时器每 当1/15625 秒就会触发一次中断 2,65535 - 15625 = 49910 计算出要累加多少次才能在1秒后出发定时器1的溢出中断 3,49910 <==> C2 F6 将计算后的值换算成16进制 4,TCNT1H = 0xC2 ; 对寄存器赋值 TCNT1L = 0xF6 ; ================================================= 例如用16位定时器TIMER1,4MHZ晶振,256分频,100ms定时,如何求得初值赋给TCNT1 65536-(4M/256)*= 其中,4M是晶体频率,是定时时长单位秒。 对于8位的定时器

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