英译汉_初步知识可使你登峰造极
英译汉初步知识可使你登峰造极！
warm-ups
直译
1. Scientists have reason to think that a man can put up with far more radiation than
0.1 rem without being damaged.
2. We bombed their cities in revenge for their attacks on ours.
3. Can you sit still without moving for ten minutes?
意译
1. “… and I had not known you a month before I felt that you were the last man in
the world whom I could ever be prevailed on (说服) to marry.”
2. He had the emotional stability of a six-year-old child.
词义
1. Then we fed them four unidentified samples of cola one at a time, regular colas for the one group, diet version for the other.
2. If the state punishes a murderer by death it's an eye for an eye.
3. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is
never rewarded.
4. A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high
grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students.
语序
1. Researchers have established that when people are mentally engaged, biochemical changed occur in the brain that allow it to act more effectively in cognitive areas such as attention and memory.
2. The latter ignores the higher cost of providing full services to a scattered community and the cost in both money and time of the journeys to work for the suburban resident.
3. The reader's hair stands on end when he reads in the final pages of the novel in her youth, poisoned every one of her five husbands.
4. Can you answer a question which I want to ask and which is puzzling me?
5. We find that we have to deal with things like climate, soil, plants, and such-like
factors common to all biological situations...
6. The evolutionary theory accounts well for differences in sleep among creatures. 分译
1. A certain number of characteristic errors have been pointed out by linguists (语言
学家) and can be usefully recalled at this point.
2. The underwater computer WetPC, fastened with a strap (皮带) to the diver (潜水
员), is designed for use by oceanographers (海洋学家) and other submarine workers who need to record data, consult maps, gather information, count fish and diagnose (诊断) equipment faults. (分译)
3. The ambassador (大使) was giving a dinner to a few people whom he wished
especially to talk to or to hear from. (分译)
4. She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. (分译)
固定句式
1. There are some people who won't left home in the morning without an umbrella.
1. Generally speaking the Americans cannot smoke without many people
complaining.
2. You can never see too many sunrises here.
增译
1. It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch (纪元) of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity (怀疑)… (增译)
2. It is argued by some writers that the transition to the father's role, although
difficult, is not nearly as great as the transition the wife must make to the mother's role.
3. In the 1880 s the United States was a land sharply divided between the immensely wealthy and the very poor.
词类转换
1. People should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what
they do.
There is another conversation which from our point of view is equally important, and that is to do not with what is read but with how it is read.
2. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play
after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers.
一.英译汉概述
英译汉考试的重点是测试学生对英语的理解能力及汉语表达能力。在教育部制定的硕士学位研究生英语教学大纲中,规定了硕士生入学时应达到的英语水平标准,有关翻译部分的规定是“能将一般难度的英语短文译成汉语，理解基本正确，译文达意”。这就需要考生既要有比较好的英语基础，还要有扎实的汉语功底。翻译是一项对综合能力要求比较高的题型，它不仅要求学生对词汇、语法、语篇以及文化等有较好的掌握，还要求学生有着很强的组词成句、组句成段的能力。仔细观察历年的考题，我们会发现这类题型主观性比较强，它要求考生可以有适当的发挥。但在评分时有合适标准和可接受的标准，也就是说只要考生所翻译的句子适合于上下文的基本思想而且其译文也能被人所接受，一般可以判定这个句子的翻译符合要求。
最近几年的考研翻译部分是给出一篇400多个词的英语文章，要求考生在仔细阅读整篇文章并理解文章的基本意义的基础上，准确地按照上下文的提示和意义(即一定的语境)将划线部分(一般是五个句子)翻译成汉语。体裁大多是议论文，其中相当一部分的内容是有关科学常识的。所以要取得一个好成绩考生不但要有比较扎实的翻译基本功而且还需要比较广的知识面。比较扎实的翻译基本功包括良好的语言素质、对两种语言异同点的把握和熟悉翻译的基本技能和技巧。二.翻译的标准
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思想内容准确而完整地表达出来的一种活动。翻译在某中程度上讲也是一个思维再创造的过程。在翻译的过程中，译者必须遵守一定的标准与原则。对于考研翻译而言，“忠实”和“通顺”是两项最基本的要求。
忠实：由于翻译是在理解了别人用一种语言所表达的意思后，把同样的意思用另一种语言表达出来，因此译者首先要忠实于原作的内容，也就是说翻译的过程主要是传达别人的意思，而不是自己进行创作，不得篡改、歪曲、遗漏原文所表达的思想。可见准确地理解原文是翻译好一篇文章的关键。
通顺：这条原则指的是将一种语言翻译成另一种语言后，译文要流畅、明白、易懂。具体到英译汉来说，就是将英语翻译成汉语后，语言必须符合汉语的习惯和规范，用词要准确，文字不晦涩、不生硬、不洋化。
三.翻译五步骤
1.正确理解原文、弄清上下文之间的关系:英译汉的第一步是准确、完整、透彻地理解英语原文。译者对原文稍有差错，译文就不可能准确无误，甚至会差之毫厘,却失之千里。任何一篇文章都是一个有机的整体，所有的内容都围绕着文章的中心思想展开，每一个单词每一个句子都是整体的一部分。如果只注意单个词句，不注意整体，还是要出各种各样的错误，即在某种意义上说不能完整地翻译原文所要表达的意思。所以，在进行具体翻译前，首先通读全文，了解文章的整体内容，准确把握作者所要表达的主题思想和重要事实。在此基础上，认真分析划线部分与上下文之间的各种关系(逻辑关系、语法关系、意义关系)。
２.认真分析划线部分的语法结构:英译汉的句子一般比较长，而且其结构也比较复杂。考生需要首先观察这个长句子中是否有从句，是哪种类型的从句。然后再找出主句和从句中的骨干结构(主语、谓语、宾语)及其修饰成分(状语、定语、宾语补足语、同位语等)，同时要注意句子是否有省略的地方，以及介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、动名词短语的各种语法功能。这样句子结构就十分清晰了，翻译时就会心中有数,就能够做到有的放矢。
3.仔细琢磨划线部分英语句子的含义:考生在对原文有一个整体的了解并且弄懂了划线部分的语法结构后，就要仔细琢磨划线部分英语句子的含义，特别留心一些固定表达法、某些短语的特殊含义、代词的指代意义等。如：The importance of the English language in communication can't be overestimated.这句话的意思是“英语在国际交流中的重要性怎么估计也不会过高。”如果按照字面意思直译，则很可能译成“英语在国际交流中的重要性不能被估计过高”。
4.忠实流畅地汉语表达:在准确理解划线部分英语句子的含义后，如何用通顺的汉语将其表达出来是关键。表达是理解的结果，是把已经理解了的原作内容选择适当的译文重新表达出来。由于两种语言存在着语言、语法及表达方式上的差异，所以在翻译的时候必须作相应的调整和改变，使中文读者阅读译文时感到自然、流畅。
5.仔细审校润色:正确地理解原文、忠实流畅地用汉语表达原意是翻译中的重要步骤，审校则是使译文更完美的最后一个环节。通过审校，我们可以发现译文的一些漏洞和不足之处，如人名、地名、日期、数字、时间等细节是否有遗漏和错译的地方，指代关系是否一致，是否存在错别字，标点符号是否准确等。
四.英译汉技巧
1.选词用字法:正确选词是保证翻译质量的重要前提。由于构思时联想不同，表达方式不同以及英语和汉语两种语言都有一词多类、一词多意等现象，用两种语言表达同一种思想或描述同一种情况时所选用的词语必然不同。因此在翻译时要在理解原文的基础上，选用一个恰当的词语显得尤为重要。如:
1. Every life has its roses and thorns.
2. The population has increased to the extent of explosion. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
3. Students of how children learn language generally agree that the most remarkable aspect of this feat is the rapid acquisition of grammar.
2.增译法:英汉两种语言由于词法和句法有差异，表达方式也不尽相同，翻译时为了使译文合乎汉语的习惯和表达规律，为了使意思更加明确，从意义、修辞和句法上考虑需要在译文中适当增添一些虽无其词而有其意的词。
1)抽象名词后加词使其具体化。如: serious unemployment
2)增加数量词。如: first oil well第一口油井
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (真题示范)
3)增加表示时态的词。如: You were, you are, and you remain to be my beloved mentor.
4)增加一个适当的动词。如: The world needn't be afraid of a possible shortage of coal, oil, natural gas or other resources of fuel for the future.
5)增加英语中省略的词。如: This year the export quantity of black tea increased by 20 percent, and jasmine tea by 30 percent.
3.减译法:由于英汉两种语言在语法结构、表达方式以及修辞手段上的不同，有些词语或句子成分在英语中是必不可少的，但若搬到译文中去，就会影响译文的简洁和通顺。因此在英译汉的过程中，为了使译文更加简练，更符合汉语的表达习惯，需要省略一些可有可无或翻译后反嫌累赘的词语。但必须注意，减译不是删掉原文中的某些内容，在不易减译的情况下，不要随便减。
1)省略代词。如: If the chain reaction went on without being checked, it could
of fundamental
(真题
to the fact that
environmental
around the sun rather than around the Earth.(真题示范)
4.转译法:英语和汉语的结构是有很大区别的，在翻译过程中有些句子可以逐词翻译，但也有相当一部分句子不能按照英语的句子结构机械地翻译。在忠实于原文的前提下，原文中有些词在译文中需要转换词类，某些语法成分也需要作适当的调整，这样才能使汉语译文更通顺、更自然。如:
He acts as if he were a king.
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful, ground-clearing way to start. Actually, it isn't, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human right, which is something the world does not have.(真题示范)
5.分译法:英语长句子比较多，汉语句子相对而言比较短。在翻译时可以改变原文结构，把原文的某个成分从原来的结构中分离出来，译成一个独立成分、从句或并列分句。
We tried in vain to persuade him to give up his wrong belief.
It has been rightly stated that this situation is a threat to international security.
It is well said, in every sense, that a man's religion is the chief fact with regard to him.
6.合译法:和分译法不同，合译法是将不同的句子成分组合在一起，使其更符合汉
语的表达方法。如:
To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, to encourage sympathy. When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. (真题示范)
Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. (真题示范)
7.反译法:一个问题有时可以从不同的角度来解释说明。有些句子英语是从正面说的，汉语可以从反面来解释。
1)否定译成肯定。如:
There is no rule that has no exception.(双重否定)
Hardly a month goes by without word of another survey revealing new depths of “unnatural food”.
2)
The target the The conclusion we reached in Britain is that change simply cannot sensibly be put off.
8.顺序调整法:
语言中定语、
(例如采用倒译法)，使其更符合汉语的习惯。如:
That our environment has little, if anything, to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.(真题示范)
9.被动语态翻译法
1)变为汉语的主动形式。如:
We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style rather than in a personal one.
It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.(真题示范)
In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.(真题示范)
2)如果英语中的被动意义必须表达出来，那么，译成汉语时也可以用含有被动意义的句子来表达。英语中的被动态含义可以用汉语的“被”、“为”、“靠”、
“由”、“受”、“叫”、“让”、“遇到”、“受到”、“加以”、“遭到”、“得到”、“是…的”、“挨”、“见”、“为……所”、“给”、“使”等表示被动意思的词语来表达。例如：
Over the years, tools and technology themselves as source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (真题示范)
When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at. (真题示范)
3)被动结构的表语化，将其翻译成“是……的”、“由……的”。如:
Those who support the “nature” side of the confli ct believe that our personalities and behavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors.(真题示范)
4)增添“人们”、“大家”等适当的词做汉语译文的主语。如:
With the new technique, measurement was claimed to be much more precise.。
by additional the
(真题示范
体中的出现极为频繁,因此也就成为研究生入学考试的重点,通过对近年来试题的分析我们可以看出,所考查的绝大多数划线的部分都是长句。在翻译长句时,首先，不要因为句子太长而产生畏惧心理，因为，无论是多么复杂的句子，它
都是由一些基本的成分组成的。其次要弄清英语原文的句法结构,找出整个句
子的中心内容及其各层意思,然后分析几层意思之间的相互逻辑关系,再按照汉语的特点和表达方式,正确地译出原文的意思,不必拘泥于原文的形式。
一、英语长句的分析
一般来说,造成长句的原因有三方面: (1)修饰语过多;(2)并列成分多; (3)语
言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用下面的方法:
(1)找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,从整体上把握句子的结构。
(2)找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的引导词。
(3)分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句等,
若是状语,它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示条件等等)。
(4)分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系,如,定语从句所修饰的先行词是哪
一个等。
(5)注意插入语等其他成分。
(6)注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
下面我们结合一些实例来进行分析:
例1. Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development. (真题示范)例2. For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere. (真题示范)
二、长句的翻译
英语习惯于用长的句子表达比较复杂的概念,而汉语则不同,常常使用若
干短句,作层次分明的叙述。因此,在进行英译汉时,要特别注意英语和汉语
之间的差异,将英语的长句分解,翻译成汉语的短句。在英语长句的翻译过
程中,我们一般采取下列的方法。
(1)顺译法:当英语长句的内容的叙述层次与汉语基本一致时,可以按照英
语原文的顺序翻译成汉语。如果原文中所描述的一连串动作是按时间顺
序安排的，也可以运用顺译法翻译。例如:
例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are fast asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. (真题示范)
例2. But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to give a reasonable estimate of their “expectation of life”, the time it will take to exhaust all known sources and reserves of these materials.
(真题示范)
例3. If parents were prepared for this adolescent reaction, and realized that it was a sign that the child was growing up and developing valuable powers of observation and independent judgment, they would not be so hurt, and therefore would not drive the child into opposition by resenting and resisting it.
例4 Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientist and technologists of all kinds. (真题示范)
(2)逆译法：
所谓逆译法即从原文后面或中间译起，英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同,甚至完全相反,这时必须从原文后面开始翻译,原文开头放在译文末尾。例如：
例1. Aluminum remained unknown until the nineteenth century, because nowhere in nature is it found free, owing to its always being combined with other elements, most commonly with oxygen, for which it has a strong affinity.
例2. Such is a human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white collar workers.
例3. Insects would make it impossible for us to live in the world; they would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.(真题示范)
(3)分句法：有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切,翻
译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化成句子,分开来叙述,
为了使语意连贯,有时需要适当增加词语。例如:
例1. The number of the young people in the United States who can`t read is incredible about one in four.
例2. Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allow one
to follow the latest developments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining. (真题示范)
例 3. Also common in the natural sciences, the “technicist fallacy” mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts of its technical implementation. It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques. (真题示范)
(4)综合法:上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法,事实上,
在翻译一个英语长句时,并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法,而是要求我们把各
种方法综合使用,这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。尤其是在一些情况下,一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便,这就需要我们的仔细分析,或按照时间的先后,或按照逻辑顺序,顺逆结合,主次分明地对全句进行综合
处理,以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。例如:
例1. People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered to stand by in case of emergency, they were just as confused and helpless as anybody else.
例2. Modern scientific and technical books, especially textbooks, requires revision at short intervals if their authors wish to keep pace with new ideas, observations and discoveries.
例 3. Up to the present time, throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, this new ◎tendency placed the home in the immediate suburbs, but concentrated manufacturing activity, business relations, government, and pleasure
in the centers of the cities. (真题示范)
※条件状语从句的翻译
Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept “unnatural food” (真题示范)
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. (真题示范)
Our whole physical universe, when reduced to the simplest terms, is made up of two things, energy and matter.
※结果与目的状语(从句)的翻译
在复合句中，也有目的分句。它的一般语序是前面的分句叙述事实或措施，后面的分句说名目的，如果表示的目的是要得到什，常用“以”、“以便”、“用以”、“以使”、“以致”“得以”等词。如果表示的目的是要避免到什么，则用“以免”、“以防”、“免得”等词。需要强调时，则将“为了”至于句首。如：Galileo's greatest glory was that in 2609 he was the first person to turn the newly
invented telescope in the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth.
※考研翻译常见的难点和要点：
1、[主语+ be ｛more +表语B + than +表语A｝
less +表语A + than +表语B]
more … than …这一句型的常见意义为“比…更”，但这释义并非适用于所有的这一句型，其原因在于它可能表达不同的逻辑关系。因而不加区别地套用“比…更”的汉语句式去翻译，译文多半不能清楚地表达它们连接的前后关系，且容易令人费解，甚至误解。归纳起来, more …than的结果有以下三种译法：
第一种译法；more连接肯定形式的从句时，该从句译为否定句。
例、The complexity of the human situation and the injustice of the social order demand far more fundamental changes in the basic structure of society itself than some politicians are willing to admit in their speeches.
句法分析：这是一个主从复合句，连词than前为主句，than后为从句。
误译：人类社会形势的复杂性和社会制度的不公正性要求对社会基本结构进行比某些政治家们口头上愿意承认更为彻底的变革。
正译：人类社会形势的复杂性和社会制度的不公正性要求对社会基本结构进行彻底变革，而一些政客口头上是很不愿意承认这一点的。
要点：虽然本句形式上是进行程度上的比较，但从句在意义上是否定的，故译成否定句。
第二种译法：在比较的基础上表示选择关系时，可译为“与其说…不如说…”。
例1、Teaching can be more like guiding and assisting than forcing information into a supposedly empty head.
误译：教学比把知识灌输到假定为一片空白头脑中更像是对学生进行引导和帮助。
正译：教学与其说是把知识灌输到假定为一片空白的头脑中，不如说是对其进行引导和帮助。
要点：本句可理解为，将“知识灌输”的行为与“引导和帮助”的行为进行对比，说明教学选择的是后一种行为。故译成“与其说…不如说…”时，要注意与原文的语序相反。
例2、It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent, and that the so-called division between the pure scientist and the applied scientist is more apparent than real.
句法分析：这是一个主从复合句，“It seems”是主句，“that …and that…”为两个并列的主语从句，在句子中作真实主语。
硬译：看来，这两门学科是相互依存的，因为在理论科学家和应用科学家之间，与其说存在的区分是真实的，不如说是表面的。(真实与表面正好相反。) 正译：看来，这两门学科是相互依存的，因为在理论科学家和应用科学家之间，与其说实际存在着所谓的区分，不如说这种区分只是表面存在的。
第三种译法：进行同类比较时，译成“比…更”。
例There are more cars on the roads in summer than in winter.
译文：夏天公路上的汽车比冬天多。
2、[主语+谓语+ no ｛more (less)｝形容词、副词比较级+形容词等+被比对象]不比…更，和…同样不；正如…不，…也不
no more … than与not … any more同义，不可把它们简单地看成是more … than
的否定形式。具体地说，这一结构可能是带有一定的感情色彩的否定形式，也可能是一种较特殊的类比形式。其翻译方法有二：
第一种翻译方法：表示同类否定比较时，可译为“不比…更”或“都…同样不”。例1. The food on the ship was no better than on any other ship on which Billy had sailed.
句法分析：这是一个主从复合句。主句是“The food on the ship was no better, than on any other ship”是省略了比较对象的比较状语从句。句末on which引导的定语从句修饰先行词ship。
译文：这条船上(供应的)食品并不如比利工作过的其他船上的(食品)好。(括号里的词是可以省略的。)
重点：本句中n o more … than…用于同类否定的比较，可译为“不如…”。例2. One minute too late is no more in time than half an hour (is).
句法分析：这仍为一个主从复合句。One minute too late is no more in time为主句，than half an hour (is)为比较状语从句。
误译：就时间而论，迟到一分钟并不比迟到半个小时更准时。
正译：尺寸一分钟跟迟到半小时同样是不准时。
要点：本句中no more … than仍用同类否定的比较，可译作“和…同样不”。
第二种翻译方法：表示比喻关系时，可译为“正如…不，…也不”。
例1. The archaeologists' efforts are not directed at “proving” the correctness of the Bible any more than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated.
句法分析：这也是一个主从复合结构。主句是“The archaeologists' efforts are not directed at “proving” the correctness of the Bible”, “than belief in God can be scientifically demonstrated.”为从句.
硬译：考古学家的努力并不是要“验证”圣经的正确性，正如信仰上帝不能从科学上证明一样。
译文：正如信仰上帝不能从科学上证明一样，考古学家们的努力并不是要“验证”圣经的正确性。
要点：用于此种情况的no more than…和not any more …不能译为“不比…更多”，因为它不是more than的简单否定，实际上是用来把前后部分进行比较的一种用法。要把than以后的部分译成否定句“正如…不…”，然后也用否定式译出作为全句中心信息的前地部分。这两种句型是通过曲折的方式来表达“相等”或“近似”的一种说法，故也属等比句型。
例2. No one can hold back the tide of revolution any more than a man with a broom can hold a flood that has burst the dam.
句法分析：这又是一个主从复合句，No one can hold back the tide of revolution 是主句，than至句末为比较状语从句，其中that has burst the dam为限制性定语从句，修饰先行词flood。
硬译：没有哪一个人能阻挡革命的洪流正像一个人拿着扫帚不能挡住决了堤的洪水一样。
译文：任何人都无法阻挡革命洪流，正如一个人不能拿扫帚去挡住决了堤的洪水一样。
要点：翻译这类句式时要注意，这些从句形式上虽然都是肯定句，译成汉语时必须是否定句。
3、not so much as与其说…不如说…
例. Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.
句法分析：这是一个主从复合句。插入语they say是主句，Science moves forward, … and tools是宾语从句。as连接的是状语，not so much … as引导的状语从句中，由于上下文清楚，主谓语都省略了，即as (science moves forward.) because of …。
误译：新学派科学家们说，科学发展的来源很大程度上依靠是像改进的技术和工具这些较为普遍的东西。而不是天才伟人的真知灼见。
正译：新学派科学家说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普遍的东西。
要点：not so much … as也可译为“与其说…不如说…”，它所表达的逻辑关系和more than有相似之处，也是在比较的基础上进行判断和选择，被比较的事物也同属一个范畴。所不同的是，more … than表示前重后轻的逻辑关系，而not so much…as和less than表示前轻后重的逻辑关系，这两个结构中信息重心落在句尾，因此不必倒过来译，只须按原文的词序顺译即可。
4、the same as与…相同(一样)
例. You have made the same mistake as last time.
译文：你又犯了同上次一样的错误。
5、No less than (no less… than)不但…而且；不亚于；简直是，实在是
例1. China insists always on the need for self-reliance, no less in economic policies than in making revolution.
句法分析：这是一个简单句，no less … than连接两个介词短语作状语。
误译：中国始终坚持独立自主，不但在经济政治方面而且在进行革命方面都是如此。
正译：中国始终坚持独立自主，不但在进行革命方面，而且在经济政策方面都是如此。
要点：no les s … than连接两个并列的成分，信息重心在前，因此汉译时要倒过来译。
例2. There were no less than one thousand people at the meeting.
误译：到会的不少于一千人。
正译：到会的有一千人之多。(有“到会人多”的含义)
要点：no less than连写时，意为“不亚于”、“多达”，强调数量多。Not less than连写时，意为“不少于”，无数量多或少的含义。如：There were hot les than one thousand people at the meeting.到会的至少有一千人(没有“到会人多或人少”的含义)。
例3 It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.
误译：如此索要高价，不亚于敲诈
正译：如此索要高价，简直是敲诈。
要点：本句型是由no加差比句式构成的，是通过曲折的方式来表达“相等”或“近似”的一种说法。
6、[主语+ be +表语+ ｛no (none)｝+ ｛other than (but)｝+表语(强调内容)]不是…正是…，除了…外，不会是…
例1. Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined.
句法分析：这是一个主从复合句，主句为“Plants which refine crude ores are often located in countries other than those”，which引导的定语从句修饰“plants”，in which引导的定语从句修饰those。
译文：提炼矿石的厂房通常不是设在采矿石的国家而是设在其他国家。
要点：those在这里不是连接比较级，而是当“除…外”解。“none other than”意思是“除…外，不会是别的人”。but与than相当，在这里也当“除外”解，都可译作“不是别人，正是…”。本句型为强调判断句。
例2. Reactions other than the desired one often occur when reactions are brought together.
译文：当这些反应物放在一起时，常发生不希望有的一些反应(即：……常发生与希望有的反应不同的反应)。
要点：other than为固定结构，其义有二：一是“与…不同，而不是”；二是“除了”之意。可插入句词，本句中作“与…不同”解。
例3. Other women than Sally would have said nothing.
译文：除了萨利，别的女子就什么也不说了。
要点：other than可分写为other … than, other后可插入名词，than的意思是“除了”。
7｝表语
是
、“完全是”、
“不外”、“正是”。
语义强烈，例
译文：天才
例
例
8、[主语+]更不，更无例
例
要点：
两个词组只能用于否定句中。需要指出的是，to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention, let alone这四个词组的意思也是“更不用说”，也表示一个追补的说法，但它们与much less和still less有所不同，这些词组可以随前一句的意思而定。前一句是肯定，则追加的也是肯定意义。如果前一句是否定，则追加的也是否定意义。如：
例3. I old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of electronic industry.
译文：在旧中国，几乎没有什么机械制造工业，更不用说电子工业了。(比较：Sally takes singing and dancing lesson, to say nothing of swimming and tennis lessons.萨利上了唱歌和舞蹈课，而且还上游泳和网球课。)
例4. At that time they could not afford the ordinary comforts of life, not to speak of luxuries.
译文：那时他连普通生活都不能维持，更不用说奢侈品了。
(比较：They have three fine sons, not to speak of their two lovely daughters.他们有了3个好儿子，而且还有2个可爱的女儿。)
例5. I don't know algebra or geometry, not to mention calculus.
译文：我连代数、几何都不懂，更不必说微积分了。
(比较：All they have to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas and shows of every kind, not to mention political discussions and the latest exciting football match.他们所要做的只是按一个电钮，就能看到各种戏剧、电影、歌剧和各式各样的演出，而且还能看到各种政治辩论和最近举行的激动人心的足球赛。)
例6. I can't add two and two, let alone do fractions.
译文：我连2加2都不会，更不用说做分数题了
9、anything but根本不；all but几乎，差一点，除…以外其余都是；but for要不是；but that +从句：若不是…
例1. Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he felt anything - but lonely.
句法分析：这是一个主从复合句。he was so busy with his research work是主句，that至句末为结果状语从句，句首Alone in a deserted house为形容词短语作让步状语。
译文：虽然他单独一人待在这所无人居住的房子里，但他坦头于研究工作，一点也没有感到孤独。
重点：句中anything but意为not at all,句中but作介词，意为except.
例2. The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.
句法分析：这是一个并列复合句，两个分句由分号表连接。从意义上看，后句是用来进一步说明前句的。在第一个分句中词组nothing but作“只不过”解。第二个分句中by which所引导的定语从句修饰mode。在定语从句中simply作“仅仅”、“只不过”解；are reasoned about在这里reason是动词，作“论究、思索”解；exact译作“严谨”。
译文：科学研究的方式不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式，也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以准确而严谨解释的表达方式。
要点：本句中的nothing but作“只不过”、“仅仅”解。
例3. It was all but impossible to climb back into the boat.
译文：再回到小船上已几乎不可能了。
要点：此句中的all but意为nearly, almost (几乎，差点儿)。但有时all but作all except (除…而外的全部)解，如：He could find all but one of his books.他的书全能找到，只有一本除外。
例4. But for the rain we would have had a nice holiday.
译文：要不是因为下雨，我们的假日一定过得很惬意。
例5. But that you had seen me in the water, I would have drowned.
译文：要不是你看见我掉在水里，我早就淹死了。
要点：but that引导的定语从句中谓语用陈述语气，主句的谓语可用虚拟语气。
10、Not nearly (= far from, much less than)相差很远，远远少于
例. The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
句法分析：这是一个主从复合句，非限制性定语从句的关系代词which之前为主句，which引导定语从句，在定语从句中关系代语that又引导宾语从句。
硬译：粮食供应不能与人口增长相匹配，这意味着我们在粮食生产和钢销两方面正陷入危机。
译文：食品供应将远远赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销两方面正陷入危机。
11、cannot … too…再…也不过分，应该
例. We cannot estimate the value of modern science too much.
误译：我们不能过高地估计现代科学的价值。
正译：对现代科学的价值再重视也不会过分。
12、as well as (= in addition)也，和…一样，除…之外，不但…而且
例1. The Socialist Revolution requires a change of the superstructure as well as a change of the economic basis.
误译：社会主义革命不仅要求改变上层建筑，而且也要改变经济基础。
正译：社会主义革命不仅要求改变经济基础，也要求改变上层建筑。
要点：as well as作连词连接两个对等的部分，其信息重心在as well as之前的部分，翻译时应先翻译as well as之后的部分，再翻译as well as之前的部分。例2. Revolution in the Marxist science means a moral as well as a material change.
句架：Revolution in … means a moral as well as a material cha nge.
思维过程：根据马克思主义的学说，革命意味着精神和物质的改变 见“译文”(句中为连接词组，意为“不但…而且…，既…又…”(= not only … but also…，不作and解)，在句中连接并列成分，故译成汉语时，as well as的前后两部分要互换位置。)
译文：根据马克思主义的学说，革命不但意味着物质的改变，而且意味着精神的改变。
13. more than +从句(谓语中含can或could)实在不能
例. Some math problems in that book are more than I can work out.
硬译：那本书上的数学难题超出我的能力范围。
译文：那本书的数学难题我实在解不出来。
重点：本句形式上是进行程度上的比较，但than引导的从句意义上是否定的，故译为否定句。
14、“…，only to +动词”意为“…，结果却…”
例. They don't have to pay for expensive seats at the theater, the cinema or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing.
句法分析：only to discover前为主句，only to discover后为动词不定式短语，其宾语为that从句，作结果状语。
误译：他们不必花钱去剧院、电影院或歌剧院买价格昂贵的戏票，只是发现演出的节目令人失望。
正译：他们不必花钱去剧院、电影院或歌剧院买价格昂贵的票，结果却发现，演出的节目令人失望。
要点：“…, only to + v.”表示与句子谓语动作的目的相反的结果。
15、Nor + because
例. Nor do I teach because I think I know answers or because I have knowledge I feel compelled to share.
句法分析：这是一个主从复合句, Nor do I teach为主句，because I think I know answers, or because I have knowledge为两个并列的原因状语从句。在第一个原因状语从句中I know answers是think的宾语从句；在第二个原因状语从句中I feel compelled to share是定语从句，修饰先行词knowledge。
误译：我也不教书，因为我认为自己能够解答问题，或者因为我有满腹学问，觉得非与别人分享不可。
正译：我之所以教书，也不是因为我认为自己能够解答问题，或者因为我有满腹学问，觉得非与别人分享不可。
要点：句中否定副词“Nor”不是否定主句的谓语动词，而是否定两个because 引导的原因状语从句。汉译时这种否定要按汉语的表达习惯体现出来，这称为否定的转移译法。
16. (There + be) No +主语+ but +谓语+其他
例. There is not man but has his faults.
句法分析及要点：这是一个主从复合句，句中but是否定关系代词，又引出从句，而且具有否定意义，它的作用就等于who … not, that … not, which … not。因为but是关系代词，所以它后面的动词不是不定式，而是变化了的人称形式，其变化依据前面的主语而定。
硬译：没有人没有缺点。
译文：人皆有过。
17、主语，“最不…的”
例
句法分析：the last thing,
重点：the last (
，这是一18. [｛或but) not +表
语A｝
例
的句架为the scales in the one case和the balance in the other (case)，谓语动词是differ。in the one case 和in the other (case)是对称的两种情况。第二个表语从句是一个比较句型，即是the latter和the former的比较。the latter (后者)指第一分句中的the balance in the other (case); the former (前者)指第一分句中的the scales in the one case。
要点：本句型属正反判断句。它包括二式，意义完全一样。用得较普遍的是第一式，先否定，后肯定。第二式是先肯定，后否定；第二式的连词and或but,可用可不用。第一式常译作“不是…而是…”，第二式作“是…而不是…”。
译文：并不是说面包师或卖肉的人所用的磅称在构造原理或工作方式上和化学家所用的天平存在差异，而是说与前者相比，后者是一种更精密得多的仪器，因而在计量上必然更准确得多。
19[主语+ ｛had (would) + rather +动词原形than谓语+ rather than ｝] +动词原形
例. I would rather die with my head high, with indestructible faith and profound belief in the destiny of our country, than live in humility and renounce the principles which are sacred to me.
句法分析：这是一个简单复合句。句架为：I would rather die …, than live… and renounce …意为“宁可…而不…”，用以表选择。die之后的两个with短语为伴随着状况，修饰die; in humility愿意为“谦虚(逊)地”，本例中可引申为“屈从之下”，该介词短语作状语修饰live。句末的which从句作定语修饰principle, renounce意为“背(放)弃”。
译文：我宁愿昂着头，怀着不动摇的信念，抱着对祖国前途的深刻的信心而死，而不愿在屈从之下背弃神圣的原则而生。
要点：本句型表示主观上的决择，常译作“宁可…”，与其…宁愿…”。第一式表推测或设想，语气较委婉；第二式是陈述语气，较坚决。现在多用would rather 代替。
20、条件从句+主句+ only if +条件从句]
例
句法分析：这是一个主从复合句，逗号前为条件状语从句，逗号后为主句。
译文：只要我们大家全力以赴，困难必然会克服的。
例 2. You could know your own language only if you compared it with other languages.
句法分析：only if前为主句，only if后为条件从句。
译文：只有当你将本族语同其他语言进行比较时，你才真正懂得你的本族语。
要点：本句型的两式在意义上差不多。第一式的连词是if, only是加上表示强调语气的，通常译作“只要…就…”。第二式的重点在only,与本式相类似的组合有only when (只有在…时候才…)，only because (只因)等，only if意为“必须在…条件下才…”或表示“非在…条件下不可”。两式中的only与if都可以分开用，都可以用直陈语气和虚拟语气，但通常用直陈语气。
21. There is no +动名词
There's no doing = It is impossible to do = We cannot do.
There's no denying (question, doubt, question, wonder) that… (不可否认……) There's no accounting for tastes. (嗜好各有不同,是无法说明的)
There's no saying how long the war is going to last. (战争还要进行多久是未知数) There's no knowing when we shall meet again. (不晓得他何时到达)
There's no getting along with him. (跟他是无法相处的)
There's no going out in this snow-storm. (在这样的大风雪中,是不可能外出的)
22. 'It'construction (It结构)及其翻译方法
本节将'It'作为引导词和非人称代词的疑难结构的译法进行重点介绍。在这些结构中，'it'只有语法意义而无词汇意义，所以一律省略不译。
A.“It+vi. that-clause”
It appears that …看来…，似乎…，很显然…
It follows (from…) that …(由…)可见…，(从……)可知……
It goes without saying that …碰巧…，偶然…，恰好…
It occurred to sb that …某人想起……
It seemed (to sb) that …似乎……，(某人)觉得……
It stands to reason that …显然……，结果是……，最后搞清楚……
It turns out that …原来……，结果是……，最后搞清楚……
It turns out to be the case that…结果弄清楚是……，原来(是)……
1. It follows that matter can be transformed into energy.
可见，物质可转变能量。
2. It never occurred to me that something would go wrong so quickly with this
instrument.
我根本没有想到这台仪器这么就出了毛病。
3. It stands to reason that constant velocity implies not only constant speed but unchanging direction as well.
显然，匀速不仅意味着速度的大小不变，而是方向也不变。
4. It turns out that the new element was polonium.最后搞清楚，那种新元素是钋。
B.“It+n./adj+v-ing”
It is no use (没用的，行不通的)+动名词It is of no use (无用的)+动名词
It is useless (无用的，没好处的)+动词It is no good (无益的)+动名词
It is a nuisance (讨厌的事)+动名词
It is worth while (值得的)值得的+动名词
1. It is no employing radar to detect objects in water.
使用雷达探测水下目标，没有什么用处。
2. It is of no use learning book knowledge without doing experiments.
学习书本知识而不是实验是没有用的。
3. It is a nuisance having to wait for such a long time to check the pressure again.
被迫等那么久再检查一次压力是件讨厌的事情。
4. It is worth while doing this test.做得这次试验是值得的。
C.“v.+prep.+it+that-clause”
1. You may depend upon it that cracking a nucleus involves'atom smashing'
你相信好了，使核爆裂就是“原子粉碎”。
2. We will answer for it that flying machine is reliable.
我们愿意保证这个飞行器是可靠的。
3. You will see to it that the engine does not get out of order.
留心别让发动机出毛病。
D. It is +adj+that-clause.
It is admirable that …最好…
It is at once apparent that …一目了然…
It is conceivable that …可以想象…
It is definite that …肯定；可以肯定…
It is not likely that …不见得…
It is preferable that …最好…
It is noteworthy that …值得注意的是…
It is worth that ……值得的……；……是值得的
It is well-Know that …大家知道……；众所周知……
(E) It is +n+that –clause
It is mercy that …幸而……
It is no wonder that …难怪……
It it a common observation that …众所周知
It is frequently the case that ……是常有的事
It is the law of nature that ……是自然规律
It is common sense that ……是普通常识
It is no harm that …无意识的
It is a pity that …真遗憾……：很可惜……
(F) It+be+ P. P +that-Clause
It is universally accepted that …普遍认为……
It is alleged that …据说
It is asserted that …有人声称(断言)……
It is declared that …据宣布……，据称……
It is outlined that …根括地说
It is (was) supposed that …据推测……，假定……
It is (was) estimated that …据估计
It is hypothesized that …假设
It is (was) said that …据说……，权衡了……
It has been announced that …已宣布……
It has been announced that …有人反驳……；有人反对……
It has been objected that …已回顾了……
It has been objected that …人们将注意到……
It will be noted that …人们将注意到……
It will be seen from the above that …由上述可以看见
It will be seen therefore that …因此可以看出
It can be felt that …人们感到…
It can be proved that …可以证明…
It cannot be denied that …无可否认…
It may be predicted that …可以预料……
It may be safely said that …可以有把握地说
It may be admitted that …老实说
It should be kept in mind that …应当记住……
It should be pointed out that …应当指出……
It must be stressed that …必须强调……
It must not be assumed that …决不能认为……
2004
Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)
The relation of language and mind has interested philosophers for many centuries.
(61) The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.
Only recently did linguists begin the serious study of languages that were very different from their own. Two anthropologist-linguists, Franz Boas Edward Sapir, were pioneers in describing many native languages of North and South America during the first half of the twentieth century. (62) We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages. Other linguists in the earlier part of this century, however, who were less eager to deal with bizarre data from “exotic” language, were not always so grateful. (63) The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. Native American languages are indeed different, so much so in fact that Navajo
could be used by the US military as a code during World War II to send secret messages.
Sapir's pupil, Benjamin Lee Whorf, continued the study of American Indian languages.
(64) Being interested in the relationship of language and thought, Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because the structure of habitual thought in a society. He reasoned that because it is easier to formulate certain concepts and not others in a given language, the speakers of that language think along one track and not along another. (65) Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce far-reaching consequences for the culture of a society. Later, this idea became to be known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, but this term is somewhat inappropriate. Although both Sapir and Whorf emphasized the diversity of languages, Sapir himself never explicitly supported the notion of linguistic determinism.