第二章 主语
第二章主语
在句子中起着不同语法作用的部分，叫做句子成分。一般说来，常见的句子成分有七种，即：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和同位语。其中主语和谓语为主要成分，表语、宾语、定语、状语和同位语为次要成分。主要成分一般为不可缺少的成分，次要成分则根据句子的需要可有可无。
主语（the Subject）是句子的主体，表示句子描写的是“谁”或“什么”，是谓语的陈述对象。主语一般出现在谓语的前面，但由于句子结构的需要（如疑问句中）或文体的需要（如承上启下，表示强调等）会出现语序倒装的现象。主语通常是一些带有事物性或实体性的词语，如China、the student、my uncle等，即使主语是个抽象概念，如Marxism，它仍然具有事物性，表示一种明确的概念，不如此，主语便不能成为句子的话题，不能成为信息传递的出发点。主语，主要由名词性词语充当，通常由名词、代词、数词、或相当于名词的词组、从句等充当。
一、名词作主语
名词（Nouns）是表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念名称的词，按其意义名词可分为专有名词（Proper Nouns）和普通名词（Common Nouns）。专有名词是表示具体的人、事物、地点或机构专有名称的词，如：Asia（亚洲）、France（法国）、New York（纽约）、UN（联合国）、the Summer Palace（颐和园）、May（五月）、Sunday（星期天）、Christmas（圣诞节）、Mrs Smith（史密斯夫人）、Dr. Zhang（张博士）、Bill Gates（比尔·盖茨）等。普通名词是表示某些人、某类事物、某种物质或抽象概念名称的词，如：desk（桌子）、time（时间）、life（生活）、book（书本）、room（房间）、honesty（诚实）、worker（工人）、pencil（铅笔）、computer（计算机）。普通名词又可分为个体名词（Individual Nouns）、集合名词（Collective Nouns）、物质名词（Material Nouns）和抽象名词（Abstract Nouns）。
个体名词是表示单个的人和事物的词，如：teacher（老师）、car（汽车）、house（房子），apple（苹果）、picture（照片）等。
集合名词是表示一群人或一些事物名称的词，如：people（人们）、family（家庭）、army （军队）、team（队）、government（政府）等。
物质名词是表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体物质的词，如：fire（火）、glass （玻璃）、air（空气）、water（水）、sugar（糖）等。
抽象名词是表示动作、状态、品质或其他抽象概念的词，如：labour（劳动）、health（健康）、struggle（斗争）、courage（勇气）、reform（改革）等。
请看例句：
Victoria lives with her parents. 维多利亚和她的父母亲住在一起。
Pairs is the capital of France. 巴黎是法国的首都。
The Whites like the classic music. 怀特一家喜欢古典音乐。
The Changjiang River is the biggest one in China. 长江是中国最大的河。
The Times is a foreign newspaper. 《泰晤士报》是一家外国报纸。
Maotai is a famous Chinese liquor. 茅台是一种中国的名酒。
Our country is a developing country. 我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。
The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。
His sister has received a letter from her parents. 他姐姐收到一封她父母亲的信。
The boss made us work for a whole day. 老板要我们整整干了一天。
My father bought me a book. 我父亲给我买了一本书。
The British police have only very limited powers. 英国警察权力范围极其有限。
The football team is being reorganized. 足球队正在重新组建。
The government has done its best to stop the pollution. 政府已作最大努力来减少污染。
The audience are listening to a Beethoven symphony. 听众们正在听贝多芬交响曲。
The furniture in the room has been made to order. 室内的家具是定做的。
Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水。
Air and water are necessary to life. 空气和水是生命所必需的。
Dinner is ready. 饭准备好了。
The wines of France are among the best in the world. 法国的葡萄酒是世界上最好的。
Cotton feels soft. 棉花摸起来柔软。
Hunger is a big problem in the word today. 饥饿是当今世界上的一大问题。
War is the continuation of politics. 战争是政治的继续。
Science is making rapid progress in China. 中国科学正在飞速发展。
Wisdom is better than strength. 智慧胜于力量。
Knowledge begins with practice. 认识始于实践。
The good news is that we have passed the exam. 好消息是我们通过了考试。
Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
有些名词化的词、词组或短语也能作主语。所谓名词化（Nominalizing）是指由其他词性转化出来的名词，表示一类人或东西。例如：
Old and young joined in the discussion. 老老少少参加了讨论。
The rich sometimes complain their empty life. 富人有时抱怨他们空虚的生活。
The long and the short of the matter is that we should improve our methods of teaching. 问题的关键是我们必须改进教学方法。
The living must finish the work of those dead. 活着的人必须继续完成那些死去人的事业。
The wounded are well looked after. 伤员们受到很好的照顾。
The unemployed lead a hard life. 失业的人生活很困难。
“The” is an article. The是个冠词。
二、代词作主语
代词（Pronouns）是代替名词以及起名词作用的短语、分句和句子的词。代词可分以下九类：人称代词（Personal Pronouns）、物主代词（Possessive Pronouns）、反身代词（Reflective Pronouns）、相互代词（Reciprocal Pronouns）、指示代词（Demonstrative Pronouns）、疑问代词（Interrogative Pronouns）、不定代词（Indefinite Pronouns）、连接代词（Conjunctive Pronouns）和关系代词（Relative Pronouns）。可作主语的有：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词。
1、人称代词作主语
人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。在句中能作主语的是人称代词的主格词，即是I、you、he、she、it、we、you和they。例如：
I love my country. 我热爱我的国家。
We had a good time last night. 我们昨晚玩得很开心。
You should be proud of yourself. 你应为自己感到骄傲。
He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
They love each other. 他们彼此相爱。
She is always ready to help others. 她总是乐意助人。
It’s a heavy box. 这是一个重盒子。
1）使用人称代词需要注意的几个情况：
①第一人称单数代词“I”不论在什么地方都要大写。例如：
I study English every day. 我天天学习英语。
②“we”常常代替“I”表示一种同读者，听众或观众之间的亲密关系。例如：
We shall do our best to help the poor. 我们将尽全力帮助贫困者。
③“she”常常代替国家、城市、宠物等，表示一种亲密或爱抚的感情。例如：
I live in China. She is a great country. 我住在中国。她是一个伟大的国家。
④“it“有时也可指人。例如：
It’s me. Open the door, please. 是我，请开门。
⑤“they”有时代替一般人。例如：
They say you are good at computer. 他们说你精通计算机。
2）并列人称代词的排列顺序：
①单数人称代词并列作主语时，其顺序为：第二人称＞第三人称＞第一人称。
②复数人称代词作主语时，其顺序为：第一人称＞第二人称＞第三人称。
2、物主代词作主语
物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，能作主语的是名词性物主代词，即：mine、yours、his、hers、its、ours、yours和theirs。例如：
My bike is red, and yours is green. 我的自行车是红色的，而你的是绿色的。
Her book is here. Yours is over there. 她的书在这儿，你的在那儿。
Our classroom is on the first floor and theirs is on the second floor. 我们的教室在一楼，他们的教室在二楼。
These books aren’t ours. Ours are new. 这些书不是我们的。我们的是新的。
May I use your pen? Yours works better. 我可以用一下你的钢笔吗？你的更好用。
Ours is a great Party. 我们的党是伟大的党。
3、指示代词作主语
指示代词表示“那个”、“这个”、“这些”、“那些”等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this、that、these和those。例如：
This is the way to do it. 这事就该这么做。
That is a good idea. 那是个好主意。
These are not his belongings. 这些不是他的财物。
Those books are ours. 那些书是我们的。
指示代词的用法：this 和these 表示在时间上或空间上较近的人或物，that 和those 表示在时间上或空间上较远的人或物。that 和those 还可以指前文中的事物，this 和these 指下文中将要讲到的事物，他们起一种承上或启下的作用。
4、疑问代词作主语
能作主语的疑问代词有who、whose、what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。
Who is here just now? 刚才谁来这儿?
Who’s speaking? 你是谁？
What is on the table? 桌子上是什么？
Whose is lost? 谁的丢了？
5、不定代词作主语
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有all、any、another、both、each、either、every、few、little、many、much、no、none、neither、one、other、some 以及由some、any、no、every和body、one、hing构成的复合词。例如：
Everybody should be here in time tomorrow. 明天大家都要按时到。
One should not praise oneself. 一个人不应炫耀自己。
Anybody can do it. 任何人都可以做这件事。
All goes well. 一切进展顺利。
Both of my parents are healthy. 我的双亲身体都健康。
Each of the students has two pens. 每个学生有两支钢笔。
Another of the students traveled all the world over. 另一位学生周游了全世界。
Such is the fact. 情况就是这样。
6、反身代词在人称、性、数方面与一般人称代词是一致的。所不同的是，反身代词没有主格，通常不能单独地作主语。如我们不说：Myself drove the car. 而讲：I myself drove the car. 但在非正式语体中，它可以用在and，or，nor等连接的并列主语中。例如：Charles and myself saw it. 查理和我看到了。
My wife and myself went sailing yesterday. 昨天我妻子和我自己外出驾驶帆船。
My colleague or myself will attend to the work. 我的同事或者我自己会照料这项工作。
Neither Fred nor yourself had anything to do with it. 弗雷德和你自己都与此事无关。
7、关系代词作主语的情况在定语从句中予以阐述。
三、数词作主语
数词（Numberals）是表示计算的数目、事物的数量或事物的顺序的词类。表示数目多少或顺序先后的词叫做数词。数词与不定代词很相似，其用法相当于名词与形容词。数词有两种，表示数目多少的数词叫做基数词（Cardinal Numberals），如one、ten、fifty-two等。表示顺序先后的数词叫做序数词（Ordinal Numberals），如first、tenth、fiftieth等。
1、基数词作主语
Thirteen is an unlucky number in western countires. 在西方国家13是个不吉利的数目。
Three of them joined the school team. 他们中有三人参加了校队。
Two twos are four. 二二得四。
Ten minus three is seven. 十减三等于七。
2、序数词作主语
The first is better than the second. 第一个比第二个要好。
The first is mine and the second is yours. 第一个是我的，第二个是你的。
四、动词不定式作主语
动词不定式（Infinitive）是动词的一种非谓语动词（the Nonfinite Verbs）形式，一般是在动词原形前加“to”构成。“to”在这里没有意义，只用来作为不定式的符号。由于动词不定式具有名词的特征，在句中可作主语。
1、动词不定式作主语时，如果较短，一般直接放在句子主语的位置上。例如：
To serve the people is our duty. 为人民服务是我们的职责。
To study hard is our task. 努力学习是我们的任务。
To do the job well is not easy. 做好这项工作是不容易的。
To make a mistake is human. 犯错误是人之常情。
To mast a language is not an easy thing. 掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。
To talk with him is a great pleasure. 同他谈话是一件愉快的事情。
To work hard is the key to success. 勤奋学习是成功的钥匙。
To know the theory is one thing; to put it into practice is another. 懂得理论是一回事，将它付诸实践又是一回事。
2、但在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，我们常常用先行词it放在句首，成为起引导作
用的形式主语（Formal Subject），而把真正的主语动词不定式放在句末。这样避免头重脚轻，失去平衡。这类结构有：
1）It is（或seems／feels等连系动词）＋形容词＋不定式
It is hard to translate this sentence into English. 把这个句子译成英语很难。
It’s so nice to hear your voice. 听到你的声音真高兴。
It is easier to say something than to do it. 说比做容易。
It is very important to study English nowadays. 如今学习英语非常重要。
It’s better to give than to receive. 奉献总比索取好。
It’s easy to get lost in a big city like Tokyo. 在东京这样的大城市容易迷路。
It’s necessary to discuss the problem with an experienced teacher. 与一位有经验的老师讨论这个问题是有必要的。
It seems easy to deal with him. 同他打交道好像挺容易。
It seemed impossible to save money. 存钱似乎是不可能了。
2）It is＋名词＋不定式
It’s my pleasure to help you. 很乐意帮助你。
It’s your turn to be on duty tomorrow.明天轮到你值日了。
It is a good act to heep the others. 帮助别人是一种好的行为。
It is a mistake to do it in this way. 这样做是错误的。
It is my duty to sweep the floor every day. 每天扫地是我的职责。
3）It＋动词短语＋不定式
It needed hard work to finish the job. 做完那项工作需要艰苦劳动。
It requires patience to teach children. 教育孩子需要耐心。
It takes much time to carry out a test. 进行试验是要花费许多时间的。
It helps you stay fit to go in for sports. 参加体育活动能使你保持健康。
有时谓语可以是不及物动词。例如：
It always pays to tell the truth. 说实话总是不吃亏的。
3、用作主语的不定式，它的逻辑主语（Logical Subject）通常可在特定的上下文或情景中看出。例如：
Well, I’ve put on weight again. To take it off would be no easy job. 嗯，我又发胖了，再要减肥可不易了。（to take it off的逻辑主语是I。）
To get to the other bank is no problem to a good swimmer. 到对岸对游泳好手来说不是问题。（to get to the other bank的逻辑主语是a good swimmer。）
To do it well is his earnest desire. 他真诚的希望把这件事办好。（to do it well的逻辑主语是he。）
4、但在许多情况下，动词不定式的逻辑主语需要明确表示或加以强调时，由介词for 引出，构成不定式的复合结构，for本身无实际意义，它只表明在它后面的成分从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。例如：
For one to do a bit of good is not hard. 一个人做点好事并不难。
For a student to learn a third foreign language is no easy job. 对一个学生来说，学第三门外语不是件容易的事。
不定式for结构的这种用法理论上可行，但实际上这种用法不常见，一般都用“it”作形式主语。使用这一句型只表明不定式行为的特点，而不表明sb.本身的特点。例如：It is impossible for him to go alone. 他一个人去不可能。
It is not easy for us to master a foreign language. 我们掌握一门外语是不容易的。
It’s necessary for us to help each other. 我们互相帮忙是必要的。
It is very important for her to express her opinions. 表达她的意见，对她来讲是非常重要的。
It is not very good for you to smoke so much. 你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。
It was hard for him to say goodbye. 对他来说，道声再见是很难的。
如果句中的宾语或表语也是一个不定式，则不可用这种句型。例如：
To help animals is to help people. 帮助动物就是帮助人类。
To protect forests is to keep natural balance. 保护森林就是保持生态平衡。
动词不定式的逻辑主语有时由介词of引出，构成“It is＋形容词＋of sb.＋to do sth.”结构。使用这一结构意在对sb.及其所做的行为进行评价。此时常见的形容词有good、kind、nice、wise、wrong、clever、brave、honest等。例如：
It’s very kind of you to have given us much help. 你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。
It is stupid of you to make such a mistake. 你犯这样的错误是愚蠢的。
It is foolish of you to do that. 你真傻，做那样的事。
It seemed selfish of him not to give us anything. 他不给我们任何东西，这显得太自私了。
It was clever of him to say goodbye. 对于他来说，说声再见是最明智不过了。
It’s wrong of you to laugh at others. 你嘲笑别人是不对的。
It is right of you to fight for the people. 为人民而斗争是正确的。
由于这类形容词多为对sb及其所做的行为进行评价，因此本句型可以用sb作主语进行转换，如上述一、二例句可以转换为：
You are kind to have given us much help.
You are stupid to make such a mistake.
而句子It is not easy for us to master a foreign language. 不可转换为：We are easy to master
a foreign language.
5、“疑问词＋不定式”结构作主语
不定式可以和疑问代词who、what、which及疑问副词when、how、where等连用（不包括why），构成不定式短语。例如：
What to do is a big problem. 做什么是个大问题。
When to start has not been decided yet. 何时动身尚未决定。
Where to go is not known yet. 去什么地方还不知道。
Which one to choose is hard to decide. 该选择哪一个很难定。
How to get there remains a question. 如何去那儿仍然是个问题。
It’s important to learn how to use the computer. 学会使用电脑很重要。
It has not been decided when to start. 什么时候出发还没定下来。
It is not known yet when to go there. 什么时候去那里还不知道。
6、“there to be”结构作主语
“there to be”结构也可作主语，但其前要带for，这种情况多见于it作形式主语的结构。例如：
It was unusual for there to be no latecomers. 没有人迟到，这是不常有的事。
It is surprising for there to be no objections. 没有反对意见，真让人吃惊。
It is impossible for there to be any more. 不可能有更多的了。
It is impossible for there to be any more chance. 不可能再有机会了
It is important for there to be a free school for the poor children. 给贫困的孩子建一所免费学校太重要了。
It is not wise for there to be bicycles in heavy traffic. 在交通拥挤的街道上骑自行车是不明智的。
It is a pity for there to be any disagreement in the family. 家庭不和，实在遗憾。
五、动名词作主语
动名词（Gerund）也是动词的一种非谓语动词形式，其结构是由动词原形加词尾-ing构成。不定式作主语常表示一次性的、具体的动作，往往与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。而动名词作主语表示一种抽象的和泛指的动作，通常不需要与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。动名词作主语通常有两种位置：
1、动名词直接置于主语的位置。例如：
Studying English is my favorite. 学习英语是我的爱好。
Learning from others is important. 向别人学习很重要。
Climbing mountain is a good exercise. 爬山是一项好运动。
Working under such a condition is terrible. 在这样的环境下工作太可怕了。
2、用it作形式主语，把作真正主语的动名词置于句末。例如：
It’s interesting watching children play. 看孩子们玩很有意思。
It’s very difficult climbing this mountain. 爬这座山很困难。
用it作形式主语的主要结构有：
It’s no good doing sth. 做某事没有好处。
It’s no use doing sth. 做某事无用。
It’s no harm doing sth. 做某事无害。
It’s no fun doing sth. 做某事无趣。
It’s useless doing sth. 做某事无用。
It’s a waste of time doing sth. 做某事是浪费时间。
例如：
It’s no good refusing to do it. 拒绝做这件事是没有好处的。
It is no use crying over spilt milk. 作无益的后悔是没有用的。
It’s useless waiting here. 在这儿等着没用。
It is a waste of time trying to reason with him. 与他理论是浪费时间。
3、在“there be no”结构中，通常也用动名词作主语。例如：
There is no joking about such matters. 这种事开不得玩笑。
There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。
There is no getting along with him. 简直无法与他相处。
There is no knowing what may happen tomorrow. 谁也不知道明天将发生什么。
There was no mistaking his intentions this time. 这回不可能看错他的意图。
Once let this fellow start talking, there was no stopping him. 一旦让这个家伙谈起来，就无法让他停下来了。
4、“there being”结构也能作主语。例如：
There being a shop here is a great advantage. 这儿有个商店，真是方便极了。
There being a house with a garden is expensive. 拥有花园的房子是很贵的。
5、一般来说，动名词的主语应该与句子的主语是一致的，如果不一致，动名词可以有自己的逻辑主语。动名词作主语时，其逻辑主语常用形容词性物主代词或名词所有格。例如：Our coming made him happy. 我们的到来使他很高兴。
Harley’s leaving will spoil everything.哈利的离去会毁掉一切。
Your being right doesn’t necessarily mean my being wron g. 你的正确未必就意味着我的错
误。
Edmund’s escaping from the prison made trouble for the police. 埃得蒙德从监狱逃跑给警方制造了麻烦。
It is no use your telling me not to worry. 你告诉我别担心是没有用的。
六、从句作主语
在复合句中，有些从句（Clauses）的作用相当于名词，在句中充当主语、表语、宾语或同位语。这种从句分别称为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句，统称为名词性从句（Noun Clauses）。根据名词性从句的构成，又可将从句分成that从句、wh-疑问从句和名词性关系从句。
1、that从句（That-clauses）作主语
由连接词that引导的从句叫做名词性that从句。that从句由从陈述句改写而成，从句的语序为陈述语序。that本身无意义，在句子中也不充当任何句子成分，只起连接的作用。例如：
That he did it alone surprised us. 他独自完成了那项工作使我们感到吃惊。
That she was chosen made us very happy. 她被选上了，我们很高兴。
That the earth is round is well-known to us all. 地球是圆的这以点我们大家都知道。
That he will succeed is obvious. 他会成功，这是显然的。
That you will win the medal seems unlikely. 你想获得奖牌看起来是不可能的。
That you are so indifferent bothers me. 你如此冷淡使我很烦恼。
That she survived the accident is a miracle. 她在事故中幸免于难简直是奇迹。
that作主语且位于句首时，不能省略。在非正式文体中，特别是在口语中，常用形式主语it代替主语从句，即将it放在句首，将真正的主语从句置于句末，以避免句子头重脚轻，例如：
It’s a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
It is true that he passed the English test. 千真万确，他通过了英语考试。
用it作形式主语的that从句有以下四个主要句型：
1）It＋be＋形容词＋that从句
可应用于此句型的形容词有clear、better、natural、important、certain、true、possible、obvious、necessary等。例如：
It is necessary that a student should learn a foreign language well. 学生学好一门外语是必要的。
It is important that we should keep the balance of nature. 重要的是我们必须保持生态平衡。
It is quite obvious that we need more equipment is. 很明显我们需要更多的设备。
It’s natural that they should have different views.他们有不同的观点是很自然的。
It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。
It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。
2）It＋be＋名词＋that从句
可应用于此句型的名词有fact、shame、honor、pity、knowledge、surprise、belief等。例如：
It is a pity that he hasn’t come to the meeting. 非常遗憾他没有参加会议。
It is a shame that he didn’t pass the exam.很遗憾他没有通过考试。
It is common knowledge that fish can’t live without water. 鱼没有水就无法生存，这一点是常识。
It is a surprise that she has got through to the final. 令人惊奇的是她闯入了决赛。
It is accepted belief that failure is the mother of success. 普遍认为失败是成功之母。
It is my suggestion that he needs more practice. 他需要更多的练习是我的建议。
3）It＋be＋动词的过去分词＋that从句
可应用于此句型的过去分词有believed、known、reported、said、decided等。例如：It is said that he’s got married.据说他结婚了。
It is believed that Indians were the first settlers in the Americas. 人们认为印第安人是美洲大陆最早的居民。
It is reported that the famous singer will hold a solo concert this month. 据报道那位著名歌手下月要举行独唱音乐会。
It must be pointed out that you have failed to meet the deadline. 必须指出你错过了最后期限。
It has not been decided where the meeting is to be held. 在哪里开会还没决定。
4）It＋不及物动词＋that 从句
可应用于此句型的不及物动词有happen、appear、seem、occur等。例如：
It occurred to me that I had forgotten to post the letter. 我突然想起我忘了把信给寄了。
It seems that everybody agrees to the decision. 似乎每个人都同意这个决定。
It seems that Riva is not coming to the party at all. 莉娃似乎不来参加晚会了。
It seemed that things were not as they expected. 看起来情况并不像他们所想象的那样。
It happened that this type of microwave ovens had been sold out. 恰好这种微波炉已经售完了。
It happened that I was out that day. 碰巧我那天外出了。
有时我们也可以看到“It＋及物动词＋宾语＋that 从句”这种句型。例如：
It struck me that she had come to borrow the books. 我突然想到她来借过书。
It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey. 头发日渐见白使她很担忧。
It surprises her that she has got such great success. 取得这样的成功使她惊奇不已。
2、wh-疑问从句（Wh-interrogative Sub-clauses）作主语
wh-疑问从句是由wh-疑问词who、whom、whose、which、what、when、where、why、how以及由how构成的how far、how long、how much、how many、how heavy、how tall、how often、how soon、how old等引导的。这种从句可从特殊疑问句变化而成。而一般疑问句构成的从句则由if或whether引导。wh-疑问从句不用问句语序。
Who will attend the meeting has not been decided yet. 谁将出席这个会议还没有决定。
When we’ll have the examination has not been discussed.我们什么时候进行考试还没有讨论。
When they will start out has not been decided yet. 他们什么时候动身还没有决定下来。
Why he did it wasn’t quite clear. 他为什么做那件事还不很清楚
Where she lives is not known yet. 她住在什么地方，大家还不知道。
Which of the questions is to be discussed first doesn’t matter much to us. 哪一个问题先讨论，对我们来说没有关系。
Whether it will do us harm or good is not easily seen. 此事将对我们有害还是有益不容易看出来。
How many people will take part in the competition will be known soon. 马上知道有多少人参加比赛。
How she wrote that book is a story in itself. 她如何写那本书本身是个故事。
当wh-疑问从句作主语作主语时，也可以用it作形式主语。例如：
It’s not decided yet when and where we’re going to have the meeting. 我们何时何地开会还没有定。
It is still a question whether she will come or not. 她会不会来还是个问题。
It depends on the weather whether we will go. 我们是否去取决于天气。
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not. 她是否来这无关紧要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting. 我们在哪里开会毫无区别。
3、名词性关系从句（Nominal Relative Clauses）作主语
名词性关系从句是由what或whoever、whomever、whichever、whosever、whatever等引导的从句。例如：
What he said at the meeting was very important. 他在会上所说的非常重要。
What surprised us is that he did it alone. 使我们吃惊的是他一个人做了那项工作。
What we need now is a good rest. 我们现在需要的是好好休息一下。
What we are doing has never been done before. 我们现在所做的事情是前所未有的。
What I want to know is this. 我想知道的就是这事。
What you need is more practice. 你所需要的是更多的训练。
After Yang Liwei succeeded in circling the earth, what our astronauts desire to do is walk in space. 杨利伟成功地环绕地球飞行之后，我宇航员所渴望做的事情是在太空行走。
What people I met there were very friendly to me. 我在那儿碰到的所有的人都对我十分友好。
What little he said on the subject was full of wisdome. 他就该问题所谈的一点点话充满了智慧。
Whoever is coming will be welcome. 任何人来都欢迎。
Whatever she did was right. 她所做的一切都是对的。
Whatever he did was right. 他所做的事情是正确的。
Whatever we do is to serve the people. 我们无论做什么都是为人民服务。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize. 你们当中不论哪个来会得到奖励。
Wherever you are is my home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家。
英语动词-ing形式作主语和宾语
英语动词-ing形式作主语和宾语笔记整理 一、doing与不定式作主语 doing作主语—→通常用来强调一般的，长期的，习惯的事（物） Point: doing 作主语时常会用 it 作形式主语 E.g. It’s no use / good / fun doing sth. 这没什么用/好处/有趣做某事。 It’s a waste of time / money / energy doing sth. 这是浪费时间/金钱/精力做某事。 It’s a hard / good time doing sth. 这是（段）困难/美好的时光做某事。 不定式作主语—→通常用来强调具体的，暂时的，将来的事（物） 二、doing与不定式作宾语 部分及物动词（如：like , love , prefer）后接动宾时可接doing与不定式两种，两者所表达的含义有所不同：doing作宾语—→通常用来强调一般的，长期的，习惯的事（物） 不定式作宾语—→通常用来强调具体的，暂时的，将来的事（物） ★重点记忆 接动词-ing作宾语的及物动词（短语）： 顺口溜串联： 建议完成多练习，避免错过少延期 喜欢想象禁不住，承认否认与嫉妒 忍受保持不介意，逃脱冒险不原谅 接不定式作宾语的及物动词（短语）： 顺口溜串联： 一问三希望，碰巧拒绝同意， 决定假装提出承诺， 渴望设法买得起， 计划准备不失败。
接动词-ing / 不定式作宾语的及物动词： ①动词love , like , hate等后跟动名词和不定式作宾语，但接动名词表示经常性的情况，接不定式表示具体的动作 ②动词begin , start , continue等后既可跟不定式，又可以跟动-ing形式宾语，意义基本相同 ③一些动词后既可跟动名词做宾语又可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有很大差别： 三、动名词逻辑主语以及其他问题 ①动名词作主语时，形容词性物主代词one’s与名词所有格前置作动名词的逻辑主语，具体形式为：one’s doing ②动名词作宾语时，由形容词性物主代词one’s，人称宾格与名词所有格作动名词的逻辑主语，具体形式为：vt. One’s doing ③逻辑主语位于非谓语动词的最前面： E.g. his not being late. ④动词-ing的肯定形式： 一般时： 主动：doing 被动：being done 完成时： 主动：having done 被动：having been done ⑤动词-ing的否定形式： not + 动词-ing not + having done not having been done （注意：not 一定位于肯定形式的最前面） ⑥在need , want , require 等动词后接动名词，即用主动形式表示被动意义： need/want/require doing = need/want/require to be done
It”作形式主语和形式宾语用法详解
新希望英语语法精讲------“I t”作形式主语和形式宾语“It”作形式主语和形式宾语的用法详解 It作形式主语和形式宾语用法，是英语学习的主要语法项目之一。无论是单项选择，还是完行填空，it用法始终是反复考查的重、热点之一。现将it在特殊句型中作形式主语和形式宾语用法，进行如下归纳分析，以供学习参考。一、 It 用作形式主语当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 e.g. It is wrong to tell a lie. (说谎是错误的。) 〔It为to tell a lie 的形式主语〕 It is no use arguing about it. (争吵是没用的。) 〔It为arguing about it的形式主语〕 It is uncertain who will come. (谁要来还不确定。) 〔It为who will come 的形式主语〕 It 作形式主语的常见句型： ① It + be + 形容词 + to do sth. / doing / that …. e.g. It is very important to learn a foreign language. (学一门外语非常重要。) It is useless crying over the spilt milk. (覆水难收。)
It was really surprising that she married a man like that.(她嫁给那样的男士真让人惊讶。) ② It + be +名词词组 + doing / that …. e.g. It is no good telling lies. (撒谎没好处。) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film yesterday. (你昨天没看成那部电影真遗憾。) It is a truth that there would be no new China without the Communist Party. (没有共产党就没有新中国，这是毋庸质疑的。) ③ It + be + 过去分词 + that …. 该句型常见动词有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc. e.g. It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. (据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。) It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world. (大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。) It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami. (据报道，至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中丧生。) ④ It + seems / appears / happens等不及物动词 + that ….
形式主语与形式宾语
it作形式主语和形式宾语的用法 it作形式主语和形式宾语的用法 It除了用作代词表示指代意义以外，还可以用作形式主语和形式宾语。这种用法是中学阶段英语学习的主要语法项目之一。纵观历届中考题，无论是单项选择、完型填空，还是句型转换或翻译，it用法始终是反复考查的重、热点之一。现将it在特殊句型中作形式主语和形式宾语用法，进行如下归纳分析，以供读者学习和参考。 一、It 用作形式主语 1．当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it 只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。例如： It is wrong to tell a lie. 说谎是错误的。 It is no use arguing about it. 争吵是没用的。 It is uncertain who will come. 谁要来还不确定。 2．It 作形式主语的常见句型 ① It + be + 形容词+ to do sth. / doing / that ….。例如： It is very important to learn a foreign language. 学一门外语非常重要。 It is useless crying over the spilt milk. 覆水难收。 It was really surprising that she married a man like that.她嫁给那样的男士真让人惊讶。 ② It + be +名词词组+ doing / that ….，例如： It is no good telling lies. 撒谎没好处。 It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film yesterday. 你昨天没看成那部电影真遗憾。It is a truth that there would be no new China without the Communist Party. 没有共产党就没有新中国，这是毋庸质疑的。 ③ It + be + 过去分词+ that ….：该句型常见动词有：say, hope, think, suppose, expect, report, know, believe, decide, etc.。例如： It is said that they have invented a new type of computer. 据说他们发明了一种新型电脑。 It is believed that China will become one of the strongest countries in the world. 大家都相信中国将会步入世界强国之列。 It was reported that more than 170 thousand people died in the 2004 tsunami. 据报道，至少有十七万人在2004年那场海啸中丧生。 ④ It + seems / appears / happens等不及物动词+ that ….。例如：
英语主语部分讲解
Lecture 1 Subject(主语部分） Unit 1 名词短语充当主语 1. Proper，scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the costs and benefits of controlling water can help to resolve these conflicts. (1998-1-6) 针对大坝的影响和治水的耗资与收益进行合理科学的研究能有助于解决这些冲突。2. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. (2000-5-3) 其结果，对雄心壮志的支持，支持它作为一种健康的冲动，一种受人尊重并扎根于年轻人心中的品德，也许低于美国以往的任何时期。 3. The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan ' s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. (2000-4-2) 战后生育高峰年代的到来，以及女性进入男性为主的劳动力市场，已经限制了年轻人的机会。他们已经对攀登日本严格的社会阶梯以获得较好的教育和工作所付出的巨大个人代价提出质疑。 4. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries has reduced oil consumption. (2002-3-4) 能源节约、燃料替代和能耗大的重工业重要性的衰减都减少了石油的消耗量。 5. Now a pink slip, a bad diagnosis, or a disappearing spouse can reduce a family from solidly middle class to newly poor in a few months. (2007-3-1) 目前，一次解雇、一个不祥的医学诊断或者配偶的去世都能够在几个月里把一个家庭从殷实的中产阶级降低为新的贫困阶层。 Unit 2 动名词短语充当主语 1. "Setting the proper investment level for security, redundancy, and recovery is a management issue, not a technical one, he says. (2007-4-3) ” 他说：“为信息的安全、冗余以及恢复确定适当的投资水平是一个管理问题而不是一个技术问题。”
初二it做形式主语讲解
'tI形式主语 Examples: 1. It' necessary for the young to master two foreign language 2. It is no use arguing about the matter with him 3. It'a pity that you fail the exam. It用作形式主语 当不定式（短语）、动名词（短语）或从句在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用it作形式主语置于句首，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。 一、代替动词不定式做主语 拒绝是令人遗憾的。 It 'a pity to refuse. 记住这点是很重要的。 It 'very importa nt to remember this point. 1. It + be + 形容词+ for sb + to do sth 这类句型常用形容词（通常为描述事件的形容词）easy, difficult, hard, important, possiblewise, necessary, impossible, likel y, obvious, use 等作表语，有时候为了强调不定式动作的执行者，常在不定式前加for sb,译为“对某人来说做某事怎么样” It ' s necessary for the young to master two foreign Ianguages. It is unwise to give the children whatever they want. 2. It + be + 形容词+ of sb. + to do s_jh 这类形容词常是表示心理品质，性格特征的形容词，如：kind, nice stupid, clever, foolish, polite, impolite, silly, selfish, con siderate等。某人和这些形容词可以构成主系表结构。 It ' s very kind of you to help me with the work. =You are kind to help mewith the work. It s foolish of you to drive a car after drinking. =You are foolish to drive a car after drinking. 3. It + be +名词词纟组+ to do sth It is not a good habit to stay up too late. 4. It takes/took sb +some time/ money to do st做某事花了某人多长时间或多少钱 It took the workers almost three years to finish building the dam. It will take a whole day to get to the top of the mountain on foot. 二、it代替动名词做形式主语 It is no good use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收）
英语中主语构成的相关知识讲解
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练习题(仿照造句)：7.七不是坏数字。 8.三太小了。 9.第3个不很重要。 4动名词(词组)作主语Running is not allowed here.不准在这里跑步。 Running slowly is good for health.慢跑有益于健康。 Shouting for half an hourmade my voice hoarse.大叫半小时使我的声音都嘶哑了。 练习题(仿照造句)：10.不允许在这里跳。 11.哭使我放松。 12.快跑更好。 作者|丹丹英语公众号：英语语法学习本文为原创文章，版权归作者所有，未经授权不得转载!
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