新视野研究生英语_读说写1课文5、9、10及课文翻译

Unit Five Remote Control 课文翻译

1、Recently the Washington Post printed an article explaining how the appliance manufacturers plan to drive consumers insane.最近《华盛顿邮报》刊登了一篇文章，解释家用电器制造商是如何谋划把消费者逼疯的。

2、Of course they don‘t say they want to drive us insane. What they say they want to do is have us live in homes where ―all appliances are on the Internet, sharing information‖and appliances will be ―smarter than most of their owners.‖

当然制造商们并没有说他们想把我们逼疯，他们说他们想做的是让我们生活在―所有电器通过互联网实现信息共享‖的住宅里。而这些电器比―大多数主人聪明得多‖。

F or example, the article states, you could have a home where the dishwasher ―can be turned on from the office‖and the refrigerator ―knows when it‘s out of milk‖ and the bathroom scale ―transmits your weight to the gym.‖例如，文章说到你可以拥有这样一个家：洗碗机―可以从你办公室启动‖、电冰箱―知道何时牛奶喝完了‖、浴室磅秤可以―把你的体重传送到健身房‖。

3、I frankly wonder whether the appliance manufacturers, with all due respect, have been smoking crack. 恕我直言，我满怀敬意地想知道电器制造商们是不是晕了头。

I mean, did they ever stop to ask themselves why a consumer, after loading a dishwasher, would go to the office to start it? Would there be some kind of career benefit?我的意思是他们是否该停下来问问自己：为什么消费者把碗碟放进洗碗机后，要跑到办公室去启动它？难道这样可以在职场上获益吗？

YOUR BOSS: What are you doing? 老板：你在干什么？

YOU ( tapping computer keyboard ): I‘m starting my dishwasher! 你（敲打键盘）：我正在启动我家的洗碗机！

YOUR BOSS: That‘s the kind of productivity we need around here! 老板：这恰恰是我们这儿需要的工作效率。

YOU: Now I‘m flushing the upstairs toilet! 你：我现在就冲洗楼上厕所！

4、Listen, appliance manufacturers: We don‘t need a dishwaher that we can communicate with from afar. 电器制造商们听好：我们不需要从远处来启动洗碗机。

If you want to improve our dishwashers, give us one that senses when people leave dirty on the kitchen counter, and shouts at them: ―Put those dishes in the dishwasher rignt now or I‘ll

leak all over your shoes!‖如果你想改进洗碗机，那就给我们这样一台：当人们把脏碗放在碗柜上时，洗碗机能够感应并且大声冲人喊：―立刻把碗放进来，不然我就会漏水把你鞋子弄湿！‖

5、Likewise, we don‘t need a refrigerator that knows when it‘s out of milk.

同样，我们也不需要电冰箱知道什么时候没有牛奶。

We alrealy have a foolproof system for determining if we‘re out of milk. We ask our wife. 我们已经有了一个傻瓜也明白的万无一失的方法来确定牛奶是否喝完：我们可以问一下妻子。What we could use is a refrigerator that refuses to let us open its door when it senses that we are about to consume our fourth Jell-O Pudding Snack in two hours.

我们需要的是这样一台电冰箱：当它意识到我们要在两小时内就要把第四个吉露果子冻布丁吃完时，冰箱门就再也打不开了。

6、As for a scale that transmits our weight to the gym: Are they nuts? 至于可以把我们的体重传送到健身房的磅秤：这是不是疯了？

We don‘t want our weight transmitted to our own eyeballs! 我们自己都不想看到自己的体重！What if the gym decided to trainsmit our weight to all these other appliances on the Internet?

如果健身房决定把我们的体重传给网上的其他电器怎么办？

What if, God forbid, our refrigerator found out what our weight was!

要是电冰箱知道我们的体重会怎么样呢？但愿不会如此。

We‘d never get the door open again!否则，我们将再也不能打开冰箱门了！

7、But here is what really concerns me about these new ―smart‖ appl iances:Even if we like the features, we won‘t be able to use them. 但是对于这些新型的―智能‖电器，我真正关心的是：即使我们喜欢这些功能，我们也无法使用它们。

We can‘t use the appliance features we have now. 甚至现在电器已有的功能我们也不会使用。I have a feature-packed telephone with 43 buttons, at least 20 of which I am afraid to touch.

我有一部功能齐全的电话机，上面有43个键，但至少有20个功能健我是不敢碰的。

This phone probably can communicate with the dead, but I don‘t know to operate it, just as I don‘t know how to operate my TV, which requires three remote controls. 这部电话或许可以与死人交流，我却不知如何使用，这就如同我不知道怎样操纵我的电视一样，它需要3

个遥控器。One control (44 buttons ) came with the TV; a second (39 buttons )came with the VCR; the third (37 buttons ) was brought here by the cable man, who apparently felt that I did not have enough buttons.其中一个遥控器（有44个功能键）与电视机相连，另一个（有39个功能键）与录像机配套；再一个（有37个功能键）是有线电视管理员带来的，显然他觉得我的遥控器的功能键还不够多。

8、So when I want to watch TV, I‘m confronted with a total of 120 buttons, identified by such helpful labels as PIP , MTS, DBS, FZ, JUMP and BLANK.

所以当我想看电视时，我面对的是120个功能键，通过诸多PIP、MTS、DBS、FZ、JUMP、BLANK等有用的标签来识别它们的功能。

There are three buttons labeled POWER, but there are times-especially if my son and his friends, who are not afraid of features, have changed the settings-when I honestly cannot figure out how to turn the TV on. 其中3个功能键的标签都是POWER，但有些时候尤其是如果我儿子和他的朋友们——他们都不害怕破坏原有的功能——改变了设置，我真不知道该如何打开电视机。I stand there, holding three remote controls, pressing buttons at random, until eventually I give up and go turn on the dishwasher. 我站在那儿，手中握着3个遥控器胡乱地按着，直到最终放弃转而去开洗碗机。

It has been, literally, years since I have successfully recorded a TV show.

毫不夸张地说，我花了几年的工夫才学会了录制电视节目。

That is how ―smart‖my appliances have become.我的电器就―智能‖到了这种程度。

9、And now the appliance manfacturers want to give us even more features.

现在电器制造商们想给我们提供更多电器功能。

Do you know what this means? 你知道这意味着什么吗？

It means that some night you‘ll open the door of your ―smart‖ refrigerator, looking for a beer, and you‘ll hear a pleasant, cheerful voice-recorded by the same woman who informs you that Your Call Is Important when you call a business that does not wish to speak with you persinally-telling you: Your celery is Limp.‖ 这意味着某天晚上你打开你那―智能‖的电冰箱寻找一瓶啤酒时，你会听到甜美而讨人喜欢的声音，―您的芹菜发蔫了‖，当你致电一个商家，而对方又不想和你直接交谈时，你会听到一个相同的录音女声告诉你：―这个电话很重要‖。

You will not know who else your refrigerator knows this, and, what is worse, you will not

know how your refrigerator is telling about it你不知道电冰箱是如何知道这些的，更糟糕的是，你不知道电冰箱把这句话告诉了别的什么人。

( Hey, Bob! I hear your celery is limp!‖ ). （―嘿：鲍勃！听说你的芹菜发蔫了！‖）And, if you want to try to make the refrigerator stop, you‘ll have to decipher Owner‘s Manual instructions written by and for nuclear physicists

如果你想让你的冰箱停下来，你不得不被破译由核物理学家编写的用户使用手册指南。(―To disable the Produce Crispness Monitoring feature, enter the Command Mode, then elect the Edit function, then select Change Vegetable Defaults, then assume that Train A leaves Chicago traveling westbound at 47 mph, while Train B…..‖

（―取消产品保鲜监控功能：进入命令模式，然后选择编辑功能，再选择变化蔬菜默认值，然后假设火车A从芝加哥以47英里/小时的速度向西行驶，火车B……‖）。

10、Is this the kind of future you want, consumers? 消费者们：这就是你们所期望的未来

吗？Do you want appliances that are smarter than you? 你希望电器比你还聪明？Your appliances should be dumber than you, just like your furniture, your pets and your represetatives in Congress.

当然不是，家用电器应该比你笨，就像你的家具、宠物和国会众议员一样。

So Iam urging you to let the appliance industry know, by phone, letter, fax and e-mail, that when it comes to ―smart‖appliances, you vote NO. 所以我敦促你们通过电话、信件、传真或电子邮件的方式让电器制造厂商知道：当论及―智能电器‖时你们会投反对票。

You need to act quickly. Because while you‘re reading this, your microwave oven is voting YES.必须尽快行动。因为在你读这篇文章时，你的微波炉正在投赞成票。

UNIT 9

What Does Sex/Gender Have to Do with Y our Job?（性别与工作之关系)

by Jeffrey Bernbach Labor lawyer Jeffrey Bernbach is Specializing in discrimination and sexual harassment cases.(歧视和性骚扰案件)Since he graduated from Cornell law school, Bernbach has practiced law for more than 25 years and is called a workplace warrior.In this acticle,he describes the workplace sex/gender discrimination and analyzes the underlying reasons for this phenomenon.While reading,please consider about the topic and see if you are for his view.

1 Although there have been laws against employment discrimination for more than a hundred years in the United States, they varied from state to state.

?在美国，虽然反对就业歧视的法律已存在了一百多年，但各州法律却不尽相同。

?Not until some thirty years ago did Title VII ( in addition to prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origin) establish federal uniformity, making it unlawful to discriminate against females-or, for that matter, males—on the basis of their sex.

?直到30年前的平权法案第七条（在禁止基于种族、肤色、宗教信仰和原籍歧视之外）才统一了关于性别歧视的联邦法律，规定对女性—或就此而言，对男性—基于性别上的歧视是非法的。

?On-the-job gender discrimination occurs when an employee is treated differently from a person of the opposite sex under similar circumstances for reasons based solely on the employee‘s sex.

?在相同的环境下，仅仅由于性别的原因，雇员就被与其异性同事区别对待，这就是工作上的性别歧视。

2 More Are Less Equal Than Others--Wage Bias

相比于其他方面，更不平等的是工资上的偏见

Historically,the most obvious example of sex bias has been paying women less than men for doing the same work.

历史上，妇女的工资收入往往低于做同等工作的男人们，这是性别歧视最明显的例子。

Although unlawful,the practice is pervasive,and even now,after years of strong feminist efforts to correct this inequity,women still earn only seventy cents for every dollar earned by men.

这种惯例虽然是非法的，却仍然无处不在。即使是今天，经过了多年女权运动的努力来纠正这种不公平，女性的工资仍然仅仅只有男性工资的百分之七十。

This is wage inequality,not to be confused with the glass ceiling,which denies women the opportunity to advance up the corporate ladder(which also,of course,impinges on wage increase).

这是工资上的不平等，不要和天花板效应混淆。天花板效应指的是阻碍女性在组织中得到晋升的机会（当然了，这也影响到工资的增长）。

Let's say you're a woman working as a publicity director for a large corporation,and you earn ＄35,000;your male counterpart,publicity director for another division of the same corporation,is earning ＄50,000.

比如说，你是一个女性，在一家大公司担任宣传主管，能赚35000美元；而你在同一家公司另一个部门担任宣传主管的男同事却能赚到50000美元。

You and he have almost identical curriculum vitae-in fact, you went to the same college,worked together at another company,and then each of you got your"dream job."

你和他有着近乎相同的个人简历，实际上，你们上过同一所大学，曾经一起在另一家公司工作过，并且你们每一个人都得到了―梦想中的工作‖。

3 Although you are worth as much as your male colleague in terms of employee value (or conversely, maybe he is worth only as much as you),

尽管就雇员价值而言，你和你的男同事不分上下（或者反过来说，或许他的价值不过和你一样），

?nothing will be done to correct this unfair (read that unlawful) situation for two reasons, both very related:

但这种不平等（意味着不合法）的现状得不到纠正。其原因有二，且彼此相关：

?A) Understandably, you don‘t want to quit your jobs-you love it, and protesting

could lead to dismissal or, at the very least, rocking the corporate boat to your detriment,

A）可以理解，你不希望离职-你热爱这份工作，而抗议可能会导致解雇或者至少会招惹公司，对你不利。

?and B) your company knows it can get away with such inequities.

B）你的公司知道它不会因这种不平等而追究。

4 So there you are: making seventy cents for every dollar your colleague makes.

所以：你拿到的工资只是你男同事的70%。

?This goes on at every level of employment, from factory workers to upper-echelon managers.

从工厂工人到高层经理，这种情况在个层次的从业人员中都存在。

?It‘s sad, unlawful truth of life in the workplace.

这是在工作场所出现的令人悲哀而又不合法的真实情形。

?And, until recently, most women didn‘t challenge it because they wanted to keep their jobs.

并且直到最近，大多数女性仍然不敢对此提出起诉，因为她们想保住自己的工作。

5Among the women who do take on such challenges, the litigant most feared by any employer is a minority female over forty years old.

在敢于对此挑战的妇女中，最另雇主害怕的诉讼当事人就是少数超过四十岁的女性。

?This is enough to make executives at even the grandest corporations quake in their boots because such plaintiffs fall into three categories protected by federal and state laws: age, sex, and race.

这足以让那些即使是名企的高管们步履颤抖，因为这种原告符合受联邦和国家的法律保护的三类：年龄、性别和种族。

6While women are victims of sex discriminations far more often than men, remember that if a male worker is treated less favorably than his female colleagues because of his sex, he has just as much a right to challenge this inequity.

虽然女性性别歧视受害者远远多于男性，但是记住如果因为性别因素，男性工人的待遇低于其女性同事，他也一样有和女性同样多的权利来挑战不公平。

?Here‘s a hypothetical example : A man is hired as an editor at a fashion magazine where all the other editors are women.

?这里有一个假设的例子：一名男子在一家除了他自己全是女性的时尚杂志社任编辑。

?Although he has similar editorial experience and a similar position, on the organizational chart ,the female editors are making more than he is simply because he‘s a man. So, workplace discrimination based on gender (sex) can work bo th ways.

?虽然他在组织结构上也有（与女同事）类似的编辑经验和类似的位置，但女同事挣得比他多因为他是一个男人。因此，基于性别的工作场所歧视可以是（男女）两方面的。

7those who do fight for on-the-job equality may find themselves in double trouble:victims first of sexual discrimination and later of sexual harassment.

那些努力争取就业平等的人们或许会发现他们面临双重困境：首先是性别歧视的牺牲品，其次是性骚扰的受害人。

8 Ironically,some of the most frequently cited sources of gender bias occur in professions

where women not only do the same jobs but also wear the same or similar uniforms as men:the military,police and fire departments.And often,female protests have less to do with wage inequities and more to do with the way they are perceived,or treated by their peers.

?具有讽刺意味的是，一些最经常被引用的性别歧视的消息来自军队，警察和消防部门。在这些行业中，女性不仅与男性做同样的工作，而且还穿着与他们相同或相似的制服。女性的抗议通常很少与工资不平等相关，却大多是针对男同事看待和对待她们的方式。

9 One New Jersey policewoman, for example, reported that in over five years with a local police force, officers on the midnight tour watched pornographic movies at the station house while she patrolled the town-alone. Another policewoman reported that although she outscored two men on physical tests, and tied with another man on written tests, the men were hired promptly, while it took her five years( and a lawsuit) to gain her rightful place on the force.

?例如，一位新泽西州的女警员报告说在当地一个警察队伍，五年以来那些负责午夜巡查的男警员们在警察局看色情电影，只有她自己一个人在镇上巡逻。另一名女警员报告说，尽管在体能测试中她的分数超过了另外两个男警员，而且在笔试中她与另一个男警员考了相同的分数，他们都很快被雇佣；而她却花了五年时间（以及一次诉讼）才在警察局中得到了应有的职务。

10 Similar news reports show that women in the military are struggling for acceptance in what still seems to be a man‘s world.

类似的新闻报道显示在军队这个仍被认为是男人世界的领域里，女性正女力争取获得认可。

Two hundred officers in the air force, along with their supporters, have formed a group called WANDAS Watch (Woman Active in our Nation‘s Defense,their Advocates and their Supporters ).

二百名空军军官以及他们的支持者,已经组建了一个名为W ANDAS Watch 的团体(国防系统内的妇女积极分子,他们的拥护者和他们的支持者)。

One target of their protests was the recently retired air force chief of staff , who had vocalized his opposition to women assuming increased roles in the air force.

她们抗议的目标之一是最近退休的前空军参谋长,他曾表示反对女性在空军中发挥更大作用。

A few years ago he reportedly told a Senate panel he would ―rather fly with a less-qualified male pilot than with a topnotch woman aviator‖ .

据说几年前他告诉参议院的一个委员会他宁愿―与一个素质差的男飞行员飞行也不愿同一个第一流的女人飞行员飞行‖。

11 Last year,when the first female astronaut to pilot a space shuttle successfully linked up with a Russian space flight,a group of former female pilots,thirteen women who called themselves FLATS(Fellow Lady Astronaut Trainees),recalled that when they had trained with NASA thirty years earlier, they were never called up as pilots.

?去年，第一个女航天员驾驶的飞机与一家俄罗斯航天飞机成功实现了对接。一组前女飞行员，13个自称是FLATS(受训女航天员)的妇女回忆起30年前她们在太空总署接受训练时没人称她们为飞行员。

?One FLAT,now sixty-five and a retired pilot,told the New York Times, ―We could have done it, but the guys didn‘t want us.‖

?其中一个现年65岁且为退休飞行员的FLAT对《纽约时报》说，―我们本可以完成

飞行的，但男人们不想让我们完成‖。

?She remembered that one NASA said at the time that he would―just as soon orbit with a bunch of monkeys than with a bunch of women.‖

?她记得一位太空总署官员当时说，他宁愿―和一群猴子一起飞行也不愿意和一群女人一起飞行‖。

12In these "uniformed"case,the problem is not one of wage or promotion,but of limited opportunities to performthe task for which these women were hired or were qualified to perform.

在这些―穿制服‖的事例中，问题并不在于薪水或是升迁，而是在于那些女雇员或有能力的女性完成任务的机会受到了限制。

?The time-worn excuse of denying certain jobs to females in order to "protect"them from damage to their reproductive systems or possible harm to an unborn fetus has been held by the courts to constitute sex discrimination.

说什么为了保护女性的生殖系统不受到伤害或者保护未出生胎儿免受损害，用这些陈腐的理由来拒绝给女性提供工作，已被法律视为性别歧视。

?Similarly,restricting the weight that females can be required to lift on a job or the number of hours the may work,in order to "protect" them(which obviously limits employment opportunities),also constitutes sex discrimination.

为保护女性（显然是限制其被雇用的机会）而在工作中限制其所该提起的重量或其所能工作的时间，同样被视为性别歧视。

?In the same way,height and weight standards adversely affect job possibilities for women and are illegal unless it can be demonstrated that they are a bona fide occupational requirement of the job,that is,necessary for performance.

同理，身高和体重标准对女性找工作有不利影响。这些标准是非法的，除非能证明它们是工作所必需的合法职业条件，即是开展工作的必要条件。

13 Speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich committed ― verbal discrimination ‖ while infuriating millions of men and women in 1995 when he side , ― If combat means living in a ditch, females have biological problems staying in a ditch for thirty days because they get infections, and they don‘t have upper-body strength.

美国众议院发言人纽特?金里奇在1995年承认―言语歧视‖时使成千上万的男人和女人愤怒，他认为:如果争论（斗争）意味着住在水沟，女人们住在水沟里30天会出现生理上的疾病，因为她们得到了感染而且也没有上肢的力量。

I mean s ome do, but they‘re relatively rare. On the other hand, men are basically little piglets-you drop them in the ditch, they roll around in it, doesn‘t matter, you know.‖ 我认为一些妇女确实会发生此种状况，但是她们很少会发生这种事情。另一方面，男人基本上都是小猪-当你把他们扔到水沟里时，并不要紧，他们会在里面翻滚。

14 Aside from Speaker Gingrich`s skewed view, some common sense considerations should and do apply.

除了美国国会众议院发言人Gingrich的偏见性的观点之外，有一些常识性因素应该并且确实适用。

For example, if a job at a trucking company requires lifting two-hundred-pound boxes for eight hours a day, an employer might justifiably refuse to give that job to a five-foot-two 110-pound woman (or man, for that matter).

例如，如果有一份货运公司的工作，需要搬起两百英镑的箱子，且每天工作八小时，

这时雇主有理由拒绝由一位5.2英尺高、110英镑重的女性或男性来担任这项工作。

However, if the applicant could demonstrate that he or she could do the job, the employer would have no basis to deny it to him or her.

但是，如果求职者可以证明自己能做得了这份工作，雇主将没有理由拒绝。

As another instance, if a man is applying for a job as an attendant for the women‘s restroom in a restaurant or hotel, and is denied the job, that‘s not se xual discrimination;

另外一个例子，如果一位男性正在申请一份在餐馆或者旅馆的女卫生间当服务员的工作，而且他被拒绝了，这不是性别歧视；

nor would a vice wersa situation of a woman looking for a job as an attendant in a men‘s room be the case . In either of these examples,sex would be a bona fide occupational qualification.

反之当一位女性申请在餐馆或旅店的男卫生间当服务员被拒了也是如此。在每一个这样的例子中,性别都将是一个真正的职业资格证书。

15 If a woman has a license—and a desire—to drive an eighteen wheeler, there‘s no lawful reason why she shouldn‘t have the job.

如果一个女人拥有驾照并且愿意去驾驶大货车，那么，法律没有理由禁止她从事这项工作；

If a man is l icensed as a nursery school educator, there‘s no lawful reason why he shouldn‘t have the job. But, stereotypical perceptions persist.

如果一个男人拥有幼儿园教师资格证，那么，法律没有理由禁止他从事这个职业。但是，老套的看法仍然存在。

Unit 10、It Takes a Village

这是全村人的责任

byDonald L. McCabe

Donald L. McCabe, Professor af Organization Management at Rutgers University is the leading researcher on academic integrity in the United States. The text is an extract.from his essay It Takes a Village: Academic Dishonesty & Educational Opportunity,which was published in Liberal Education in 2005.

1 I have always been intrigued by the African tribal maxim that it takes a village to raise a child.

1 我一直对一条非洲部落的格言感到好奇并充满兴趣，抚养孩子是全村人的责任。

In a similar sense, I would argue it takes the whole campus community - students, faculy and administrators - to effectively educate a student.

同理，我会说教育好学生是全校师生和管理人员共同的责任。

If our only goal is to reduce cheating, there are far simplerstrategies we can employ.

如果我们的目标只是减少作弊，我们可以采用很多更简单的方法。

But if we have the courage to set our sights higher,and strive to achieve the goals of a

liberal education, the challenge is much greater.

但如果我们有勇气放宽眼界，力争达到人文教育的目标，我们面临的挑战就更加艰巨。Among other things, it is a challenge to develop students who accept responsibility for the ethical consequences of their ideas and actions .

这个挑战在于培养学生为自己思想和行为的道德后果负责。

Our goal should not simply be to reduce cheating; rather, our goal should be tofind innovative and creative ways to use academic integrity as a building block in our efforts to develop more responsible students and, ultimately, more responsible citizens.

我们的目标不应仅仅是减少作弊行为，而应该是寻找创造性的方式，把学术诚信作为一种手段，利用它来培养更富有责任感的学生，并最终培养出更富责任感的公民。

Our campuses must become places where the entire ―vil lage" - the community of students, faculty, and administrators - actively works together to achieve this goal.我们的校园必须成为这样的地方：在这里，整个―村庄‖——学生、教师、还有管理者组成的社区——都为了这一目标紧密合作。

As Ernest Boyer observed almost two decades ago, "integrity cannot be divided. If high standards af conduct are expected of students, calleges must have impeccable integrity themselves. Otheveise the lessons of the ?hidden cuviculum' will shape the undergraduate experience.

正如Ernest Boyer大约20年前所说：―诚信不可分。如果我们期待学生行为高尚，学校自身必须完美无缺，否则?潜在课程‘就会教坏学生。

Colleges teach values to students by the standards they set for themselves.‖

学校通过为自己所设立的标准来向学生传递价值观。‖

2In setting standards, faculty have a particular-ly important role to play; students look to them for guidance in academic matters - not just to their peers.

2在标准设立方面，教师的作用尤其重要，学生常向他们寻求学术问题上的指点——不仅仅是向同伴。In particular, to help students appropriately orient themselves and develop an appropriate mental framework as they try to make sense of their college experience, faculty must recognize and affirm academic integrity as a core institutional value.特别是在帮助学生找到自己适宜的位置，发展恰当的思维框架方面，教师必须再三强调学术诚信是学术界的核心价值。

Without such guidance, cheating makes sense for many students as they fall back on strategies they used in high school to negotiate heavy work loads and to achieve good grades.

缺乏这样的引导，许多学生就会重新采用中学既能处理繁重学业又能获取良好成绩的做法，认为作弊是必要的。

3While faculty can do much to improve the climate of academic integrity in their campus "villages", they should not be expected to shoulder this hurden alone.

3 尽管在校园―村落‖中改善学术诚信氛围方面教师的作用很大，但是不能指望他们独自承担这个责任。University administrators need to look more carefully at the role they play.

大学的管理层应该仔细审视一下他们要起的作用。

Instead of reacting to an increasing number of faculty complaints about Internet plagiarism by simply subscribing to a plagiarism detection service, for example,

perhaps these schools should take a more comprehensive look at their integrity policies.

例如，除了以订购抄袭监控软件来回应教师日益增长的对利用网络抄袭的投诉，校方也许应对本校的诚信政策做一个更全面的审视。

While some may decide that plagiarism detection software is an appropriate component of their integrity policy, I trust many more will conclude that it‘s time to abandon their almost exclusive reliance on detevence and punishment and to look at the issue of academic dishonesty as an educational opportunity as well.

我相信，尽管一些学校会把抄袭监控软件看作是诚信政策的有机组成部分，更多的学校会认为现在是时候了，应该放弃完全依赖阻止和惩罚的做法，应该把学术上不诚实的行为也看做教育机会。

4Over the last fifteen years, I have become convinced that a primary reliance on detevence is unreasonable and that, if we truly believe in our role as educators, we would do better to view most instances of cheating as educational opportunities.

4 过去15年间，我渐渐确信，单纯阻止作弊是不明智的，如果我们真正看重我们作为教育者的职责，就应该把大部分的作弊行为看作是教育机会。

While strong sanctions clearly are appropriate for more serious forms of cheating, it's also clear that most students' cheating is far less egregious. 尽管对更严重的作弊行为而言，强有力的惩罚措施是恰当的，但大多数学生的作弊行为明显未到如此严重的境地。What, for example, is an appropriate sanction for a student who cuts and pastes a few sentences from a Web site on the internet without citation?

例如，对一个从网上摘抄了几个句子却没有标注出处的学生，什么样的惩罚才合适呢？

In some cases. this behavior occurs –out of ignorance of the rules of citation or is motivated by a student‘s failure to properly budget his or her time.

在某些情况下，学生是由于不了解引用规范或未能安排好作业时间在仓促中犯错。

In a last minute effort to complete the two papers he/she has due that week, as well as study for a test on Friday, he/she panics.

最后期限将至，学生惶恐万分，拼命努力，完成本周的两篇论文，同时还要准备周五的考试。

If the student is a first-time "offender,‖ what's the educational value of a strcong sanction?

如果这个犯错的学生是初犯，严厉惩罚又有什么教育意义？

5Having decided tbat sanctions do little more than to permanentlv mar a student's record, an increasing number of schools are taking a more educational approach to academic dishonesty.

5越来越多的学校确定那样做除了在学生档案中留下污点外处罚没有多大效用，所以对学

术不诚信行为采取了更富教育意义的措施。

Tbey are striving to implement strategies that will help offending students

understand the ethical consequences of their behavior.

他们努力采取措施，帮助犯错学生理解自身行为的道德后果。

These strategies seem often to be win –win situations．这些措施看起来常常达到双赢的效

果。

Faculty are more willing to report suspected cheating, or to address it themselves, when they understand that educational rather than punitive sanctions are likely to result.如果他们了解这将导致教育性的，而不是惩罚性的后果，教师更愿意报告有作弊嫌疑的行为，或自己亲自处理这些行为。

A common choice now is to do nothing or to punish the student privately, which makes it almost impossible to identify repeat offenders.

现在通常的做法是置若罔闻或私下处罚，几乎不可能辨认出谁是屡教不改之徒。

On a growing number of campuses, bowever, faculty are being encouraged to address issues of cheating directly with students. 但是现在越来越多的学校鼓励老师直接处理学生作弊事件。

As long as the student acknowledges the cheating and accepts the faculty member'S proposed remedy, the faculty member simply sends a notation to a designated party and never gets involved with what many consider the unnecessary bureaucracy and legalisms of campus judicial systems .

一旦学生承认作弊，同意教师提议的补救措施，教师只需向指定机构提交一份说明，而不会陷入许多人认为不必要的繁琐的校园司法体系的条条框框。

6 When more faculty take such actions. students who cheat sense they are more likely to be caught, and the overall level of cheating on campus is likely to decline.

6 当更多的教师采取这样的行动时，作弊的学生就会觉得被抓的可能性更大，校园整体的作弊行为就会减少。

Administrators, especially studant and judicial affairs personnel, can then devote more of their time and resources to proative strategies.

学校的管理者，尤其是负责学生和校园司法事务的人员，就能投入更多的时间和精力研究积极性的策略。For example, several schools have developed mini-courses that are commonly part of the sanction given to first-time violator of campus integrity policies; others have devoted resources to promoting integrity on campus, rathar than investing further in detection and punishment strategies.

例如，好些学校为初犯者开设了小型课程，作为惩罚的一部分；另一些学校采取措施推动校园诚信，而不是致力于研究如何抓获和惩罚作弊。

A common outcome on campuses implementing such strategies is a greater willingness on the part of faculty to report suspected cheating. 这些策略的实行导致的共同结果是教师更愿意汇报作弊嫌疑。

They view sanctions as more reasonable, designed to change behavior in positive ways, demonstrating to students that inappropriate behavior does have ethical consequences.

他们觉得这种惩罚更合理，对行为进行积极引导，向学生展示不良行为的确会导致道德后果。

As students quickly learn that second offenses will be dealt with much more strongly, increased reporting also serves as an effective deterrent to continued cheating.

既然学生很快明白再犯惩罚就会更加严厉，增多的作弊报告也就能有效阻止继续作弊。

7 Of course, the most effective solution to student cheating is likely to vary from campus to campus, depending on the unique campus culture that has developed over the course of

a school's history.

7 当然，对付学生作弊最有效的方法各校有所不同，这取决于各校发展过程中形成的独特的校园文化。Indeed, no campus is likely to reach the ideal state where the proactive strategies I have described are sufficient in and of themselves. 事实上，我所描绘的积极策略并不足以使任何学校达到理想状态。

Rather, some balance of punishment and proactive strategies will be optimal on each campus and, although that optimum will vary from campus to campus, punishment Will always have some role. 惩罚和积极措施的某种平衡才是各校的最佳状态，尽管这种平衡各校不尽相同，处罚却总是有它的作用。The stakes are high for most college students today, who think their entire future - their chances of gaining admission to professional school,.getting job interviews with the best campanies recruiting on campus, etc.一depends on a few key grades.

对很多大学生而言，学业成绩是性命攸关的，他们的整个未来——能否进入专业学院，能否获得到校园招聘的最好的公司的面试机会等等——这一切都依赖几门关键课程的考试成绩。

It is, therefore, unrealistic to think that none will succumb to the temptation to cheat. 所以，认为没有人会屈服于作弊的诱惑是不切实际的想法。

8Students, even the most ethical, want to know that offenders will be punished so that other students will be deterred from engaging in similar behavior.

8学生，即使是最有道德的学生，都想看到作弊的人受到惩罚，这样其他学生就不会有类似的行为。In fact,I am often surprised by the comments many students offer in my surveys calling for stronger punishments for students who engage in serious cheating.

事实上，在我的调查中，经常听到学生呼吁严惩有严重欺骗行为的学生，这常使我感到惊讶。

While they are willing to look the other way when someone engages in more trivial forms of cheating to manage a heavy workload, for example, they are far less forgiving of students who cheat in more explicit ways on major tests or assignments.

当有人为了对付繁重的学习负担而耍点小花招时，他们会假装视而不见，但如果谁在参加重要考试或完成重要作业时更明目张胆地作弊，他们就不会如此宽容了。

The difficult task for every school is to find the appropriate balance between punishment and proactive strategies that deters students who would otherwise cheat when the opportunitv arises yet that also works to build a community of trust among students and between students and faculty, a campus community that values ethical behavior and where academic integrity is the norm.学校的难题是在城防和积极措施之间找到一种恰当的平衡，既能制止那些一旦有机会就会作弊的学生，又有助于建立起学生之间，学生和老师之间的信任，这样的校园社区重视道德行为，学术诚信成为人人遵守的规范。

(1,208 word.s)