武汉大学研究生英语翻译

? 1.同时，我们的对外开放采取了多种形式，包括搞经济特区，开放十四个沿海城市。

?In the meantime, we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways, including setting up special economic zones and opening 14 costal cities.

? 2.会谈中，双方集中讨论了保护知识产权的问题。

?During the talks, their discussion has been centered around protection of intellectual property rights.

? 3.孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。

?Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.

? 4.期待大学毕业生即使在竞争激烈的时代中也要活得正直，彬彬有礼，富有爱心是否要求过高了？

?Is it too much to expect that, even in this hard-edged, competitive age, a college graduate will live with integrity, civility—even compassion?

? 5. 在任何情况下，中国绝不首先使用核武器。

?Under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.

? 6. 没有知识分子，我们的事情就不能做好，所以我们要好好团结、依靠他们，使他们富起来。

?Without intellectuals, our work cannot be done well, and we should therefore do a good job of uniting with them, relying on them and making them rich. ?7.在我们这个时代，任何人想要在社会上起到所希望的作用，必须接受必要的教育。随着科学的进步，在中小学开设了越来越多的课程。与过去相比，现代教育更重视实用性。

?In our times, anyone who wants to play an important role in a society as he wishes must receive necessary education. With the development of science, more courses are offered in primary schools and middle schools. Compared with the education in the past, modern education places its stress on practicality.

?8.中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、森林、城镇和其他用地。

?China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.

?9. 要充分重视自然科学理论研究，包括现代数学、高能物理、分子生物学等基础学科的理论研究，忽视这一点就不能掌握和运用世界上先进的科学技术成果，不能很好地解决我们在建设中的遇到的重大问题。

?Full attention must be paid to theoretical research in the natural science, including such basic subjects as modern mathematics, high energy physics and molecular biology. Negligence in this respect will make it impossible for us to master and apply the results of advanced world science and technology and properly solve important problems we’ll encounter in our construction. ?10. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻名世界的。

?I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are just famous throughout the world.

?11.他的解释不能让人满意。

?12. 由于几乎没有业务能力强的人手，因此公司决定招收一些有能力的人。

?11. His explanation is far from satisfactory.

?12. There are few professional hands, and the company decided to enroll competent individuals.

?13. 环境科学家们说，如果要使地球继续供养人类生存，保护野生动物是极为重要的。这些专家说，我们必须明白在我们这个环境供养系统中我们自己与野生动植物之间的重要联系。他们指出，没有人有把握知道这些动植物种的哪一种将来可能对我们有用。

?Environmentalists say that the protection of wild animals is of vital importance if the earth is to supply the human beings. These experts say that we must understand the fundamental relation between ourselves and wild animals and plants in our environmental supplying system. They point out that no one is sure to know which kind of animals and plants is likely to be useful to us in the future.

?14. 推进素质教育关键在教师。因此，明确自己肩负的使命，学习素质教育理论，研究素质教育特点，使自己的教育思想和方法尽快由“应试”教育转到素质教育上来，以促进素质教育深入发展，就成为广大中小学教师亟待解决的一个重要课题。

?Promoting quality education relies on teachers. Therefore, the great number of middle school and primary school teachers are offered a series of urgent task;

to understand their mission, to learn educational theories, to study the characteristics of quality education, and to adjust their educational thoughts and methods in order to put due emphasis on quality education rather than “test-oriented”education, so as to stimulate the development of quality education.

?15. 有一项调查发现，不吸烟的妇女，如果在吸烟的家庭环境中生活40年或更长的时间，那么就有加倍患肺癌的危险。

?An investigation indicates that non-smoking women living in a smoking family environment for 40 years or still longer will have double risk of developing lung cancer.

?16. 现在失业下岗人数有增无减，这使得我们意识到掌握一些实用技术是十分重要，也是十分必要的。

?There has been increasing number of unemployed people recently, which makes us realize that it is very important and necessary to master some practical skills.

?17. 当期最重要的任务是发展国民经济、提高国民生活水平。为了实现这个目标，我们必须改革旧的经济体制，以便进一步解放生产力。我们应当向世界敞开大门，以便学习其他国家先进的科学和技术。只要我们坚持改革开放政策，就一定能把我国建成强大的社会主义国家。

?Presently the most important task is to develop our national economy and

improve the people’s living standard. In order to achieve this goal, we must reform the old economic system so as to liberate the productive forces. We should open our doors to the world so as to learn the advanced science and technology from other countries. We’ll certainly be able to build our country into a powerful socialist country as long as we carry out the policy of reform and opening up.

?18. 如果静思太久，觉得孤独了，不妨翻开你可爱的书，书会使你轻松让你充实。在静静的空间里读一本好书，如同冬日里围坐一盆炭火与挚友谈心。

?When loneliness comes over you as a result of too much thinking, a favorite book will ease your mind and broaden your horizons. Reading a good book is like having a fireside chat with a close friend.

?19. 在1996年，要为“新经济”作一个定义，那就是新经济是以科技为动力的经济。五年以后，新现象产生，新经济的定义，也要改了。它还是以技术为动力，但要加上一句，创新与进取精神使得它蓬勃发展。

?In 1996,one would probably define “new economy”as an economy powered by technology. Now, five years later, various new advancements are calling for a modified view. It is true that new economy is driven by technology, but that is not all. A spirit of innovation and initiative is also fueling its progress.

?20.如果没有他的帮助，我找就误入歧途了。

?21. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。

?But for his help, I should have gone astray.

?Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.

?22.过去我们搬用别国的模式，结果阻碍了生产力的发展，在思想上导致僵化，妨碍人民和基层积极性的发挥。

?We used to copy foreign models mechanically, which only hampered the development of our productive forces, induced ideological rigidity and kept the people and grass-roots unit from taking any initiative.

23.在有些欧洲国家，人们享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。

In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social

benefits such as medical insurance.

UNIT ONE

A look-alike facade is deceiving when representatives from contrasting cultures meet, each wearing Western dress, speaking English, and using similar greeting rituals.

来自具有明显的区别的文化的代表们见面时，他们都身着西装，讲英语，使用相同的招呼礼仪，这种表面上的相同有很大的迷惑性。

It is likely, however, that the foreigner actually understood very little of the verbal and nonverbal content and was merely indicating polite interest or trying not to embarrass

himself or herself of the host with verbalized questions.

然而，很有可能的是，外国人实际上不大懂语言的和非语言的内容，仅仅只是出于礼貌显示出兴趣或者尽量不使主人感到尴尬而没有说出心中疑问。

A worse language problem is the tenacity with which someone will cling to just one meaning of a word or phrase in the new language, regardless of connotation or context.

更糟糕的问题是死死抱住新语言中一个词汇或短语的一种意义，而不顾隐含义和语境。

They abstract whatever fits into their personal world of recognition and then interpret it through the frame of reference of their own culture.

他们只提精出那些适合他们认可的个人世界的东西，然后按照他们自身文化为参考系来加以解释。

It is more difficult to note correctly the unspoken codes of the other culture that are further from awareness, such as the handling of time and spatial relationships and subtle signs of respect of formality.

更困难的是如何正确理解那些远未意识到的其他文化中含蓄的准则，例如对时空关系的处理和尊重礼节的点点滴滴。

A professor who expects everyone from Indonesia, Mexico, and many other countries to "bargain" may unfairly interpret a hesitation or request from an international student as a move to manipulate preferential treatment.

如果一位教授认为来自印度尼西亚、墨西哥和一些其他国家的每名学生都“爱讨价还价”，那么可能会不公平地把这些国际学生的迟疑或请求理解为他们试图利用优先对待。

Stereotypes are over-generalized, secondhand beliefs that provide conceptual bases from which to "make sense" out of what goes on around us, whether or not they are accurate or fit the circumstances.

思维定式是过度概括的、第二手的信念，提供概念基础，在此基础上“弄清楚”我们身边发生事情，无论这些信念是否正确，是否符合实际情形。

In a foreign land their use increases our feeling of security and is psychologically necessary to the degree that we cannot tolerate ambiguity or the sense of helplessness resulting from inability to understand and deal with people and situations beyond our comprehension.

在异国他乡，运用它们会增强我们的安全感，在心理上是必要的--只要我们无法容忍歧义，无法容忍因不能了解并处理那些超出我们理解的人或情况而感到的无助。

They are also sustained and fed by the tendency to perceive selectively only those pieces of new information that correspond to the image held.

有选择地认知那些符合已有形象的新信息的倾向，也维持并充实着这些程式化思维。

Look and listen empathetically rather than through the thick screen of value judgments that impede a fair understanding.

不应该通过价值判断的重重密障，而应该换位去观察和聆听，不然只会妨碍我们去公正的理解。

Moderate arousal and positive attitudes prepare one to meet challenges with energy, but high arousal, caused by a buildup of continued moderate stress, depletes the body's energy reserve quickly and defense must be used whether or not the person wills it.

适度的兴奋和积极的态度可以使人满怀精力去应对挑战，但是由于适度的压力不断积累造成高度的兴奋，就会很快耗尽身体储备的能量；不论这个人是否愿意，必然会产生防备心理。

UNIT THREE

This mentality assumes all ingredients can be whipped together into one smooth mixture.

这种心态认为把所有的原料放在一起搅拌混合，最后变成一种均匀的的混合物。

It is quite normal for a stepparent to have close bonds with one stepchild, be working on bonds with another, while experiencing a distant relationship with an older child.

对继父或继母来说，和一个继子女有着亲密的关系，正在和另一个继子女建立关系，还和年纪较大的那个继子女有一定距离，这些都是很正常的。

If you refuse to admit a difference, you inadvertently shut off your ability to learn new, more effective ways of relating.

如果你拒绝承认有区别, 就会在不经意间丧失斯学习新的更有效的沟通方法的能力。

The ingredients keep some of their integrity, yet are expected to fit together with the other pieces.

每份原料保持一定的完整性，然而却又希望它们能和其他成分融合在一起。

Examples of this style can be subtle or extreme.

这种方式的例子所表明情形可能是微妙的，也可能是极端的。

Respecting one another's possessions is important because it teaches people to honor others; it also communicates belonging to the child who is spending time at the other home.

尊重他人的所有物是很重要的，因为这教会人要尊重他人；这也给回到另一个家的孩子传达了一种归属感。

I recommend a Crockpot cooking style. Stepfamilies choosing this style understand that time and low heat make for an effective combination.

我推荐一种瓦罐煨汤式的方法。选择这种方式的继亲家庭明白，时间和低温能导致一种有效的融合。

As the juices begin to flow together, imperfections are purified, and the beneficial, desirable qualities of each ingredient are added to the taste.

当原料的汁液开始流到一起，瑕疵被净化掉，每种原料中有益的、令人满意的品质都添加到了口味里，

Such an effort almost always backfires, bringing a backlash of anger and resentment. 但这样的努力几乎总是事与愿违，造成愤怒和怨恨的结果。

A slow-cooking mentality invites you to relax in the moment and enjoy the small steps your stepfamily is making toward integration, rather than pressuring family members to move ahead.

温火慢炖的状态会让你此时此刻放松心情，享受你的继亲家庭走向融合的每一小步所带来的喜悦，而不是逼迫家庭成员向前冲。

It is working smarter, not harder.

这样做更是巧夺天工，不是事倍功半。

As a Crockpot stepfather, you don't worry excessively about why you're not immediately bonding with your teenage stepdaughter.

作为一个瓦罐煨汤式的继父，你不会过分担心为什么没有迅速地与青春期的继女相处融洽。

Let the stepchild set the pace for the relationship.

让孩子来决定关系的进展。

If she remains distant or standoffish, find ways of managing rules and getting through life.

如果她仍跟你保持距离或是很冷淡，那你就找到把握规则，继续生活的方法。

They want the children to refer to their new stepparent with a term of endearment.

他们想让孩子在提起他们的继父母时，用一种亲昵的称呼。

Crockpot stepfamilies recognize the emotional and psychological attachment children have to biological parents and don't force them to change those attachments.

瓦罐煨汤式的继亲家庭了解孩子们对其亲生父母的感情和心理依恋，他们不会强迫孩子们改变这种依恋。

It also affirms to children that they have not completely lost access to their parent.

这也向孩子肯定地表示他们没有失去与自己父亲或母亲接触的机会。

Mini-family activities might not feel like a good solution because they were trying to steer their family as they would a biological family.

小家庭活动也许不像是一个好的解决方法，因为他们试图将自己继亲家庭当作嫡亲家庭来驾驭。

UNIT FOUR

Recent trends in investment in governmental human capital investment are favorable but the investment proportion is still low by world standards rising to 3.1% in 2001.

最近政府对人力资本的投资有加大的趋势，但较之2001年全世界高达3.1%的标准，则投资比例仍然偏低。

However, evidence indicates that the true rate of return to education and skill formation is very high and that the imbalance is symptomatic of a serious distortion of current policy that retards economic development in China.

然而证据表明：教育和技能培训的投资回报是很高的；投资的不平衡表明了当前政策的严重扭曲，这种政策延缓了中国经济发展的速度。

A policy equalizing returns across all investment types and across all regions increase economic growth.

平衡各种投资收益和各地区投资收益的政策会加快经济发展的速度。

The term “human capital” suggests to some a depersonalization of individuals and is associated in the popular mind with a dehumanizing society that equates men with machines.

“人力资本”这一术语让人觉得是剥夺人的个性，在公众的脑海里联想到将人与机器等同的异化社会。

Great skill also facilitates worker mobility across occupation, industries and regions in response to new opportunities.

高技能还会促使劳动者跨工种，跨行业和跨地区流动，以把握新的机遇。

It helps people reallocate resources, both human and physical, toward more productive opportunities, and even to realize that those opportunities exist.

它还有助于人们重新分配人力资本和物质资本的资源，以适应高效的机遇，甚至预见这些机遇的存在。

By world standards, the percent of college-educated workers is still low and there is substantial regional variability so that the educational infrastructure for modern growth is needed.

按世界标准，受过大学教育的劳动者的比例仍然偏低，且存在着巨大的地区差别，因此，需要有适合现代发展的教育基础结构。

The impact of education on total factor productivity（全因素生产力）in regions in China shows that the recent policy of promoting investment in non-coastal areas of China was thwarted by low level of education in the non-coastal regions.

当我们思考在中国的适当投资策略以及各地区发展的时候，十分重要的是要知道，优化人力资本和实物资本投资组合将推动最高速度的发展。

By equalizing returns across assets and across markets in different regions of the country, greater national wealth and long-run social equality will be produced.

通过平衡中国不同地区的各种资产和市场之间的回报，就会创造出更大的国家财富，实现长远的社会平等。

The place of a person’s birth is one of the most important determinants of that person’s adult skill level. This is a powerful source o f inequality in Chinese society across people at a point in time and across generations.

籍贯是决定一个人成年后技术水平的最重要的因素之一。无论是就同一时代的人来讲，还是就隔代而言这都是导致中国社会不平等的重要根源。

This source of inequality is reinforced by the vestiges of houkou (hukou) policy that charges children of interregional immigrants above normal fees that are as large as 10% of total family income just for the right to attend school.

使这种不平等雪上加霜的是残存的户口政策。这种政策向跨区流动人员的孩子征收相当于他们家庭总收入百分之十的借读费, 高出了正常费用.

The regional variation in cross- section per pupil expenditure is enormous and the positive relationship with provincial GDP per capita is fairly clear and precisely estimated.

截面图上, 各地区学生的支出相差迥异，显而易见它与各地区的人均生产总值成正比且可精确估算。

A policy of charging fees for access to education, which is widespread in secondary and higher levels, can be justified as a way to ration scarce resources to those who might benefit most from education.

在中学阶段和高等教育阶段普遍征收学费的政策是合情合理的，因为这样可以把有限的教育资源分配给最能从教育中收益的人。

It is important to evaluate government activity on a quantitative basis, to screen the bad investments from the good ones and to conduct policy on a factually informed basis.

对政府的活动进行量化评估，剔除坏的投资保留好的投资，实事求是地执行政策，这是至关重要的。

So the only thing one can conclude from standard rate of return to education analysis applied to historical Chinese data is that personal incentives to invest in skills are low, although this is changing.

从中国的历史数据分析教育回报的标准收益所得出的唯一结论是, 人们投资技能培训的积极性不高, 尽管这种情形正在变化.

An imbalanced policy that seeks to improve productivity in non-coastal regions by encouraging investment in physical capital alone is much less efficient than a policy that invests in a more balanced fashion in both.

在内地单靠鼓励物质资本投资提高生产力的这种不均衡的政策，比起对两者（物力和人力）同时投资的更均衡的政策, 效率要低得多.

A free market that allows the same kind of incentives to operate as those that increasingly govern capital markets and product markets in China, would go a long way toward promoting skill formation.

日益主宰着中国资本市场和产品市场的这些激励因素同样操纵着中国的（劳动力）自由市场,这样的（劳动力）自由市场要推动人们掌握技能水平还有很长的路要走。

Another policy that would promote growth is equalization of regional and urban vs. rural rates of returns to human and physical capital by permitting free capital and labor mobility.

推进发展的方式之三是通过资本和劳动力的自由流动，来平衡地区之间和城乡之间的人力资本和实物资本的回报率。

Eliminating regional disparity in wages and opening up markets to allow freedom of migration and pursuit of opportunities throughout China would enhance economic development of the country as a whole.

消除地区间工资差距，开放劳动力市场使劳动力自由流动并在全国范围内寻找种种机会，将促进中国经济的整体发展。

Opening the labor market might risk some increase in inequality in wages at least in the short run, as the wages of skilled workers are bid up.

开放劳动力市场，至少在短期内可能带来工资差距加大的风险, 因为技术工人的工资在不断提高.

China should rely on personal incentives to encourage schools to perform well as students shop among them.

因为学生会择校入学，中国应依靠这种个人激励机制鼓励学校改进设施提高质量。

A policy fostering human capital and more open migration would serve to offset the rise in inequality produced by more open wage setting.

一个注重人力资本和注重劳动力更加开放的政策，一定会抵消由于开放工资体系所加大的不平等。

UNIT FIVE

Women comprise the most of the poor, and they are often deprived of the basic rights to critical resources such as land, inheritance or credit.

除了是贫困人口中的大多数，妇女还常常被剥夺了基本权利，无法获取诸如土地、继承权、信用贷款等必要的资源。

In the following part, the article is to examine and discuss, from the angle of addressing poverty among women, the combined effect brought about by achieving the goal of gender equity, poverty alleviation and the goal of environmental sustainability. The content will cover such aspects as energy and water poverty, health, climate change, natural disasters and creating sustainable livelihoods by giving women the legal right and therefore more control in the realms of agriculture, forest and biodiversity management.

下文从妇女贫困问题的角度出发，研究为达到两性平等、减轻贫困和环境的可持续性的目的从而产生的协同作用，涉及能源短缺、水资源缺乏、健康、气候变化、自然灾害，以及通过让妇女拥有在农业、林业、生态多元化管理领域中的权力的方式来创造可持续的生存方式等问题。

We all know that it is often women who usually burn and collect fuel wood (as cooking for the whole family and many other household chores are usually considered to be women’s responsibilities), so with the environment becoming worse and wo rse and energy becoming scarce, it turns out harder and time-consuming for women to find the needed fuel wood, and in this sense, they are the victims of environmental deterioration.

大家都知道妇女是木质燃料的使用者与采集者，亦是环境恶化导致能源短缺的的受害者。

The degree to which women are harmed by indoor air pollution varies by age and economic status, and the fact that women in some countries often neglect their own health leads to insufficient reports on the problems and thus the failure in catching public attention.

根据年龄与经济情况的不同，受污染空气毒害的程度各异。在有些国家，妇女有轻视自己的健康状况的倾向从而导致（毒气影响健康的）问题没有得到充分的报道。

In developed countries, the study into the relationships between gender, environment and energy have been mainly focused on such subjects as equal opportunity in the energy professions, decision making in energy policy, pollution and health, preferences for energy production systems, the right to receive scientific and technological education and how to share the household responsibilities.

在发达国家，与性别、环境与能源相关的研究主要为：能源领域内的平等就业机会、能源政策的决策、污染与健康、能源生产系统的选择、实现科学与技术教育的途径和家庭内的劳动分工。

It’s very likely that climate change exerts different effects on man and woman as their capacity to adapt to the change differs, because there exists a strong link between poverty and vulnerability, and because women in general are poorer, and are more easily hurt emotionally and physically.

气候变化的影响与适应能力极有可能因性别不同而异。这是因为贫困和脆弱之间的关联很强。事实上，从整体上看，女人比男人要更贫困和更脆弱。

Women may play an important role in making decisions on policies and programmes concerned to reduce green house gas emissions, but their valuable role has caught less attention.

性别这一要素在制定减少温室气体排放的大政方略具有潜在的价值，但这一价值受到的关注更少。

As women are deprived of the right of inheritance and property ownership, they cannot be the long-term food supplier for the family, and use land as collateral/security to get loans.

有性别歧视的继承法和财产拥有法限制了妇女为家庭成员提供长期食品保障的能力，也限制了她们利用土地作为抵押而获得贷款的能力。

To improve agricultural productivity and promote environmentally sustainable practices, it is extremely important and necessary to be able to get agricultural support systems readily, but usually, women cannot get these support systems.

更好地获得农业辅助系统如信贷、技术、教育、运输、扩张、营销服务的支持对提高农业生产力、促进环境可持续的实践活动是及其重要的。然而，在很多情况下，妇女根本无法获取这些支持。

However, in general, it’s usually man’s job to cultivate industrial crops, especially when it involves technological skills, while women deal with those jobs which demand little technological knowledge.

然而，概而言之，通常男人负责大规模的经济作物的耕作，尤其在机械化程度较高的时期更是如此；而妇女则悉心制作家庭膳用食品并小规模地栽培一些技术含量较低的经济作物。

The situation that man and woman have different knowledge about different crops helps conserve, manage and improve genetic resources for food and agriculture.

男女性别的区分使他们形成的知识体系相异。这在保持、管理和改善食物及农作物的基因方面起到了决定性的作用。

In Kenya, with men receiving formal schooling and migrating to urban areas, they’ve got to know less and less about traditional crops and practices.

在肯尼亚，正规教育和人口迁移城市事实上使得男性对传统作物及耕种方面的知识水平下降

By contrast, women generally still remain knowledgeable about traditional crops and practices, and with their roles and duties changing, they are acquiring new knowledge about natural resources.

相比之下，妇女对野生食物、食品的加工工艺、药材的一般性知识有广泛的了解，且知道如何可持续地利用这生物的多元化。并且随着年龄与角色的变化，妇女对自然资源会掌握一些新的知识。

In those parts of the world, the reality that it is not easy to obtain clean water increases women’s work burdens, as it is mainly their job to collect water for basic needs like cooking, cleaning and hygiene.

在世界上的一些地方，由于缺乏获得生活用水的途径，妇女需寻水取水来满足烹饪、清洁和卫生的需要，这也成为了加重妇女工作重负的一个因素。

So this leaves them less time to participate in much worthier activities, like the work which can bring them wage and improve their social status.

这限制了妇女可用于从事社会经济活动来争得报酬的时间，也限制了妇女从事自我发展的活动的时间。

As it’s mainly women’s responsibility to collect water, do the cleaning and cooking, they are at greater risk of suffering from water-related diseases.

长期与水接触，如取水、洗衣、做清洁卫生、烹饪，妇女易感染与水有关的疾病。

Pollutants in the environment have been dangerous to the human body. These pollutants include dangerously dirty substances caused by cars and factories, poisonous chemical substances and heavy metals from industrial processes, and dioxins from burning waste.

环境中的污染物对人体健康构成了长久的危害。这些污染物包括来自运输和工业方面的空气污染，化学有毒气体和工业处理中的重金属，还有废品焚化时产生的二恶英。

Climate change will largely increase the chance for people to catch disease, because the rising temperature makes it possible that vectors can breed in areas where current temperature conditions make it impossible for them to stay alive.

气候的变化极大地加重了疫情。原因是目前该地域的气温能抑制传染病媒介的兹生，而气温的变化将会适宜于这些传染病媒介的繁殖。

During pregnancy, malaria can lead to a sharp decrease of red cells in the blood, harm the baby in mother’s body, increasing the chances of abortion (the baby dies inside mother’s body), premature birth (the baby is born before the usual time of birth), stillbirth (the baby is born dead), intrauterine growth retardation (the unborn baby is not growing properly; the baby's weight is lower than it should be for its stage of the pregnancy.) and low infant birth weight [the newborns weigh less than it’s considered normal. The current WHO criterion for low birth weight is a weight less than 2,500 g (5 lb, 8 oz)].

在怀孕期间，疟疾能引起严重的贫血，危及胎儿的生命，增加流产、早产、死胎、子宫内胎儿发育阻滞以及胎儿出生时体重不足的几率。

In this region, women grow plants and crops and produce most of the food. That phenomenon often shows the wider influence of Aids.

在这个地区，妇女耕种大部分的粮食作物。妇女们的农作常常表现出爱滋病大规模入侵的最初迹象。

In many developing countries, people who move to a city without the necessary skills face the problem of obtaining even basic necessities such as food, water, and housing, and they are easier to be exploited and suffer unfair economic treatment.

在许多发展中国家，无一技之长的农民向城市迁移时，在获取甚至像食物、水、住宅的基本生活必须品时都面临着挑战。他们在遭受剥削和经济欺骗时容易受到伤害。

Air and water pollution in urban areas can be extremely unacceptable, and in low-cost residential areas and slums, sanitation and waste treatment (e.g. the protection of public health by removing and treating waste, dirty water etc) are very poor or even non-existent.

在都市里，空气与水污染可能极其严重。而在廉租房和贫民窟里，卫生设施与污水处理条件很差，或者根本就无此种设备。

However, it has found out and long proved that the poor have more chances of being in the danger of environmental and other disasters, and once the disasters occur, the poor are much easier to be influenced and suffer the consequence.

然而，穷人接触有害环境和疾病的机会多，并且一旦发病穷人更易受到重创。这一点已被证实。

Anyone who is not within the range which the early warning system can reach is likely to miss the information supplied and suffer more from disasters.

任何人，从社会属性和空间方位来说，如果他们不能得到预警系统提供的有关灾难的早期信息，他们则有可能蒙受更多的损失。

The complete success of forward-looking strategies for taking gender factor into environmental analysis, or doing the environmental analysis without neglecting gender factor depends completely on three major areas of activity.

将性别融入环境分析或者进行环境分析时考虑性别因素这一前瞻性策略要获得完全的成功取决于三个方面。

First, the ordinary people as well as the government should improve and support women’s capacity to participate in and bring about the realization of environmental policy and action at all levels.

首先，从基层组织到政府部门都要改善并支持妇女参与、改变所有环境政策和活动的能力。

Second, governments should adjust the things they think most important and need attention so that in financial planning the promotion of gender equality will gain more weighing.

其次，要调整政府工作的重点。在制定财政计划时要考虑性别平等问题，并且要使该计划有助于推进性别平等。

Third, improving institutions concerned the capacity to integrate gender into environmental analysis.

第三，提高职能机构的能力，使之能进行与性别相关的环境问题的分析。

On the other hand, social science approach, which relies more on qualitative material, case study narratives and anecdotal evidence, has greatly influenced the work on gender and environment.

另一方面，大部分对性别、环境的研究都沿用社会科学的办法。该方法更多地依赖材料的性质、案例的说明和以个人经验的描述作为证据。

It’s already rather difficult to incorporate social factors into the main considerations of environmental work; adding gender to the factors to be considered is even more difficult.

把社会因素作为研究环境问题时的主要考虑因素是有相当难度的。何况，性别作为又一考虑因素而加入其中，就更加具有挑战性了。

It’s fairly common for environmentalists to consider that paying attention to gender takes away the energy and time to handle very important things; just as the recently cited saying goes: it is “like rearranging the chairs on the Titanic”--- it really involves much time and energy.

环境保护者认为，对性别问题予以关注会占用本该用来解决紧迫问题所需的精力和时间。这种想法并非不正常。一个环境保护者所说的话最近常被当作格言而引用，“这如同在泰坦尼克号上把所有的椅子都重新排列一样”。

Part of the demanding work is to persuade technical experts that gender is an important factor that needs taking into consideration, and that analyses of gender balance and equity do not weaken or delay environmental analyses, policies and programs. Instead, the analyses of gender balance and equity can strengthen and sharpen environmental analyses, policies and programs.

此挑战（把性别作为环境问题的考虑要素）的一个部分就是：说服专家，让他们认识到性别问题的重要性，让他们相信分析性别平衡和性别平等不仅不会弱化或延误环境分析、环境政策和环境工程，而实际上是对环境分析、环境政策和环境工程的加强和深化。