岩石力学英文翻译

Sometimes it is suggested that mining engineering and its supporting engineering sciences have reached a state of maturity. However, this proposition is inconsistent

with major developments in the twenty years that have elapsed since the preparation of the first edition of this book, and the ten years since it has been subject to any substantial revision. Over those periods, innovations and improvements in engineering practice in mining and mining rock mechanics, and advances in the engineering science of rock mechanics, have been extraordinary. For these reasons the third edition, which results from comprehensive and thorough revision of the earlier editions, has involved the replacement or substantial modification of the equivalent of about half of the text and figures of those versions of the book.

1、有时采矿工程及其配套工程科学被认为已经达到了成熟的状态。然而，这一命题是不一致的，在二十年准备后的重大发展中，因为从本书的第一版开始就一直受到一些实质性的十年修订。在这期间，创新和在采矿和采动岩体力学的工程实践和改进以及在岩石力学工程科学的进步是非凡的。由于这些原因，第三版从全面和彻底的早期版本的修正结果，涉及更换或约一半的文本等效的实质性变更和数据的新版本书。

One of the key drivers for many significant developments in fundamental rock mechanics over the period has been the mining industry’s recognition of the economic returns of better understanding and more rigorous application of the governing sciences embedded in its industrial operations and processes. The result has been some notable advances in mining engineering practice, involving improvements in mining methods in particular. For example, caving methods are now more widely applied as understanding of their scientific basis has improved and their economic and operational advantages have been realised. Whereas sublevel caving was once regarded in some places as a method of marginal interest, the advent of very large scale sublevel caving, made possible in part by improved drilling technology and in part by understanding of the governing rock mechanics, it is now an attractive proposition for many orebodies. Similarly, block caving is now conducted efficiently and reliably in orebody settings that would have been inconceivable two decades ago. At the same time, methods such as overhand cut-and-fill stoping and shrink stoping have declined in application, replaced

in part by open stoping and bench-and-fill stoping, where large scale mechanisation, improved backfill technology, reliable rock mass reinforcement of stope walls and the intrinsic advantages of non-entry methods of working have LED to superior economics and enhanced operational safety.

2、一个在岩石力学基础上许多重要的发展时期的主要驱动力是经济采矿业的识别，更好的理解和控制科学，在工业过程和操作中更严格的应用程序返回嵌入式系统。结果是产生了采矿工程实践中所取得的重大进展，包括改善矿业方法等。例如，现在崩落法越来越广泛的应用对科学基础的理解提高了经济和运营优势已被他们意识到。而分段崩落法曾在一些地方被认为是一种边际利益的方法，大规模分段的到来，可能通过改善钻井技术和政府对岩石力学的理解，它现在对于许多矿体是一个有吸引力的命题。同样，崩落是现在进行有效和可靠矿体的设置，都是不可想象在二十年前。在同一时间，方法如向上分层充填法回采下降和收缩在实际应用中，替换部分空场采矿法和充填采矿法在大板凳，规模的机械化，提高充填技术，可靠的岩体加固采场的墙壁和非进入工作方法的内在优势，使LED的经济更加优越、安全性更高。

The scope of developments in mining rock mechanics science and practice has been as impressive as that in mining engineering. Perhaps the most significant advance has been the resolution of some longstanding issues of rock fracture, failure and strength and their relation to the modes of deformation and degradation of rock around mining excavations. The fact that the key research on this topic was conducted at the Underground Research Laboratory of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited demonstrates the extent to which mining rock mechanics has benefited from fundamental research in other fields of rock engineering. The mechanics of blocky rock has also been a field of impressive development, particularly in regard to formulation of a broad spectrum of methods of analysis of block jointed rock and their application in excavation engineering and support and reinforcement design. More generally, improved understanding of the mechanics of discontinuous rock has had a profound effect on simulation of caving mechanics and therefore on the design and operation of block caving and sublevel caving mines.

3、矿山岩石力学科学的发展和实践的范围已是令人印象深刻，就好像在采矿工程中一样。也许最显著进步在岩石断裂的一些长期问题的解决、破坏和强度对岩石的变形和矿区的降解方式的关系恶化。事实上，对本课题的研究是在加拿大原子能公司的地下研究实验室进行了说明在何种程度上得益于矿山岩石力学的基础研究工程岩体的其他领域的实验。块状岩体力学也是一场令人印象深刻的发展，特别是考虑到广泛的配方，分析了节理岩体块的方法及其在基坑工程中的应用支持和配筋设计。更普遍的是，提高认识不连续岩体的力学已对模拟放顶煤力学产生深远的影响,因此，它取决于分块和分段崩落法开采的设计和运行。

Mining-induced seismicity and the related phenomenon of rockbursts have become more prevalent in hard rock mining. Developments in mineworthy seismic equipment and associated data recording, processing and analysis hardware and software have contributed greatly to measurement, characterisation and management of the problem. These developments have been complemented by measures in excavation design

and extraction sequencing which have done much to mitigate the serious operating problems which can occur in seismically active, rockburst prone mines. In large-scale open stope mining, Canadian developments based on pillarless stoping, formulation

of extraction sequences which promote the evolution and uniform displacement of a regular mine stress abutment, and the extensive use of cement-stabilised backfill, have been successful in managing an acute mining challenge. Notably, these measures have been based on sound conceptual and analytical models of the relation of damaging seismicity to induced stress, geological structure, potential rock displacements and strain energy release during mining.

4、采矿诱发地震和岩爆的相关现象已在硬岩开采中越来越普遍。在mineworthy地震仪器的发展和相关的数据记录，处理和分析的硬件和软件大大促进了测量的问题，特征和管理。这些事态发展已由开挖设计措施提取测序已经大大减轻严重的操作它可以在地震发生的问题，易发生岩爆的地雷。大规模的空场采矿，加拿大发展基于无底柱回采，配方提取序列的促进与均匀位移的演变定期的矿压肩，和水泥稳定土的广泛使用，有在管理急性挖掘的挑战是成功的。值得注意的是，这些措施根据损伤关系良好的概念和分析模型地震引起的应力，地质构造，岩体位移和电势应变能量释放在挖掘。

Some remarkable developments in computational methods have supported these improvements in rock mechanics practice. Many mining rock mechanics problems

are effectively four-dimensional, in that it is the evolution of the state of stress over the

time scale of the mining life of the orebody which needs to be interpreted in terms of

the probable modes of response of the host rock mass. The computational efficiency

of tools for three-dimensional stress analysis now permits modelling of key stages of

an extraction sequence, for example, as a matter of routine rock mechanics practice. Similarly, computer power and efficient algorithms provide a notable capacity to simulate the displacement and flow of rock in cave mining and to support design of optimum caving layouts.

5、计算方法中的一些重要进展都支持这些岩石力学的改进实践。许多开采的岩石力学问题是有效的四维，它是在应力状态的演变对这方面需要解释矿体的开采寿命的时间尺度主机的岩体响应的可能模式。计算效率三维应力分析的工具，现在允许关键阶段的建模例如，提取序列，作为一种常规岩石力学的实践。同样，计算机电源和高效的算法提供了一个显着的能力模拟的位移和洞穴挖掘岩流和支护设计最佳开采布局。

Notwithstanding these developments, it is encouraging to note continued attention to formal mathematical analysis in solution of rock mechanics problems. The results

of such analysis provide the canonical solutions for the discipline of rock mechanics

and ensure a sound base for both the science and engineering practice.

In preparing this extensive revision, the authors have been fortunate to have the support of many colleagues and several organisations. In particular, they would like

to record the helpful advice and comment of colleagues on possible improvements

in earlier editions of the book and in identifying inevitable errors in the text. They acknowledge the generous assistance of the Brisbane office of Golder Associates in providing facilities and many helpful services, particularly in assistance with drafting

of the figures for this edition. One of the authors was supported for part of the

work of revision by The University of Western Australia, and the other by the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre of The University of Queensland. This support, including the associated library services, is acknowledged with gratitude. The authors thank the many individuals and organisations who generously gave permission to use published material. Finally, they record the encouragement of publisher’s representative, Petra van Steenbergen, and her patient assistance and advice during this major undertaking.

6、尽管有这些发展，令人鼓舞的是持续的关注在岩石力学问题解的形式化的数学分析。结果这种分析提供了岩石力学学科的正则解确保一个良好的基础是科学与工程实践。在准备这广泛的修订，笔者有幸有很多同事和一些组织支持。特别是，他们希望记录的有益的建议和同事们可能的改进意见。在早期版本的书，在识别文本中不可避免的错误。他们承认的Golder Associates驻布里斯班办事处的慷慨援助提供的设施和许多有用的服务，特别是在协助起草这个版本的数字。作者之一部分的支持由西澳大利亚大学的修订工作，和其他由尤利乌斯Kruttschnitt矿物昆士兰大学研究中心。这种支持，包括相关的图书馆服务，是公认的感激。作者感谢许多个人和组织慷慨地给了许可使用发表的材料。最后，他们记录了出版商的代表性的鼓励，佩特拉范斯滕贝根，和她的耐心助和建议在这大事业。