英语二所考语法(下)

Not both of them went to the cinema．（部分否定）

Both of them din not go to the cinema．（部分否定）

Neither of them went to the cinema．（完全否定）

10．表示“是否”的词有whether和if，但在下列5种情况下，宜用whether，而不可用if：

1）引导主语从句：

Whether I can stay with my mother is another matter（我是否能和母亲住在一起，则是另一回事。）

2）介宾：

I haven’t settled the question of whether I’ll go back home．（我是否回家，还没有定。）

3）与to do连用：

She doesn’t know whether to get married now or wait．（她不知道该现在就结婚，还是等等再说。）

4）与or（not）连用：

It’s difficult to say whether you can get a ticket or not．（很难说你能不能得到一张票。）He is sure to arrive next week，whether he comes by water or by air.（不管他乘船还是乘飞机来，他下周一定到。）

5）在名词后面：

He could find no words whether of protest or welcome．（无论是抗议的话还是欢迎的话他都说不出来。）

The problem whether we will get enough financial support is not settled yet．（我们是否会得到足够的经济支持这一问题还没解决。）

11．动词have作“让”讲，可用于以下句型：

1）have sb do sth（让某人做某事）例如；She had me buy a book for her.

2）have sb doing sth（让某人做某事）（与）相比，2）强调“一直做个不停”）例如：His jokes had us laughing all the time at the party.

3）have sth doing（让某物做某事）例如：have the lamp lighting／have the fire burning／have the machine working

4）have sth done（让某事被做）例如：He had his hair cut yesterday／He had his car repaired this morning．

12．常见倒装类型有：

1）否定副词位于句首（否定副词包括：hardly scarcely, rarely, never, seldom，little，in no case，under no circumstance not until, not only, by no means，…）：例如：

Never have I said that before

He had hardly/scarcely entered the room when the telephone rang．

→Hardy／scarcely had he entered the room when…

He had no sooner entered the foom than the telephone rang．

→No sooner had he entered the room than…

2）“only十状语”位于句首；例如：

Only after I come back can you leave.

3）so（也），neither（也不），nor（也不）位于句首；例如：

She can play the piano．So can I．

4）so…that…和such…that…结构中，“so十形容词/副词”或“such十名词短语”位于句首；例如：

So lovely is the girl that everybody likes her.

5）if引导的非真实条件句中，将if省略：例如：

Should it rain tomorrow, we would cancel our plan．

6）as表示“虽然、尽管”；例如：

Young as he is，（＝Although he is young，）

Famous as he is，（＝Although he is famous，）

Child as he is，（＝Although he is a child，）

Bravely as they fought，（＝Although they fought bravely）

Try as they might，（＝Although they might try,）

7）whether十主语十is／are…or…→be十主语＋…or…；例如：Whether you are a student or a teacher,…

→Be you a student or a teacher,…

13．so

too

+adj.+a(n)+n.

as

how

例如：

It is so beautiful a flower that everybody likes it．

This is too difficult a question．

He is as famous a scientist as Newton．

How lovely a child he is！

14．有关“宁愿做…而不愿做…”的表达法：

sth to sth

prefer doing sth to doing sth

to do sth rather than do sth

例如：

I prefer tea to coffee.

I prefer staying at home to going out in such hot weather.

I prefer to stay at home father than go out in such hot weather.

would rather do sth than do sth

would sooner do sth than do sth

would as soon do sth as do sth

例如：

I would rather stay at home than go out in such hot weather．

I would sooner stay at home than go out in such hot weather．

I would as soon stay at home as go out in such hot weather.

另外，注意以下结构中的虚拟语气：

would rather

would sooner had done（过去）

+that主语+

would as soon did（现在、未来）

would prefer

prefer＋that主语十（should）do

15．than，but，except后面可接不定式短语to do sth，但是，当than，but，except前面出现了实义动词do（或do的任何时态形式，表示“做”）的时候，不定式符号to必须省略。例如：

I had no choice but／except to wait．我除了等待别无选择。

I could do nothing but／except wait．我除了等待别无办法。

16．比较几个表示“花费”意义的动词spend，cost，take的用法区别；

on sth.

1）sb spend(s)/spent +

(in) doing sth.

2）sth cost sb money.

time

3）It takes/took sb +to do sth.

money

17．比较except和except for的区别，except表示从整体中除掉相同范畴的事物，而except for 表示从整体中除去不同范畴的事物：

All the compositions are well－written except yours．

Your composition is well－written except for a few spelling mistakes．

All the classrooms are empty except ours.

That classroom is empty except for a few benches．

18．so that可以表示“结果、因此、所以”，引导结果状语从句，也可表示“为了、以便”，引导目的状语从句，判断如下：

第一，根据上下文的意思；第二，结果状语从句前面往往会有逗号“，”隔开，而目的状语从句前面没有：第二，目的状语从句中含情态动词can／could，may／might等，而结果状语从句中没有。例如：

He drove his car very fast so that he could get to his office on time．（目的状语从句）

He drove his car very fast，so that he got involved in a traffic accident．（结果状语从句）19．在下列结构中，用to do表示被动意义，而不必用to be done的形式：

difficult

hard

主语+be+ to do（不必用to be done）

easy

simple

例如：This problem is difficult to solve．（这个问题难以解决。）

20．含有介词with的独立结构构成如下：

doing

done

to do

with+n./pron.+

adj.

prep.

adv.

例如：The teacher entered the classroom，with some students following him

The woman teacher's body was discovered，with her hands and feet bound.

The teacher entered the classroom，with a book in his hand.

He always sleeps with the windows open even in winter.

a chicken with its head cut off.

21．“据说”、“据报道”、“据信”、“据认为”、“据估计”、“据称”等意义的表达有两种结构：said

reported

believed

It is+ supposed +that主语（明确的某人、某物）

thought

estimated

claimed

said

reported

believed

→主语（明确的某人、某物）＋be supposed + to do

thought

estimated

claimed

It is said that there are/is…→There are／is said to be…

例如：

It is said that he has come back from abroad．→He is said to have come back from abroad．

It is said that they are having a meeting upstairs．→They are said to be having a meeting upstairs.

It is said that the classroom is cleaned every day→The classroom is said to be cleaned every day．

It is reported that there are three signs...→There are reported to be three signs... 22．“把…当作／看作…”的表达法：

treat

regard

consider

think of …as…

look upon

see

view

23．seem常用于两种结构：

It seems that

例如

→主语（明确的某人、某物）seem to do…例如：

It seems that they are having a meeting upstairs．

→They seem to be having a meeting upstairs．

It seems that he has finished his work．

→He seems to have finished his work．

It seems that the classroom is cleaned every day．

→The classroom seems to be cleaned every day.

24．表示“可能性”的表达法：

likely

It is possible that

probable

→主语（明确的某人、某物）＋be＋likely（此处只能用likely）to do…

25．强调结构如下：It is/ was…that…例如：

自然顺序：I met Mary in the street yesterday．

强调结构，It was I that／who met Mary in the street yesterday．（强调主语，且表示“人”）

It was Mary that I met in the street yesterday（强调宾语）

It was in the street that I met Mary yesterday．（强调地点状语）

It was yesterday that I met Mary in the street．（强调时间状语）

26．短语动词分四类：动介词组、动副词组、动副介词组、动名介词组，用法如下：

v十prep＋n.／pron.（动介词组）

vi.

v+adv v+adv.+n.

vt. v+n.+adv. （动副词组）

v+pron.+adv.

v+adv.+prep.+n./pron. （动副介词组）

v+n.+prep.+n./pron. （动名介词组）

27．引导名词性从句（包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句）的关联词：1）that无意义、无成分、有时（在宾语从句、表请从句中）可省略

2）if／whether是否、状语、不可省略

3）wh-word（表示“疑问”或“内容”）

a）疑问代词：有意义．主语／宾语／表语、不省略

b）疑问副词；有意义、状语、不省略

介词十宾语从句（whether／wh－word）

problem／question whether／wh－word（引导同位语从句）

28．定语从句的引导词：

1）关系代词：

who（主语、宾语、表语；指代人），whom（宾语、表语；指代人），whose（做定语；指代人、物），which（主语、宾语、表语；指代物），that（主语、宾语，表语：指代人、物），as

2）关系副词（充当状语）：

when（表示时间），where（表示地点），why（表示原因），that（表示方式）

I’ll never forget the day when（=on which）I first entered Nanjing Normal University.

This is the place _______I once worked．（where）（in which）

This is the place _______I once worked in．（which=that,可省略）

This is the place in ______I once worked．（which，不可省略，也不可用that）

This is the place _______I once visited．（which=that,可省略）

This is the reason_______he gave．（which＼that，可省略）

3）介词十which＼whom（在介词之后不可用that＼who）

29．限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别举例如下：

限制性：His brother who works in Beijing is a lawyer．他在北京工作的哥哥是一名律师。

非限制性：His brother，who works in Beijing, is a lawyer．他哥哥在北京工作，是一名

律师。

非限制性：His father, who works in Beijing, is a lawyer.（不可说：﹡His father who works in Beijing is lawyer.）他父亲在北京工作，是一名律师。

限制性：He said nothing that made her angry．他没有说让她生气的话。

非限制性：He said nothing, which made her angry．他什么也没说，这使她很生气。

限制性：He didn’t wear clothes which made him different from others．（不可说：﹡He didn’t wear clothes，which made him different from others．）他没有穿使他

与众不同的衣服。

非限制性：Nanjing, which is the capital of Jiangsu province，is a beautiful city．（不可说：﹡Nanjing which is the capital of Jiangsu province is a beautiful city．）南

京是江苏的省府，是一座美丽的城市。

非限制性：Mr. Brown，who just came from Britain yesterday，will teach us accounting this term．（不可说：﹡Mr．Brown who just came from Britain yesterday will

teach us accounting this term．）布郎先生昨天刚从英国来，这学期将教我们

会计学。

30．在下列情况下，关系代词用as（引导限制性定语从句），而不用which或that：

the same

such

+名词+关系代词（引导定语从句）

so

as

（注：so和as会出现于so many／much十名词，as many／much十名词，

so十形容词十a（n）十名词，as十形容词十a（n）十名词等结构中）

31．能够指代整个主句，且引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词只有两个：which和as。

区别如下：区别一：as引导的非限制性定语从句的位置灵活，可置于主句前面，或主句后面，或主句中间。但which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。区别二：which 译为“这”，而as译为“正如”。例如：

As you know, he is very clever.

He is very clever, as you know．

He is，as you know，very clever.

He said nothing，which made his girl friend angry.

32．在以下6种情况下，关系代词只能使用that，而不能使用which：

1）something，anything，everything，nothing＋that

2）最高级十n．＋that

3）序数词十n．＋that

4）all十that

5）little，any, no，only, last，next＋n．＋that

6）先行词既有人又有物，引导词用that，而不用which或who

33．在以下2种情况下，不能使用关系代词that，而应该使用which：

1）在介词之后，如：on which，in which，for which，…

2）引导非限制性定语从句的时候

34．状语从句：

1）时间状语从句：

引导词有when（当…的时候），whenever（每当），as（当…的时候、一边…一

边），while（在…期间／同时），before（在…之前），after（在…之后），since（自从），as soon as（一…就…），until（直到），the moment, the minute, the instant, instantly, directly（—…就…），every time（每当）

2）地点状语从句：

引导词有where（在…地方），wherever（无论什么地方）

3）原因状语从句：

引导词有because（因为），as（由于），since（既然、由于），now that（既然），not that…but that…（不是因为…而是因为…）

4）目的状语从句；

引导词有so that,in order that,that（为了、以便），lest, in case, for fear that（以防、以免、惟恐、免得〕

5）结果状语从句：

引导词有so that（结果、因此、所以），so…that…such…that…（如此…

以至于…〕

6）条件状语从句：

引导词有if（如果），unless（除非、如果不），suppose／supposing（假设），provided （that）／providing（that）（假若〕，on condition（that）（如果），as／so long as（只要），in case（如果、万一），even if／though（即使）

7）比较状语从句：

引导词有as…as…（像…一样…），than（比），not as／so…as…（不像／如…

一样…），the十比较级…，the十比较级…（越…，越…），（just）as…, so…（正

如…那样，…也…）

8）方式状语从句：

引导词有as（像、如同），as if／though（好象、似乎）

9）让步状语从句：

引导词有although／though（虽然、尽管），as（虽然、尽管）（倒装句型），even if／though（尽管），however（无论怎样），whatever（不管什么），……no matter（how, what，where，when，…）（无论…），whether…or…（无论…还是…）

35．比较以下两种结构：

one of十名词（复数）十关系代词十谓语动词（复数）…

the only one of十名词（复数）十关系代词十谓语动词（单数）…

He is one of the students in our class who are from Shandong Province.

He is the only one of the students in our class who is from Shandong Province.