高中英语书面表达提高技巧
高中英语书面表达提高技巧
[考纲要求]
《2004年全国高考英语考试大纲》和《2005年全国高考英语考试大纲》里对书面表达的解说为:”要求考生根据所给情景，用英语写一篇100个单词左右的短文。情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等；提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲等。考生应能：(1) 准确使用语法和词汇；(2)使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。”《2006 年全国高考英语考试大纲修订说明》里对书面表达的解说为：“书面表达题不是传统意义上的作文。它要求考生在给出的特定情景下按照特定的要求进行书面表达。”
[考纲解读]
根据考试大纲的描述，我们可以看出书面表达究竟是什么，对考生的要求是什么：
1．“给出的特定情景下——情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等；提供情景的形式有图画、图表、提纲等；”英语书面表达与汉语作文的根本不同在于汉语作文是一个完全创造的过程。相对而言我们考生的英语水平远低于他自身所掌握的母语，所以英语书面表达对考生的要求处于很低的层次。因此，在考试中，向考生提供了尽可能完整的信息(特定情景)，考生只须对所提供的信息或特定情景进行加工处理，把它变成相应的英文即可，考生不需要自己组织材料(只在为了使短文更流畅或提供的信息较少时，添加适当的内容)。从某种程度上讲，这个再加工的过程虽然也是一个创造的过程，但这个创造只是为了把短文流畅、符合逻辑地表达出来，只是选词、造句、谋篇的创造。
2．“按照特定的要求”所谓特定的要求即短文的文体，不同的文体有不同的语言、格式等要求；另外，所有的高考书面表达对字数都有要求——100词左右。
3．“(1)准确使用语法和词汇；(2)使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思”首先语言表达要准确．其次在准确表达的基础上，再努力使短文行文流畅，根据不同文体、不同交际对象选择相应的词汇和句型．即所谓的“较复杂结构或较高级词汇。”
[评分标准]
阅卷时，根据以下原则把书面表达分为五个档次：
第五档(很好)：(21—25分)
完全完成了试题规定的任务：
·覆盖所有内容要点
·应用了较多的语法结构和词汇
·语法结构或词汇方面有些许错误，但为尽量使用较复杂结构或较高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力
·有效地使用语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑，完全达到了预期的写作目的。
第四档(好)：(16—20分)
完全完成了试题规定的任务：
·虽漏掉一、两个次重点，但覆盖所有主要内容
·应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求
·语法结构或词汇方面应用基本准确，些许错误主要是因为尝试较复杂语法结构
或词汇所致
·应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文结构紧凑，达到了预期的写作目的。
第三档(适当)：(11—15分)
基本完成了试题规定的任务：
·虽漏掉一些内容，但覆盖所有主要内容
·应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求
·有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，但不影响理解
·应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文内容连贯，整体而言，基本达到了预期的写作目的。
第二档(较差)：(6—10分)
未恰当完成试题规定的任务。
·漏掉或未描述清楚一些主要内容．写了一些无关内容
·语法结构单调、词汇项目有限，有一些语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响了对写作内容的理解
·较少使用语句间的连接成分，内容缺少连贯性，信息未能清楚地传达给读者。
第一档(差)：(1—5分)
未完成试题规定的任务
·明显遗漏主要内容，写了一些无关内容，原因可能是未理解试题要求
·语法结构单调，词汇项目有限
·较多语法结构或词汇方面的错误，影响对写作内容的理解
·缺乏语句间的连接成分，内容不连贯，信息未能传达给读者。
0分
未能传达给读者任何信息：内容太少，无法评判；写的内容均与所要求内容无关或所写内容无法看清。
[解读标准]
五个档次的评分标准非常细致，但也比较复杂。主要是把握以下几点，1．准确把握情景。
情景包括目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等。高考评分原则对于“情景”的考查主要表现为：能够覆盖所有内容要点(即所有“情景”——目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等)，内容要点可用不同方式表达，对紧扣主题的适当发挥不予扣分。
2．准确使用语法和词汇。
用英语正确地表述情景内容，传达给读者的信息可以反映出情景的本来面目，达到交际的目的。它包括：一定范围内的遣词技能；应用语法系统、结构与规则的技能；运用不同的语法形式来表达意义的技能。
3．使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的意思。
一篇短文，可以用初中所学句型、词汇表述出来，也可以用高中所学句型、词汇来表达，甚至可以用课外所学的词汇来使短文显得“高级”。当然，所用语言一定要准确、得体，并能根据文体、交际对象的不同来选用合适的语言。同时，好的书面表达也一定是流畅的，语句间、上下文之间的有效连接也是判断一篇书面表达的重要依据。
典型例题
2006湖北卷
受某英文报的委托，你最近对高中生的英语阅读兴趣做了一次调查：请根据以下信息，用英语为该报写一篇100词左右的短文：短文的标题及首句已为你写好。
调查内容：在新闻、故事、科普、学习方法四种英文文章中，学生最喜欢哪一种
调查范围：湖北省的10所中学
调查对象：高中生
调查人数：1200
调查方式：访谈
调查结果：(见下图)
选择各类英文文章人数的百分比
新闻故事科普学习方法
Reading Interests of Senior Middle School S tudents
Recently, a survey has been done to find out the reading interests of senior middle school students．
[答案简析]
One possible ve rsion:
Reading Interests of Senior Middle School S tudents
Recently a survey has been done to find out the reading interests of senior middle school students. In this survey, one thousand two hundred senior middle school students from ten schools in Hubei Province were interviewed. They were asked which reading they liked most among the four categories of English articles: news, stories, popular science articles and articles about learning methods.
The survey shows that more than half of the students like to read news most. Twenty-six percent of the students say that English stories are their favorite. Only seven percent of the students are most interested in reading articles about learning methods. However, the number of students who enjoy reading popular science articles doubles that those who prefer reading articles about learning methods.
本篇书面表达要求大家写一篇对高中生的英语阅读兴趣所做调查的书面报告：所给出的内容用文字提纲和柱形图提供，一目了然，不会有任何的遗漏。范文准确地把握了这一点，没有遗漏任何要点，因为内容较丰富，范文没有根据情况来发挥。
在语言方面，由于本篇书面表达是一份调查报告属于正式文体，所以范文使用了较多语法和词汇，符合要求。
范文分两段陈述报告的内容，第一段介绍有关调查的内容、范围、对象等，即前因，后一段介绍了调查的结果。书面表达分段表述是作者写作时思路清晰的最好体现。
范文中长、短句结合，使得短文句式丰富。两段话中的各自最后一句都是较长的句子，前面都是简单句，但并不“简单”，都使用了一些好的词汇和表达方式。这使得短文较流畅。
短文词汇运用较好体现如下：categories(类别)，more than half(超过一半——54％)，doubles(两倍)；而后面表示“喜欢”的表达更是各不相同，完全体现了“运用了较多的词汇”，如"like…most，are most interested in，enjoy reading，prefer reading等。
短文的第一段较多地使用了被动语态，符合报告文体的特点，即“客观、真实”。
解题思路
一、书面表达的写作过程
首先，审题，确定文章的体裁和格式，明确所要表达的中心(主要)内容。对题目所提供的信息，不论是英文的，还是中文的都应仔细阅读，反复推敲，领会题意，要避免写那些与中心内容无关紧要的细节。
审题可以决定文体及把握时间基凋(即全篇大体要用何种时态)，同时决定写作方向、动机、手段等。一般说来，有书信、记叙文、说明文和议论文等4种基本文体。
审题确定写作内容要点。明确所要表达的中心(主要)内容及次要内容。根据这些内容，能够扩展的材料有哪些。图画题型的作文要点就是画面所描述的故事情节。只要认真看图，思考画面之间的联系，一般不难发现；图表作文中表格形式的作文要点则常常以对比、列举、分类等方式展现，比较明显。而以柱状图、圆形图、线形图等图示形式出现的作文要点多体现在数据的变化和比例的分配上：有时，还要求我们分析数据变化的原因和比例分配现象背后的本质和根源；一般说来，提纲题型的作文相对于图表题型和图画题型的作文而言，要点更为明确。
其次，围绕中心，列出写作提纲：提纲一定要包含所提供的情景要点，根据题目提示说明，按事件发生的时间顺序(或空间顺序或事理重要性顺序)列出要点，编制提纲。在编制提纲时，一定要抓住能说明主题的主要信息，舍弃次要的信息，突出中心：同时要尽量使用自己熟悉的词汇与句型：
第三，根据字数多少，扩展成篇，在编制提纲、列出要点后，要在草稿纸上扩展成文：扩展的内容—定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。扩展时要注意短文的字数，要写够100个词语，以避免由于字数不够引起的扣分。在组句成文的过程中，要注意：句子的主语和谓语—致性，确定句子的主语，要注意谓语动词的基本时态、前后相关句子的时态呼应；添加必要的细节(如事件发生的时间、地点等)；选用合适的句型、恰当的连接词和过渡词将各个要点有机地串联起来，使之组成一篇意思连贯的短文。
最后，反复检查，查漏补缺。一是查所写短文的体裁、内容及使用的人称、格
式是否符合试题的要求；二查要点是否有遗漏或误解；三查句子结构是否完整，词语搭配是否正确得当；四查句子的时态、语态有无错误，主谓是否一致，名词的单复数，代词的格、冠词、介词等的使用是否有错；五查单词拼写、字母大小写是否有错。标点符号：有无遗漏或用错；六查字数是否符合要求：然后把打的草稿誊写到答题纸上。注意字迹工整，卷面清洁。
二、如何写好一篇短文
一）措词和造句
具体说来，措词涉及到词语意义的辨析与选择，词语形式(词性与词性间的转换；单复数形式；肯定和否定形式等)的考虑与选择，以及词语结构搭配等的推敲与运用。最终目的是能选择并运用词义准确的、结构搭配合理的、尽可能不重复的词语。接下来就要造句。自然是要能把握好句子成分，以及谓语动词的时态和语态，写出完整而且有意义的单句，而后尝试运用更为复杂的结构(例如各类从句等)。在写单句或复句的练习过程中，也要尝试正确运用所学的句型。2000年到2003年的高考“书面表达”试题涉及的句型有：there be，as well，such as，形式主语，感叹句；同时还考查了几乎所有的从句，即：名词性从句(宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句)、定语从句(包括非限定性定语从句)和状语从句(时间、地点、因果、方式、条件等从句)。
二）构思段落和布局谋篇
虽然英语书面表达很短，只有100字左右，最多十个句子，但是要想成功地完成这项交际任务，把它很清晰地展现出来，还要考虑整体上的构思，即先写什么，后写什么，如何展开等。从形式上讲，分段是一种比较好的表达方式，可以把作者的思路清晰地展现出来。有时为了更好地吸引读者，还可以用设问做开头等。
三）连贯、流畅
语篇连贯(coherence)、流畅(fluency)是好的书面表达区别于一般书面表达的最重要标志、下面的方式可以使语篇连贯流畅。
1．在句子和段落之间恰当地运用关联(过渡)词。一篇书面表达所使用的连接词汇不要太多，一、两个足够。这些关联词大致可以分为如下几类：
1)类举：next，another，finally，still等
2)举例：that is，for example，as an example，in particular，specifically，such as 等
3)类比：as，similarly，at the same time，in the same way，as well等
4)对比：but，and，yet，how ever，instead，while，though，after all, on the other hand, on the contrary，despite，in spite of等
5)递进：even，also，besides, moreover, furthermore, in addition, most important, what's more
6)地点
on the other hand，on one side, on the other side, to the east, next to, below, above, beyond 等。
7)时间：after，later，next, meanwhile, afterward，as soon as, in the past，until，since，before，at last等；
8)结论：finally, in short, in summary, therefore, to sum up，in a word，as far as等。
9)强调：indeed，in fact，truly, of course，after all, even, certainly，no doubt等。
10)因果：as，then，therefore，because，otherwise，thus等。
2．除了以上提到的措词技巧之外．在达意并保证语篇连贯的基础上，运用多样化的句式更是语篇润色的行之有效的手段：总的说来，可通过如下几种途径来实现句式的多样化：
1)通过句子倒装，将句子的状语成分前置．用连接词或插入语等多种方式开头。
2)灵活运用句型，形式主语it，被动语态及动名词、分词或不定式结构等多种表达方式。
3)使用标点(如逗号、破折号等)把重要信息分离出来或用强调句型加以强调。
4)灵活运用复句，或者分词结构，这样会为语篇增色不少从而提高语篇的档次。
3．通过对近年全国和分省命题进行分析、对比后发现，高考书面表达一般以以下三种形式／文体出现：书信(电子邮件)、议论文、图表(说明文和记叙文)。对于部分文体，有以下比较好的句型可供选择。
一、书信
咨询信常用句式
开头段
I write concerning...
I write this letter to inquire about...
I am writing for information about...
结尾段
Thank you for your time and attention.
I should appreciate the information about…
I would be very grateful if you could let me have information about...
Look forward to your prompt response.
抱怨信常用句式
开头段
I write to express my concern/dissatisfaction about...
I'd like to express my disappointment about...
I am writing to complain the quality of your product.
结尾段
Please look into this matter...
Please give this matter your immediate attention.
I wish you would look into this matter for me and talk to the person responsible for this mistake.
道歉信常用句式
开头段
I am writing to say sorry for...
I am terribly sorry that...
I must apologize about (not) doing sth.
结尾段
Please accept my apologies once more.
Once more, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.
说明信常用句式
开头段
I am writing to report...
I am writing to inform you that...
I am writing in reply to a letter I received from you a few days ago.
结尾段
I hope this information will help you.
Please feel free to contact me for more information.
建议信常用句式
开头段
I am writing in reply to...
I write with my suggestion about...
I 'd like to express my views on ...
结尾段
I trust you'll consider my suggestions carefully.
I trust these suggestions have been useful.
The above are all my personal advice and you are the final decision maker.
二、议论文
解释结构
开头段
There are several reasons for this problem.
A number of factors could explain the phenomenon.
The reasons are chiefly as follows.
中间段
There is another factor that deserves some words here.
Another factor that should be taken into consideration is...
Perhaps the most important reason is...
结尾段
But it doesn't answer the question why...
It is no easy task to find the reason for this complicated phenomenon which involves several factors.
T aking all these factors into consideration, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that...
开头段
Along with the development of society, more and more problems are brought to our attention.
As society develops, people are attaching much importance to...
Sound and attractive as their arguments may seem, they cannot bear closer analysis.
中间段
As the proverb goes, "Every coin has its two sides." ... is no exception.
There is no denying that everything has more than one face and ... is no exception. Some people are of the opinion that ... while others strongly despise the attitude.
结尾段
It may bring about an undesirable change in...
There are a number of negative effects on...
The immediate result it produces is...
比较结构
开头段
The issue whether it is good not to… has aroused a heated discussion.
Both slues of .he argument are well supported by sound reasons.
Some people think.... while others claim ...Both sides have their merits.
中间段
Some people believe A. Others, however, trust B. Which you prefer depends on your own experience and emotional concern.
It has both strengths and weaknesses.
Both modes of ... present advantages and disadvantages.
Good as A is, it also brings its own problems.
结尾段
T aking into consideration both sides of the issue, I tend to favour the latter view. Personally, I prefer A, since there are too many benefits that outnumber its disadvantages. But B, on the other hand, has advantages no more than its disadvantages.
When the advantages and disadvantages of'... are carefully compared, the most striking striking conclusion is self-evident.
评论结构
开头段
When it comes to..., the vast majority of people believe that..., but other people claim that... Personally, I would prefer ... because I think...
I believe that the title statement is valid.
I totally agree with this statement, and I will explain why this is the case.
They may be right about..., but they seem to fail to take into account...
However logical and valid the argument may be, they only skim the surface of the issue. There is an element of truth in the view but they ignore a deeper and more essential factor that...
Whether it has more advantages or vice versa, one thing is certain...
结尾段
It is a forceful example to demonstrate the importance of. ..
As a matter of fact, there are also some disadvantages in...
It can not be denied that there still exist some disadvantages of...
图表
开头
1. The chart/diagram/figure/graph/illustration/statistics/table s hows/describes/ outlines / suggests/ indicates /illustrates /compares/ summarizes the number of…/the proportion of.../information on .../data on .../that... (object clause)/how... (object clause)...
2. According to/ As shown in/As can be seen from the chart/diagram /figure /graph/ illustration /statistics /table. (main clause)
3. It can be seen from/It is clear from/It is apparent from/It is obvious from/W e can see from the chart/diagram/figure/graph/illustration/statistics/table that... (clause)
结尾
In summary,/T o sum up,/ In conclusion,/ T o conclude, (main clause)
描述变化的句子
1. There was little/a significant change/rise/ growth/ increase/ drop/ fall/ decline in (the number of) (nouns) from ... on
2. There was a fluctuation between ... and...
3. The number of (nouns) increased/ rose/ grew/went up/ climbed/ fell/ dropped/ declined/ decreased/plunged/went down rapidly/sharply/dramatically/
considerably/significantly/steadily/ gradually/moderately/gently/slowly/slightly from ...to...
4. The number of (nouns) remained constant/remained stable/remained the same/ fluctuated/reached a plateau/reached a peak/reached a high/hit a low/ hit/fell to the lowest point
进行比较的句子
1. X is the same (size) as/ exactly the same as/ equal to/ equivalent to Y.
2. X is absolutely/exactly/precisely/almost/practically/more or less/approximately/ about/not quite the same (size) as Y.
3. X and Y are quite different /similar to each other.
4. X is extremely/really/rather/big. On the other hand,/By comparison,/In contrast, Y is small.
5. X is many times/far/a lot/slightly/hardly/barely greater than Y.
1. X is about twice/ three times as popular as Y.
2. The number/figure/... (?f... nearly/more than doubled/tripled, (as) compared with/ against those...
3. School A has almost/nearly/approximately/about/over a quarter/half the total number of students in School B.
高考真题
假定你是李华：应英国朋友Bob的要求,写一封短信介绍你校图书馆的基本情况。
内容须包括下面两幅图中的相关信息：
注意： 1.词数100左右；
2. 可以适当增减细节，以使行文连贯；
3. 开头语已为你写好。
Dear Bob,
Thank you for your last letter asking about our library.
_________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________
Best wishes, Li Hua 范文解析
Dear Bob,
Thank you for your last letter asking about our library.
Our library is the centre of the school．There is a beautiful garden in front of it and our classroom building is right behind it. The library is big. When you get inside, you will see many shelves full of books on different subjects. There are also lots of newspapers and magazines. We borrow books and do some reading in the library. According to the rule, every student can borrow up to 5 books each time and keep them for 10 days.
It is open from 9 am to 7 pm from Monday to Friday and closed on weekends.
We all like our library very much.
Best wishes,
Li Hua
从情景内容来看，这是一篇说明文，要求介绍有关图书馆的情况。有以下要点：
1．图书馆的位置——前有花园，后有教学楼；
2．内部环境——宽敞，有书架、报刊、书籍等；
3．图书馆的功能——借阅、借阅数量(每人每次五本)和借期(10天)；
4．开放时间——周一至周五，上午9点到晚上7点。
范文包含了以上全部内容，还增加了适当的细节，使行文更连贯。如：“When you get inside”，“According to the rule”，“We all like our library very much.”等。
从语言上看，大多使用了比较简单的句式，但遣词造句准确、到位。如：the center of, right behind it，many shelves full o f books on different subjects，up to 5 books each time。这些表达方式也属于较“高级”的，考生不是很容易使用的。
本篇书面表达是一封书信，并且给出了书信的基本格式——称呼(Dear Bob)、开头语(Thank you for your last letter asking about our library)、结束语(Best wishes)和签名(Li Hua)。所以对于考生来说，只需把正文部分和结尾(We all like our library very much．)写好就可以了。书信正文部分一般不分段，如果要写的内容较多或者信息多样，也可以考虑分段。
高中英语写作基本句型训练
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高考英语书面表达背诵范文25篇
高考英语书面表达背诵 范文25篇 -CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN
高考英语书面表达背诵范文25篇 ---多背范文，表达加分！！ 书面表达(一) 假定你叫李华，今年六月份将从北京新华中学高三毕业，打算到美国哥伦比亚大学上学。现在请你根据下面表格的个人信息，用英语写一封 注意： 1. 信件必须包括以上内容，不能逐句翻译，可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。 2. 词数100左右，开头和结尾已经给出，不计入总词数。 参考词汇：哥伦比亚大学the University of Columbia 范文 Dear Sir or Madam， I'm writing in the hope that I can obtain a chance to further my study in computer science in your university. First, please allow me to take a brief introduction of myself. I’m Li Hua, a girl born in June, 1993. I’m graduating from Beijing Xinhua High School this coming June with each course excellent. I have a keen interest in computers and the Internet. Besides, I’m good at English. I know th at the University of Columbia ranks among the most famous universities in the USA, and that’s the very reason why I’m now applying to further my university study in your Computer Science Department. I would appreciate it if you could take the trouble to provide me with some information and send me the necessary application materials. By the way, my email address is lihua93@https://www.360docs.net/doc/ce4789686.html,. I’m looking forward to your reply. 2
高中英语作文题目及范文
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高中英语书面表达常用高级句型大全
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英语作文写作技巧：英语书面表达绝招
英语作文写作技巧：英语书面表达绝招 书面表达一直在历年高考中占有很重要的地位，而且相对于其他 题型，书面表达最容易在短期内有所突破，因为其他的题都是客观题，只有书面表达是主观题。主观题就意味着需要人工阅卷而不是机器阅卷，也就是说只要考生能够抓住阅卷老师的心里，按照他们所期待的 模式去写，必定能在高考中取得高分。在历年的高考评卷过程中，阅 卷老师是如何评判一份卷子的，阅卷人最注重的是什么，是每个高考 考生迫切想知道的，作者将结合多年的高考阅卷经验，告诉大家如何 在高考中胜人一筹，在书面表达上拿到高档次的分数。 书面表达在评阅时遵循语言第一位(语言高级)，内容第二位(要点 齐全)，结构第三位(文章分段)的原则，也就是说阅卷老师最注重的是 语言，换句话说是亮点，根据语言使用情况，亮点的多少而定出档次，所以考生在书面表达中语言上的亮点是得高分的关键。亮点一共有四种：一、高级词汇和语法;二、修辞手法;三、有效的连词;四、名人名 言或谚语。首先简单介绍亮点当中至关重要的高级语法，以及修辞手 法当中的一些技巧的使用。 肯定不如双否好 修辞的使用在书面表达中算作很大的亮点，在高中阶段很少有学 生会注重修辞的应用。双重否定也是种修辞，而且对于考生来说，只 要稍加注意，能够在文章中设计双重否定的句子。例如想表达“邮递 员天天准时到”，如果写成The postman comes on time every day，就不如变成双重否定，The postman never fails to come on time， 就变成了亮点句，起到强调作用。几乎每个人对生活的态度都不同水 准受到地震的影响，写成双重否定There was hardly a man or a woman whose attitude towards life had not affected by the earthquake.应用类似的修辞会在高考中为考生加分。 陈述不如倒装妙
高中英语书面表达训练方法初探
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高中英语信件写作(实用模板)
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