欧睿咖啡机市场报告(主要针对美国和西欧)英文版
May 4, 2013
Thinking Again… The Future of Coffee Pod Machines
Analyst Insight by Lorenza Della-Santa, Senior Analyst - Consumer Appliances, Euromonitor International
Last October I explored the striking differences between consumption of coffee pods and fresh coffee in Western Europe and the US, and what that meant for future sales of coffee machines. I came to the conclusion that “…perhaps by investing more in open coffee brewing systems, manufacturers could favour with consumers who might be willing to spend more for a coffee machine that offers them free choice rather than being tied to a brand for life’.
去年十月我探索的惊人差异,消费咖啡荚和新鲜的咖啡在西欧和美国,这意味着什么对未来
销售的咖啡机。我得出的结论是,“…也许通过更多地投资开放的咖啡酿造系统,制造商可以支持与消费者可能愿意花更多钱在一个咖啡机,让他们自由选择,而不是被绑定到一个品牌的
生命”。
It might be time to think again…
它可能是时候再想想…
The exclusive capsule system behind the fortunes of Nespresso could soon lose the means of defending its incredibly successful model. The patent on its hard pod coffee machines has been infringed, legally, by the small British company, Dualit, which is now allowed to sell coffee pods compatible with Nespresso machines in the UK.
独家胶囊系统背后的财富可能很快失去意味着雀巢捍卫自己的令人难以置信的成功模型。专利在其硬荚咖啡机已被侵犯,法律,由小英国公司,Dualit,现在允许出售咖啡荚兼容雀巢机器
在英国。
While this may be a blow for Nespresso’s sales of coffee pods, whose success was based on the exclusivity of the patented system, it could mean
more business for coffee machine manufacturers, who combined sold over 3.5 million Nespresso machines in 2012.
虽然这可能是一个打击,雀巢的咖啡荚的销售,他的成功是基于专利系统的独特性,它可能意
味着更多的生意,他们结合的咖啡机制造商售出350万多2012年雀巢的机器。
Its too early to say for sure, but by losing its exclusivity, Nespresso could potentially become an open system, encouraging consumers who prefer more exclusive coffee brands to now consider the Nespresso machine as a viable option. Until now iconic coffee brands such as Illy and Lavazza have developed their own brewing systems, but with disappointing results. Nespresso machines are marketed as best in class coffee makers, and consumers may now be able to use best in class coffee in them.
它肯定还为时过早,但失去它的排他性,雀巢可能会成为一个开放的系统,鼓励消费者喜欢更
独家咖啡品牌现在考虑胶囊咖啡机作为一个可行的选择。直到现在标志性的咖啡品牌,如不善地和Lavazza已开发出自己的酿造系统,但令人失望的结果。雀巢的机器被当做最好的在课堂上咖啡生产商和消费者现在可能可以使用一流的咖啡在他们。
My original thinking was that as consumers become more promiscuous with their coffee, as they are in Western Europe, premium open systems would benefit at the expense of restrictive closed systems like Nespresso. If that system is no longer closed, however, it once again becomes a strong contender for consumers weighing up the pros and cons of different coffee machines.
我最初的想法是,当消费者更滥交和咖啡,因为它们是在西欧,溢价开放系统将有利于以牺牲
限制性的封闭系统像雀巢。如果这个系统不再是封闭的,然而,它再次成为一个强有力的竞争者消费者权衡利弊不同的咖啡机。
So early after the court ruling there are still many unknowns. Will this precedent be the catalyst for further challenges around the world? How will Nespresso react and how hard will it fight to protect the closed nature of its system?
所以早期的法庭裁决后,仍有许多未解之谜。将这个先例成为催化剂进一步挑战世界各地吗?雀巢将如何反应,会有多难战斗来保护封闭特性的系统?
While Nespresso could soon face the challenge of convincing consumers that its pods contain the best coffee, for the licensees who manufacture the actual machines, such as De’Longhi, Groupe SEB and Magimix, this development could be seen as a boon.
而雀巢可能很快面临的挑战是,说服消费者,其荚含有最好的咖啡,对被许可人生产实际的机器,如德'Longhi,SEB集团和Magimix,这种发展可以被看作是一个恩赐。
If You Think That the Future of Coffee Machines is All Pods, Think Again (Published October 2012)
如果你认为,未来的咖啡机都是豆荚,再想想(2012年10月出版)
There are many untapped opportunities in the global coffee machine market, and they are not just in pod formats. True, pods are driving sales in North America, the world’s biggest coffee machine market and also the most dynamic. Here overall volume sales of coffee machines are forecast to expand by an additional 6 million units annually by 2017. In context, this is six times bigger than the absolute growth expected in Western Europe.
有许多未开发的机会在全球咖啡机市场,他们不仅仅是在pod格式。真的,豆荚推动销售在北美,世界最大的咖啡机市场,也是最动态。这里的咖啡机整体销量预计将增加额外的600万到2017年每年的单位。在上下文,这是六倍的绝对增长预期在西欧。
Behind this phenomenal growth in North America lies the success of hard pod coffee machines which, according to new data from Euromonitor International, are set to become the preferred format by 2014, overtaking cheaper and traditionally more popular filter coffee models.
这种显著的增长背后在北美是成功的硬荚咖啡机,根据新数据从欧睿国际将成为首选的格式到2014年,超车便宜,传统上更受欢迎的过滤咖啡模型。
Western Europe: penchant for premium
西欧:喜欢溢价
Does this mean that Western Europe has run out of steam? Far from it. In fact while Western European consumers are expected to buy fewer coffee machines in the mid-term, when they do, they will spend far more per machine than anyone else.
这是否意味着西方欧洲已经失去动力?远离它。事实上虽然西欧消费者预计会少买咖啡机在中期,当他们这样做,他们将花费比别人更多的每台机器。
The standard coffee machine market, which includes all standard brewing systems (espresso, filter, percolators and combination coffee machines) is worth over US$2 billion in Western Europe, almost double that of North America. In the old continent consumers spend an average of US$144 on a standard coffee machine, in North America it’s just US$42.
标准的咖啡机市场,其中包括所有的标准酿造系统(浓缩、过滤、percolators和组合咖啡机)是价值超过20亿美元在西欧,北美的近一倍。在旧大陆消费者平均花费144美元在一个标准的咖啡机,在北美这只是我们42美元。
Standard Coffee Machine Sales, US and Western Europe, 2012-2017（美国和西欧咖啡机销量及销售额，请确定单位是什么意思，百度翻译一下）
Source: Euromonitor International
That Western Europeans are prepared to invest in their coffee machines does not come as a surprise since they also spend the most on fresh ground coffee globally. We estimate that in Western Europe consumers will be spending an extra US$2.2 billion （22亿美元）annually in fresh coffee in the next five years. Come 2017 the regional market will be worth US$19.6（196亿美元） billion, the size of North and Latin America combined. And they are willing to pay a premium to prepare it properly.
西方欧洲人准备投资于他们的咖啡机也不足为奇,因为他们也花最新鲜磨碎的咖啡在全球范围内。我们估计,在接下来的五年西欧的消费者将支出额外的22亿美元每年在新鲜的咖啡2017年来的区域市场规模将达到196亿美元,大小和拉丁美洲北部的结合。和他们愿意支付溢价准备得当。
Fresh Coffee Sales, US and Western Europe, 2011-2016（咖啡销量）
Source: Euromonitor International
Look for value growth beyond pod machines
寻找价值增长超出pod机器
We are already seeing that the thriving volume sales of pods machines are not delivering the boost in value that manufacturers had once hoped for. Quite the contrary, in fact, as increased competition in the segment combined with model diversification is driving the price of pod machines down, while standard coffee machines, such as espresso and filter, are instead undergoing premiumisation.
我们已经看到,繁荣的销量的豆荚机器不是交付价值增加,制造商曾经所希望的。恰恰相反,
事实上,因为竞争的加剧在段结合模型多样化是推动价格下降,而pod机器标准咖啡机器,如咖啡和过滤器,而是经历premiumisation。
So while it is true that, in absolute terms, consumption of coffee pods in Western Europe is expected to post the largest growth in the mid term, it is also true that fresh ground coffee and coffee beans combined still account for 74% of the total fresh coffee market value, and this predominance won’t change in the near future.
所以当它是真实的,按绝对值计算,消费咖啡荚在西欧是最大的增长预计在中期,它也确实新
鲜磨碎的咖啡和咖啡豆组合仍占74%的总市场价值,新鲜咖啡,这种优势不会改变在不久的
将来。
Western Europeans do spend more than anyone else on their coffee, and are prepared to pay for a coffee machine that does it justice it. So how can manufacturers make the most of this counter-intuitive trend in a tough economic climate?
西方欧洲人比其他人花更多的在他们的咖啡,准备支付一个咖啡机,它做到了公正。因此如何使大多数制造商反直觉的趋势在艰难的经济气候?
Perhaps by investing more in open coffee brewing systems, manufacturers could find favour with consumers who might be willing to spend more for a coffee machine that offers them free choice rather than being tied to a brand for life. The coffee machines market has already proved itself responsive to innovation, and Western European love of coffee is certainly resilient enough to suggest there is scope for premium options beyond the pod.
也许通过更多地投资开放的咖啡酿造系统,制造商可以找到支持的消费者可能愿意花更多钱在一个咖啡机,让他们自由选择,而不是被绑定到一个品牌的生命。咖啡机市场已经证明了自己适应创新,和西欧爱咖啡当然是弹性足以表明存在范围超出了吊舱溢价选项。
Posted on May 4, 2013 at 01:34:00 AM in Articles, Consumer Appliances, Fresh Food, Hot Drinks
History and Anthology of American Literature 美国文学史及选读 笔记
History and Anthology of American Literature Part I The Literature of Colonial America 1.Historical Introduction ·The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. ·Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith. His reports of exploration have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English. 2.Early New England Literature ·The American poets who emerged in the 17 century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. Anne Bradstreet was one such poet. John Smith 1.The first American writer. 2.Works: (1)A true Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony (2)A Map of Virginia with a Description of the Country (3)The General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles William Bradford & John Winthrop 1.William Bradford: 曾任普利茅斯总督 ·Work: Of Plymouth Plantation《普利茅斯垦殖记》 2.John Winthrop: 曾任马萨诸塞湾总督，波士顿总督 ·Work: The History of New England from 1630 to 1649《新英格兰历史：1630-1649》 John Cotton & Roger Williams 1.John Cotton: 清教徒牧师和作家 ·The first major intellectual spokesman of Massachusetts Bay Colony was John Cotton, sometimes called “the Patriarch of New England”. 2.Roger Williams: 出生于伦敦的进步宗教思想家，曾长期受到英国殖民当局的迫害 ·He was interested in the Indian language ·Work：A Key into the Language of America 《阿美利加语言的钥匙》 Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor 1.Anne Bradstreet：美国第一位作品得以发表的女诗人 ·Work：The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America《第十位缪斯》 2.Edward Taylor：美国清教派牧师和诗人，被公认为美国19世纪前最重要的诗人 ·The best of the Puritan poets Part II The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1.Background: In the seventies of the eighteenth century the English colonies in North America rose in arms against their mother country. The War of Independence lasted for eight years(1775-1783) and ended in the formation of a federative bourgeois democratic republic—the United States of America. 2.American Enlightenment（美国启蒙运动）dealt a decisive blow to the Puritan traditions and brought to life secular
美国文学史
美国文学史梗概 一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期 最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。 代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。 二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期 这一时期是启蒙运动时期（the Enlightenment）,从字面上讲，启蒙运
动就是启迪蒙昧，反对愚昧主义，提倡普及文化教育的运动。但就其精神实质上看，它是宣扬资产阶级政治思想体系的运动，并非单纯是文学运动。它是文艺复兴时期资产阶级反封建、反禁欲、反教会斗争的继续和发展，直接为一七八九年的法国大革命奠定了思想基础。启蒙思想家们从人文主义者手里进一步从理论上证明封建制度的不合理，从而提出一整套哲学理论，政治纲领和社会改革方案，要求建立一个以“理性”为基础的社会。他们用政治自由对抗专制暴政，用信仰自由对抗宗教压迫，用自然神论和无神论来摧毁天主教权威和宗教偶像，用“天赋人权”的口号来反对“君权神授”的观点，用“人人在法律面前平等”来反对贵族的等级特权，进而建立资产阶级的政权。是欧洲第二次思想解放运动。） 主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），这个思想认为虽然上帝创造了宇宙和它存在的规则，但是在此之
后上帝并不再对这个世界的发展产生影响。自然神论反对蒙昧主义和神秘主义，否定迷信和各种违反自然规律的“奇迹”；认为上帝不过是“世界理性”或“有智慧的意志”；上帝作为世界的“始因”或“造物主”，它在创世之后就不再干预世界事务，而让世界按照它本身的规律存在和发展下去；主张用“理性宗教”代替“天启宗教”。人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。 启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手，如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩，以及托马斯·杰斐逊。 三、19世纪南北战争时期 这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。
美国文学考试资料(英文版)(doc 10页)
Part one: Answer: 1—60 A,B,D,D,C/ D,A,B,A,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,B,D,C D A B D B/ A C B C D/ C D C D A/ B,A,C,A,D B,C,C,B,A/ D,A,B,D,D/ A,A,D,D,B/ C,C,A,D,C 1 1.Hawthorne’s masterpiece, one of the greatest novels of the world is The Scarlet Letter. 2.Emerson’s first startling book is Nature. 3.Ralph Waldo Emerson is the chief spokesman of this spiritual movement of Transcendentalism. 4.Washington Irving is worth the honor of being “for his literary craftsmanship for his literary craftsmanship. 5.The colonial influence over American Romanticism made American Romantic writers more moralize than their English counter-parts. 6.The impact of Darwin's evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to another school of realism: American Naturalism. 7.In the first part of the 20th century, apart from Darwinism, there were two thinkers the German Karl Marx and the Austrian Sigmund Freud, whose ideas had the greatest impact on the period. 8. In his poetry, Robert Frost made the colloquial New England speech into a poetic expression. The theme of returning to nature could be read in Leather-Stocking Tales by Cooper. 10. About the novel The Scarlet Letter, which of the following statements is not true? D A. It's very hard to say that it is a love story or a story of sin. B. It's a highly symbolic story and the author is a master of symbolism. C. It's mainly about the moral, emotional and psychological effects of the sin upon the main characters and the people in general. D. In it the letter A takes the same symbolic meaning throughout the novel. 11. Ezra Pound showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Bai into English. 12. Eli ot’s first major poem (1917 The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock , has been called the first masterpiece of modernism in English. 13. The Fitzgerald lived so extravagantly that they frequently spent more money than Fitzgerald earned for parties, liquor, entertaining their friends and traveling. It was this living style that nicknamed the decade of the 1920s as The Roaring Twenties,The Jazz age andThe Dollar Decade. 14. Hemingway was badly wounded in Italy and sent to a hospital where he fell in love with a nurse. These two persons later became the characters of his novel A Farewell to Arms
外国文学史20世纪欧美现实主义文学复习要点
外国文学史20世纪欧美现实主义文学复习要点 现实主义的新特点？ 思想特点：①十月革命的胜利和国家无产阶级革命运动的蓬勃展开，使他们对现实有了更加深刻的认识。深入再现生活深层的内在方面，表现人的深层意识和微观心理世界；②着重刻画日常生活中真实、具有复杂个性的普通人。借鉴了19世纪现实主义文学的经验，力图全面地反映一个时代的社会生活。③无产阶级的生活和斗争越来越多地成为他们反映的对象。 艺术特点：①频频出现“长河小说”。②适应时代发展与人们的欣赏要求，吸收新的艺术表现手段，提高了艺术表现能力。③越来越淡化情节，越来越淡化塑造典型人物。 代表作品：英国作家劳伦斯的《虹》，美国作家海明威的《老人与海》，美国女作家米切尔的《飘》等。 英国文学 代表作家：劳伦斯，擅长社会批判和心理（主题：性爱和工业文明）成名作：《儿子与情人》；《虹》《恋爱中的妇女》（姐妹篇）。 约翰·高尔斯华绥《福尔赛世家》三部曲（揭露了英国资产阶级的“财产意识”）、《有产业的人》《骑虎》《出租》； 毛姆《人性的枷锁》；戈尔丁《蝇王》；莱辛《金色笔记》 萧伯纳《鳏夫的财产》《华伦夫人的职业》《巴巴拉上校》； 法国文学 马丁·杜伽尔《帝国一家》（《巨仆》《穷人》《首脑》）；莫里亚克（心理分析）《腹蛇结》 罗曼·罗兰成就最高，《约翰·克里斯多夫》开创长河小说先河。 德国文学 曼氏家族：亨利希·曼《帝国三部曲》；托马斯·曼《布登·勃洛克
一家》。 雷马克反战小说《西线无战事》；茨威格《一个陌生女人的来信》 美国文学 德莱塞《美国的悲剧》；塞林格《麦田里的守望者》；菲次吉拉德《了不起的盖茨比》。 什么叫“迷惘的一代”？ 20世纪20年代产生于美国的文学流派，海明威在《太阳照样升起》的题词中引用斯泰因的一句话：你们都是迷惘的一代，该流派因此而得名。特点是痛恨帝国主义战争，关心战后青年一代的命运，反映当时美国青年普遍的迷惘情绪，以此为出发点，表现帝国主义精神危机。代表作家海明威和菲次吉拉德。 什么叫“冰山原则”？ 1932年海明威在《午后之死》中第一次提出文学创作的“冰山原则”，即用简洁的文字塑造鲜明的形象，并且把自己的感受和思想最大限度地藏在形象中，使之情感丰富却含而不露，思想深沉且隐而不晦，让读者通过鲜明形象的感受去发掘作品的思想意义。简洁的文字、鲜明的形象、丰富的情感和深刻的思想构成冰山原则的四要素，也是海明威的基本创作风格。 海明威相关知识： 《太阳照样升起》开创“迷惘的一代”的宣言书。 1940年《丧钟为谁而鸣》标志着海明威战争观的转变，支持正义战争，摆脱迷惘。 长篇小说《永别了，武器》：把“迷惘的一代”文学推向了高峰。主人公：亨利·腓特力、英国护士凯瑟琳。 《乞力马扎罗的雪》：最成功的一个短篇。 代表作《老人与海》，思想意义？点警句“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可以把它消灭掉，可就是打不败它。”如何理解这句话？ 海明威的作品《老人与海》是一部寓意很深的作品。故事表现了“英雄与环境这个传统的主题。 象征意义：“老人与海”具有很强的象征性与寓意性。小说中的名言：“一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他”。是我们理解其思想意义的钥匙。老渔夫桑提亚哥实际上是抽象化的人类，作为人的对立面的大海、鲨鱼象征神秘的命运和不可知的自然力。老人在斗争中虽然失败了，但他坚忍不拔、不断抗争、奋力
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复习笔记和真题
《美国文学史及选读》考研吴伟仁版考研复 习笔记和真题 第一部分殖民地时期的美国文学 第1章约翰·史密斯 1.1 复习笔记 I. Historical Introduction (历史背景) (1) At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the vast continental area that was to become the United States had been probed only slightly by English and European explorers. At last early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history. (2) The colonies that became the first United States were for the most part sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs and English lands. (3) The first writings that we call American were the narratives and journals of the settlements. They wrote about their voyage to the new land, about adapting to new life and dealing with Indians; they wrote letters, contracts, government charters, religious and political statements. (4) The first permanent English settlement in North America was established at Jamestown, Virginia in 1607. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was Captain John Smith, an English soldier of fortune.
美国文学史笔记
文学史笔记： 一、Early American and colonial period (1607-1765) (religious conflicts Catholism vs.Puritanism) 1.Puritanism: 1.) Simply speaking , American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans,who settled in the North American continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions.In content it means scrupulous ,moral rigor ,especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences,that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion. 2.)with time passing it became a dominant factor in American life , one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and literature .To some extent it is a state of mind , a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes ,rather than a set of tenets. 3.）Actually it is a code of values , a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds , also a two-faceted tradition of religious idealism and level -headed in common sense . 2.The main features of this period 1).American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
美国文学
绪论 美国文学：世界文学中的奇迹 美国文学的独特气质：多元化、平民化、充满对于生命的热爱、活力四射、充满阳刚之气。 从1492年哥伦布发现新大陆到19世纪前期，北美殖民地的发展建设十分迅速，但文学的发展却十分缓慢。这是因为移民到新大陆的欧洲人在无边无际的美洲大陆上豪情万丈、开疆扩土，现实生活上的需要太强烈，机会太多，使人无暇舞弄文字。不过，从更深层次上看，正是这种社会生活为萌芽中的美国文学奠定了精神基础，即：一望无前的开拓精神，一起皆有可能的乐观，无拘无束的野性，开放和包容的魄力。这种精神特质，一直贯穿在美国文学的历史中，或隐或现。 19世纪浪漫主义 背景：美国独立战争后，全新的民主共和国使人们满怀信心。因而，最初的美国文学具有强烈的浪漫主义色彩，各种不同风格的作家泉涌而出。 最早的代表作家：本杰明·富兰克林、托马斯·杰斐逊 特点：他们是《独立宣言》的主要起草者，文风具有强烈的实用性，而文学性偏弱。富兰克林的创作以散文为主，文笔清新幽默集中探讨科学文化、民主精神、自力更生等，其中关于自学、修身、创业的言论，对于美国人的人生观、事业观、道德观产生了深远影响。杰斐逊曾担任美国第三位总统，其创作更具政治色彩，行文朴实无华，却字字击中要害。 美国文学之父：华盛顿·欧文（1783--1859） 美国第一部具有民族色彩的文学作品是欧文1809年发表的《纽约外史》。它御用美国本土题材，文风诙谐幽默。已经出版，就使欧文成为美国文坛的风雨人物。欧文的代表作是《见闻札记》，包括小说、散文、杂感等32篇。行文优雅，清新精致，以幽默风趣的笔调和富于幻想的浪漫色彩，描写了美国和英国的古老风俗习惯，刻画了淳朴善良的人物群像。（《见》中影响最大的是小说《瑞普·凡·温克尔》）这部作品奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。《见》最早的中文译本是20世纪林纾翻译的，译名为《拊掌录》，林纾在译序中写到“欧文气量宏广，而思致深邃而敏捷，行文跳踊变化，匪夷所思。”，评价甚高。 美国的孔子：爱默生（1803--1882） 爱默生，美国思想家、散文家、诗人，是确立美国文化精神的代表人物，被林肯尊为“美国的孔子”、“美国文明之父”。1937年的演讲词《美国学者》宣告美国文学已经脱离英国文学而独立，并告诫美国学者拜托学究气，不要盲目追随欧洲传统。这篇演讲被誉为美国文化领域的“独立宣言”。 爱默生是当时美国最受尊崇的演说家之一。他常谈论政治----比如强烈主张废除黑奴制，但他对政治的关心，更多是从思想文化出发，个人主义是他分析很多问题的切入点。他拒绝加入任何政治运动和团体，他希望超越小团体的局限站在普遍人性的角度独立思考。 爱默生的思想，保留在他的《论说文集》里。他的散文，注重思想内容，不讲究辞藻的华丽，说理深入浅出，说服力极强。行文简练，犹如格言，以至于有评论家说“爱默生似乎只写警句”。爱默生的散文综合了多种倾向，既斩钉截铁、不容置疑，又宽容大度，具有民主精神；既有贵族式的高雅，又有平民式的质朴；既简单明了，又隐含神秘主义气息。 侦探推理小说的鼻祖：爱伦·坡（1809--1849） 爱伦·坡，公认的侦探推理小说鼻祖、科幻小说先驱、恐怖小说大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义先驱。他的创作风格庞杂，总的来说，色彩瑰丽，非常奇特，带有一种阴暗而
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记6.
History And Anthology of American Literature （6） 附：作者及作品 一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America 1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith 《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》 “A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony” 《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》 “A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country” 《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia” 2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford 《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop 《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England” 4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams 《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America” 或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》 Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ” 5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet 《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》 ”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America” 二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) ※《自传》“ The Autobiography ” 《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” 2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809) ※《美国危机》“The American Crisis” 《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense” 《人权》“Rights of Man” 《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason” 《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice” 3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) ※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence” 4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832) ※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle” ※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground” ※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did” 《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy” 《夜屋》“The House of Night” 《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship” 《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》 “The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War” 《札记》“Miscellaneous Works” 三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism 1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859) ※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself” ※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《见闻札记》“Sketch Book” 《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle” 《纽约外史》“A History of New York” 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall” 《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller” 《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch” 《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》 “A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus” 《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada” 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》 ”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” 《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra” 《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain” 《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies” 《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria” 《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville” 《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith” 《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington” 2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《间谍》“The Spy” 《领航者》“The Pilot” 《美国海军》“U.S. Navy” 《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales” 包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder” 《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans” 《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire” 3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis” ※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl” 4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) ※《给海伦》“To Helen” ※《乌鸦》“The Raven” ※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee” ※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher” 《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle” 《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque” 5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature” ※《论自助》“Self-Reliance” 《美国学者》“The American Scholar” 《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address” 《随笔集》“Essays” 《代表》“Representative Men” 《英国人》“English Traits” 《诗集》“Poems” 6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) ※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》 1
20世纪美国文学的特点
20世纪的美国文学，堪称美国文学史上的“黄金时期”，同时也可以说是又一次“文艺复兴”。这一时期，现实主义、自然主义和现代主义形成了多元并存的局面，促进了现代美国文学的空前繁荣。 ==小说== 这一时期的小说创作主旨虽然是现实主义，但不同的作家在创作实践中却呈现出各自的特色。这一时期的小说创作有几种倾向： 1、两种现实主义小说。在这方面的主要代表是亨利·詹姆斯，他的创作继承了19世纪的高雅“现实主义”传统，擅长描写美国东部有闲阶级男女的心理。他作品描写的民主思想浓厚、独立性强、天真无邪、不拘虚礼但又有些我行我素的美国上层妇女形象，始终被看成是美国文化产物的典型。与这种创作倾向截然相反的是乡土小说和反映农民心声的作品。这方面比较有影响的作家哈姆林·加兰。 2、乡土作家和幽默小说。这方面的代表性作家是欧·亨利。他的短篇小说篇幅不长，以情节取胜，一般以写小市民生活为主，充满了蕴含同情的幽默和恢谐之特色。尤其是那些出人意料的结尾和“情理之中、意料之外”的谋篇布局手法更每每令读者拍案叫绝。 3、“黑幕揭发者”与厄普顿·辛克莱。从19世纪90年代开始，一批以揭露资本家穷奢极欲和政府丑闻为主要内容的暴露文学曾一度发展到高峰。其中以厄普顿·辛克莱的《屠场》最有影响。 4、自然主义和现实主义的交织。这一时期美国文学的一个重要成就在于出现了一批既具有现实主义倾向同时又受到欧洲自然主义哲学和文学思潮影响的作家。他们所描写的往往是一些没有文化、出身贫寒的下层人民和社会渣滓。第一部显示出决定论哲学倾向的作品是斯蒂芬·克莱斯的中篇小说《街头妇女郎梅季》。 杰克·伦敦参加过美国的社会主义运动，曾有“美国无产阶级文学之父”之称。实际上，他同时受到马克思主义、尼采的超人哲学和斯宾塞的社会达尔文主义的影响，这些均反映在他的主要长短篇小说中。他的写作风格粗犷而刚健有力，人物性格常常在激烈的矛盾冲突中得到展示。 西奥多·德莱塞（代表作《嘉莉妹妹》、《美国的悲剧》）运用巴尔扎克写典型、写细节的手法，成功地再现出他那个时代大城市中的社会生活和典型人物，场面比较广阔，含义比较深刻。他虽然揭露了资产阶级社会中尔虞我诈、弱肉强食的现象，但是又塑造了一批随波逐流、任性纵欲的主人公。但是他常常因为写作风格的滞重和句段的冗长而受到批评。 辛克莱·刘易斯是美国第一个获得诺贝尔文学的小说家。他的小说多以讽刺手法揭露美国资产阶级社会中的丑恶现象和矛盾。作为美国中产阶级的代言人，他的视野从未超越中产阶级。他的作品虽然从某些侧面揭露示了资产阶级社会中的矛盾，和社会的黑暗，但总的来说，缺乏一定的深度。
美国文学笔记整理完整版-专八人文知识
美国文学笔记整理完整版 -1776 北美殖民时期Colonial Settlements 约翰·史密斯美国文学史上第一个作家 John Smith A Ture Relation of Virginia《关于费吉尼亚的真实叙 述》（美国文学第一本书） 乔纳森·爱德华兹清教徒主义作家（Puritanism） Jonathan Edwards -1783 独立革命时期Revolution of Independence （启蒙运动） 本杰明·富兰克林Poor Richard’s Almanac穷查理历书； Benjamin Franklin The Way to Wealth致富之道； 1706-1790 The Autobiography自传(记录作者从穷到成功的经历，“美国 梦”反映，体现启蒙倡导的理性主义和有序、教育的 观点) 托马斯·潘恩美国独立之父the father of American revolution Thomas Paine Common Sense常识（独立战争宣传册revolutionary pamphlets） -1809 American Crisis美国危机（鼓励人民抵抗英 军，共16小册） Rights of Man人的权利（支持法国革命） The Age of Reason理性时代（基督给他名誉带来的影响） 菲利普·弗伦诺独立诗人a poet of the American Revolution，美国 诗歌之父 Philip Freneau The Rising Glory of America蒸蒸日上的美洲 1752-1832 The British Prison Ship英国囚船 The Wild Honey suckle野生的金银花 The Indian Burying Ground印第安人殡葬地
关于20世纪欧美文学20th Century American Literature(英语美文)
关于20世纪欧美文学20th Century American Literature 英语美文 这些脸”的幽灵在人群中:/片片花瓣在潮湿黝黑的枝子上。“我的第一反应在1916年庞德的阅读理解诗歌的地铁车站的暴行。这是一首诗无论如何定义?如果它是一首诗,它是如何被理解吗?最后,有什麽样的含意,这首诗产生了为20 -世纪美国文学吗? 我最初的困惑,我意识到了,在平息,必须在地下的d 'etre背后的这个显然奇异的文学现象。我所要做的是把这首诗到上下文的美国文学的演进和文学的历史。至少,这首诗就引发了一个重要的挑战。它要求我明白有些很关键的变化,这些变化必须发生在20世纪末。 我后来的研究表明这首诗表现了更大的一部分被称为象征主义文学运动,其中包括这样的理论家和开业者休谟,Hilda Doolittle t >,艾美洛厄尔;庞德等。这个动作是一种直接反应了维多利亚时代晚期诗歌,成为极人工、emptily“修辞”和“装饰”。解决这类问题,因此必然要松开韵律模式和把它带回来接近的节奏普通的演说。因此,“意象派”运动有极大关系与促进自由诗,倡导实验在许多宗教信条
需要“允许绝对自由的题材的选择”和“生产诗歌,又硬又清晰,从不模糊不定。“当Archibald也说,在他的抗逆转录病毒药物Poetica MacLeish(1926年),“诗不应该意味着/但是”的,他有类似的事情在他的脑海里。象征主义、小,因为它是作为一种文学运动,引起了重大变化,引入文学批评的概念所体现的内部学习新批评代替传统的关键做法。 上述事件只不过是一个那个例子发生在我研究的文学作品。中国学生喜欢我,它至少有两个重要的影响。首先,一部作品,一定不能被隔离治疗。相互作用是什么之前或之后写历史的角度来看,这是一个以何种方式,我们将增加我们的解释。第二,这是很重要的,熟悉相关的文学理论,对于一个给定的作品。 一个学生主修英语(以及国际贸易)的XX大学英语系,我变得越来越有兴趣文学后半段在本科毕业。当然,我被培养成一名学生的英语语言在最初的地方,正因为如此,我收到了标准的学术训练典型的一位学生的英语专业。在头两年里,我主要有密集培训的基本的英语交流能力通过参加课程,在先进的听、写、阅读和书面和口头的沟通能力。我的杰出的学术成绩,说明了国内一流,二等奖学金连续四次被我赢了从1999年至2003年。在2001年,我曾获二等奖的校园英语作文大赛,在2002年赢得这个奖项的第一个中英翻译大赛。另一指标,是我的学业成绩的荣誉毕业于XX省优秀的时候,我收到了我终于完成了
美国文学浪漫主义英文版
American Romanticism Romantic Period is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature. When Americans were constructing their country, they also began to realize their differences from their European counterparts. They began to hope to see an entirely different literature model which expressed American cultures. Great writers of that period captured on their pages the enthusiasm and the optimism of that dream. Romanticism refers to an artistic and intellectual movement originating in Europe in the late 18th century and characterized by a heightened interest in nature, emphasis on the individual’s experience of emotion and imagination, departure from the attitudes and forms of classicism, and rebellion against established social rules and conventions. The romantic period of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It was an age of westward expansion, of the increasing gravity of the slavery question, of an intensification of the spirit of embattled sectionalism in the South, and of a powerful impulse to reform in the North. In literature it was America’s first great creative period, a full flowering of the romantic impulse on American soil. 1. The unique characteristics of American Romanticism Although greatly influenced by their English coun terparts, the American romantic writers revealed unique characteristics of their own in their works and they grew on the native lands. For examp1e，(1) the American national experience of "pioneering into the west" proved to be a rich source of material for Amer ican writers to draw upon. They celebrated America's landscape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, streams, and vast oceans. The wilderness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral 1aw. (2) The desire for an esca pe from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper’s Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and，later, in Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. (3) With the growth of American national consciousness, American character types speaking local dialects appeared in poetry and fiction with increasing frequency. (4)Then the American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values and American Romanticism. One of the manifestations is the fact that American romantic writers tended more to moralize than their English and European counterparts. (5) Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of origina1 sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 2. Representative writers and their works Washington Irving(1783-1859) was the first American storyteller to be