2013美国冷库容量统计
Capacity of Refrigerated Warehouses 2013 Summary 2013 冷库容量统计
January 2014
ISSN: 1949-1638
United States Department of Agriculture 美国农业部
National Agricultural Statistics Service 国家农业统计局
Contents
Refrigerated Warehouses Capacity Highlights (4)
冷库容量花絮
Refrigerated Warehouses by Number and Type - States and United States: October 1, 2013 (5)
冷库数量与类型
Refrigerated Warehouses by Number and Size Group - United States: October 1, 2013 (6)
冷库数量与尺寸
Refrigerated Storage by Gross Capacity and Type of Warehouse - United States: October 1, 1995-2013.. 6 冷藏总容量与仓库类型
Refrigerated Storage by Type of Warehouse - United States: October 1, 2013 (6)
冷藏量与仓库类型
Gross and Usable Refrigerated Space - States and United States: October 1, 2013 (7)
总体与可用冷藏空间
Gross and Usable Cooler Space - States and United States: October 1, 2013 (8)
总体与可用冷却空间
Gross and Usable Freezer Space - States and United States: October 1, 2013 (9)
总体与可用冷冻空间
Definitions (11)
定义
Statistical Methodology (12)
统计方法
Information Contacts (12)
Refrigerated Warehouse Capacity Up 2 Percent 冷库容量上涨2%
Gross refrigerated storage capacity in the United States totaled 4.06 billion cubic feet on October 1, 2013, an increase of 2 percent since the previous survey was conducted two years ago. This was the 48th biennial survey of refrigerated warehouses. The five States with the largest gross warehouse capacity (million cubic feet) were California with 557; Florida, 277; Georgia, 243; Pennsylvania, 243; and Wisconsin, 220.
截至2013年10月1日，美国总冷藏容量达到40.6亿立方英尺，比两年前进行的上次调查增长2%。冷库调查每两年一次，此次为第
48次。总冷库容量最大的五个州为加利福尼亚557，佛罗里达277，乔治亚243，宾夕法尼亚243，威斯康星220（百万立方英尺）。
Usable refrigerated storage capacity was 3.32 billion cubic feet, or 82 percent of the gross space. Usable freezer space was 78 percent of the usable refrigerated space with the remaining 22 percent used as cooler space. Convertible refrigerated space was classified as usable freezer space.
可用冷藏容量是33.2亿，占总容量的82%。可用冷冻容量占可用冷藏容量的78%，剩余22%为冷却容量。可改变的冷冻容量归类为可
用冷冻容量。
Public warehouse refrigerated storage capacity totaled 3.08 billion gross cubic feet in 2013, accounting for 76 percent of the total storage. Public storage capacity increased 2 percent since 2011 and is 31 percent above the public capacity of ten years ago.
2013年，公共仓库冷藏容量总计30.8亿总立方英尺，占总容量的76%。公共储存容量自2011年上升2%，比10年前高出31%。
Private and semiprivate warehouse refrigerated capacity totaled 978 million gross cubic feet, or 24 percent of the gross refrigerated space.
私有和半私有仓库冷藏容量总计9.78亿总立方英尺，占总冷藏容量的24%。
Gross Refrigerated Storage Capacity — United States: October 1总冷藏容量——美国：截至2013.10.01
2013冷库容量统计（2014年一月）
USDA，国家农业统计局
Refrigerated Warehouses by Number and Type - States and United States: October 1, 2013 冷库数量与类型——美国：2013年10月1日
------------------------------------------------------------------------
State : : Private and :
: Public : semi-private : Total
------------------------------------------------------------------------
: number
:
Alabama ................: 11 9 20
Alaska .................: 2 21 23
Arizona ................: 6 2 8
Arkansas ...............: 19 3 22
California .............: 122 148 270
Colorado ...............: 4 4 8
Connecticut ............: 2 1 3
Delaware ...............: 5 5 10
Florida ................: 40 25 65
Georgia ................: 36 37 73
:
Hawaii .................: 1 1 2
Idaho ..................: 7 13 20
Illinois ...............: 29 11 40
Indiana ................: 14 6 20
Iowa ...................: 27 9 36
Kansas .................: 8 2 10
Kentucky ...............: 5 - 5 Louisiana ..............: 8 6 14 Maine ..................: 2 15 17 Maryland ...............: 5 6 11 : Massachusetts ..........: 22 31 53 Michigan ...............: 21 17 38 Minnesota ..............: 21 19 40 Mississippi ............: 9 1 10 Missouri ...............: 16 7 23 Montana ................: 2 3 5 Nebraska ...............: 14 7 21 Nevada .................: 2 2 4 New Hampshire ..........: 2 1 3 New Jersey .............: 34 12 46 : New Mexico .............: 1 4 5 New York ...............: 26 49 75 North Carolina .........: 16 2 18 North Dakota ...........: 2 1 3 Ohio ...................: 21 4 25 Oklahoma ...............: 6 3 9 Oregon .................: 13 29 42 Pennsylvania ...........: 40 22 62 Rhode Island ...........: - 2 2 South Carolina .........: 9 3 12
:
South Dakota ...........: 2 3 5 Tennessee ..............: 10 3 13
Texas ..................: 45 29 74
Utah ...................: 9 10 19
Vermont ................: 1 2 3
Virginia ...............: 13 13 26 Washington .............: 41 23 64
West Virginia ..........: - 2 2 Wisconsin ..............: 51 67 118
Wyoming ................: - - -
:
United States ..........: 802 695 1,497
------------------------------------------------------------------------
- Represents zero.
Refrigerated Warehouses by Number and Size Group - United States: October 1, 2013 冷库数量与尺寸——美国：2013年10月1日
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : : : Cubic feet : Public : Private and : All : : semi-private : --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: number
:
0-499,999 ................: 98 334 432
500,000-999,999 ..........: 66 111 177
1,000,000-2,499,999 ......: 193 116 309
2,500,000-4,999,999 ......: 221 98 319
5,000,000 and over .......: 224 36 260
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Refrigerated Storage by Gross Capacity and Type of Warehouse - United States: October 1, 1995-2013 冷藏总容量与仓库类型——美国：1995.10.01-2013
[Totals may not add due to rounding] 由于四舍五入总数可能不会增加
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: : Private and :
Year : Public : semi-private : Total
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
: 1,000 cubic feet
:
1995 .....................: 1,741,585 674,649 2,416,234
1997 .....................: 2,043,908 683,372 2,727,280
1999 .....................: 2,146,643 756,505 2,903,152
2001 .....................: 2,251,943 788,853 3,040,796
2003 .....................: 2,357,080 802,454 3,159,535
2005 .....................: 2,435,773 771,725 3,207,497 2007 .....................: 2,498,198 821,998 3,320,194 2009 .....................: 2,900,511 894,463 3,794,974 2011 .....................: 3,028,243 931,117 3,959,354 2013 .....................: 3,076,959 978,426 4,055,385
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Refrigerated Storage by Type of Warehouse - United States: October 1, 2013
冷藏量与仓库类型——美国：2013年10月1日
[Totals may not add due to rounding] 由于四舍五入总数可能不会增加
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : : Gross space : Usable space Type :Number :----------------------------------------------------------- : : Cooler : Freezer : Total : Cooler : Freezer : Total ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ : -------------------- 1,000 cubic feet -------------------- : Public .........: 802 444,886 2,632,074 3,076,959 365,996 2,198,784 2,564,778 Private and : semi-private ..: 695 466,016 512,408 978,426 354,882 401,651 756,532 Total ..........: 1,497 910,899 3,144,483 4,055,385 720,875 2,600,430 3,321,308 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Gross and Usable Refrigerated Space - States and United States: October 1, 2013
总体与可用冷藏空间——美国：2013年10月1日
[Totals may not add due to rounding. Includes frozen juice tank storage capacity]
由于四舍五入总数可能不会增加，包括冷冻果汁罐储存容量
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Gross space : Usable space :----------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : : Private & : : : Private & : : Public :semi-private: Total : Public :semi-private: Total --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 cubic feet : Alabama .......: 34,941 1,785 36,727 29,544 1,556 31,100 Alaska ........: (D) (D) 2,590 (D) (D) 2,127 Arizona .......: (D) (D) 18,522 (D) (D) 15,128 Arkansas ......: 89,535 5,973 95,508 76,743 5,151 81,894 California ....: 374,489 182,282 556,771 310,247 145,521 455,768 Colorado ......: (D) (D) 23,732 (D) (D) 19,443 Connecticut ...: (D) (D) 6,018 (D) (D) 5,099 Delaware ......: 18,466 12,286 30,752 (D) (D) 23,873 Florida .......: 133,182 144,227 277,409 111,329 113,310 224,638 Georgia .......: 196,550 46,743 243,293 161,373 36,995 198,368 : Hawaii ........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Idaho .........: 36,330 24,618 60,948 29,562 21,945 51,507 Illinois ......: 174,745 32,362 207,107 (D) (D) 167,116
Indiana .......: 95,733 9,491 105,223 81,096 7,955 89,051 Iowa ..........: 69,050 21,666 90,716 58,523 14,699 73,222 Kansas ........: (D) (D) 47,560 (D) (D) 34,364 Kentucky ......: 23,165 - 23,165 19,683 - 19,683 Louisiana .....: (D) (D) 12,129 (D) (D) 10,412 Maine .........: (D) (D) 12,420 (D) (D) 9,363 Maryland ......: 26,048 13,278 39,326 21,634 11,558 33,192 : Massachusetts .: 81,039 13,173 94,212 69,393 10,037 79,429 Michigan ......: 71,350 25,988 97,338 59,254 20,370 79,623 Minnesota .....: 68,026 32,377 100,403 55,815 22,098 77,913 Mississippi ...: (D) (D) 23,406 (D) (D) 19,214 Missouri ......: 97,641 9,458 107,100 81,621 8,060 89,681 Montana .......: (D) (D) 1,231 (D) (D) 986 Nebraska ......: 47,510 7,445 54,956 38,056 3,474 41,530 Nevada ........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) New Hampshire .: (D) (D) 8,352 (D) (D) 6,672 New Jersey ....: 133,139 28,773 161,912 (D) (D) 135,195 : New Mexico ....: (D) (D) 4,967 (D) (D) 3,592 New York ......: 58,193 46,595 104,788 51,656 35,006 86,662 North Carolina : (D) (D) 70,887 (D) (D) 61,699 North Dakota ..: (D) (D) 10,325 (D) (D) 7,800 Ohio ..........: (D) (D) 80,727 (D) (D) 67,233 Oklahoma ......: (D) (D) 10,169 (D) (D) 8,095 Oregon ........: 71,762 54,941 126,703 57,151 44,424 101,575
Pennsylvania ..: 214,972 28,304 243,276 185,346 23,281 208,627 Rhode Island ..: - (D) (D) - (D) (D) South Carolina : (D) (D) 27,659 (D) (D) 21,778 : South Dakota ..: (D) (D) 11,673 (D) (D) 7,125 Tennessee .....: (D) (D) 56,150 (D) (D) 46,889 Texas .........: 187,854 31,300 219,153 150,198 25,213 175,411 Utah ..........: 20,744 18,094 38,838 17,625 15,150 32,776 Vermont .......: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Virginia ......: 51,934 17,401 69,334 46,674 12,710 59,384 Washington ....: 160,710 40,109 200,819 129,365 32,647 162,012 West Virginia .: - (D) (D) - (D) (D) Wisconsin .....: 174,233 45,472 219,705 148,164 31,650 179,815 Wyoming .......: - - - - - - : Other States ..: 365,618 84,285 21,386 574,726 113,722 15,244 : United States .: 3,076,959 978,426 4,055,385 2,564,778 756,532 3,321,308 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero.
(D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations. （D）为避免个人操作的泄漏而做出额保留。
Gross and Usable Cooler Space - States and United States: October 1, 2013
总体与可用冷却空间——美国：2013年10月1日
[Totals may not add due to rounding. Includes frozen juice tank storage capacity]
由于四舍五入总数可能不会增加，包括冷冻果汁罐储存容量
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Gross space : Usable space :----------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : : Private & : : : Private & : : Public :semi-private: Total : Public :semi-private: Total --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 cubic feet : Alabama .......: (D) (D) 2,574 (D) (D) 2,294 Alaska ........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Arizona .......: (D) (D) 4,488 (D) (D) 3,422 Arkansas ......: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) California ....: 75,782 141,302 217,084 62,693 110,966 173,659 Colorado ......: (D) (D) 2,260 (D) (D) 1,828 Connecticut ...: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Delaware ......: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Florida .......: 17,136 81,955 99,091 13,223 61,157 74,381 Georgia .......: 40,252 20,190 60,442 32,316 15,830 48,146 : Hawaii ........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Idaho .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)
Illinois ......: 16,421 13,229 29,650 (D) (D) 25,524 Indiana .......: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Iowa ..........: 9,709 8,908 18,617 7,157 6,073 13,230 Kansas ........: (D) (D) 7,588 (D) (D) 4,913 Kentucky ......: (D) - (D) (D) - (D) Louisiana .....: (D) (D) 943 (D) (D) 812 Maine .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Maryland ......: (D) (D) 4,637 (D) (D) 3,908 : Massachusetts .: (D) (D) 12,855 (D) (D) 10,513 Michigan ......: 4,738 7,185 11,924 3,561 6,096 9,657 Minnesota .....: 9,988 15,367 25,355 8,684 8,721 17,405 Mississippi ...: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 2,024 Missouri ......: (D) (D) 23,091 (D) (D) 19,445 Montana .......: (D) (D) 507 (D) (D) 408 Nebraska ......: 4,390 1,690 6,080 2,620 588 3,208 Nevada ........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) New Hampshire .: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) New Jersey ....: (D) (D) 53,089 (D) (D) 48,279 : New Mexico ....: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) New York ......: 8,880 26,012 34,892 7,801 20,568 28,369 North Carolina : (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) North Dakota ..: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Ohio ..........: (D) (D) 4,992 (D) (D) 3,992 Oklahoma ......: (D) (D) 836 (D) (D) 694
Oregon ........: 1,412 12,613 14,024 1,206 10,672 11,878 Pennsylvania ..: 29,362 13,281 42,643 21,818 10,739 32,557 Rhode Island ..: - (D) (D) - (D) (D) South Carolina : (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) : South Dakota ..: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Tennessee .....: (D) (D) 2,991 (D) (D) 2,080 Texas .........: 25,410 16,625 42,035 18,370 13,833 32,203 Utah ..........: (D) (D) 10,102 (D) (D) 9,094 Vermont .......: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Virginia ......: 11,634 6,516 18,150 9,558 4,656 14,213 Washington ....: (D) (D) 15,120 (D) (D) 10,850 West Virginia .: - (D) (D) - (D) (D) Wisconsin .....: 54,323 35,760 90,083 46,280 23,976 70,255 Wyoming .......: - - - - - - : Other States ..: 135,449 65,383 54,756 130,709 61,007 41,634 : United States .: 444,886 466,016 910,899 365,996 354,882 720,875 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero.
(D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations.
Gross and Usable Freezer Space - States and United States: October 1, 2013
总体与可用冷冻空间——美国：2013年10月1日
[Totals may not add due to rounding. Includes frozen juice tank storage capacity]
由于四舍五入总数可能不会增加，包括冷冻果汁罐储存容量
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : Gross space : Usable space :----------------------------------------------------------------------------- State : : Private & : : : Private & : : Public :semi-private: Total : Public :semi-private: Total --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- : 1,000 cubic feet : Alabama .......: (D) (D) 34,152 (D) (D) 28,805 Alaska ........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Arizona .......: (D) (D) 14,034 (D) (D) 11,706 Arkansas ......: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) California ....: 298,707 40,980 339,687 247,554 34,555 282,109 Colorado ......: (D) (D) 21,471 (D) (D) 17,615 Connecticut ...: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Delaware ......: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Florida .......: 116,046 62,272 178,318 98,105 52,153 150,258 Georgia .......: 156,298 26,552 182,851 129,057 21,164 150,222 : Hawaii ........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)
Idaho .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Illinois ......: 158,324 19,133 177,456 (D) (D) 141,592 Indiana .......: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Iowa ..........: 59,341 12,758 72,098 51,366 8,626 59,991 Kansas ........: (D) (D) 39,972 (D) (D) 29,451 Kentucky ......: (D) - (D) (D) - (D) Louisiana .....: (D) (D) 11,186 (D) (D) 9,600 Maine .........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Maryland ......: (D) (D) 34,689 (D) (D) 29,284 : Massachusetts .: (D) (D) 81,357 (D) (D) 68,916 Michigan ......: 66,612 18,802 85,414 55,693 14,273 69,966 Minnesota .....: 58,038 17,010 75,049 47,130 13,377 60,508 Mississippi ...: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) 17,189 Missouri ......: (D) (D) 84,009 (D) (D) 70,236 Montana .......: (D) (D) 724 (D) (D) 578 Nebraska ......: 43,120 5,755 48,876 35,436 2,886 38,322 Nevada ........: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) New Hampshire .: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) New Jersey ....: (D) (D) 108,823 (D) (D) 86,916 : New Mexico ....: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) New York ......: 49,313 20,583 69,897 43,855 14,438 58,293 North Carolina : (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) North Dakota ..: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Ohio ..........: (D) (D) 75,735 (D) (D) 63,241
Oklahoma ......: (D) (D) 9,333 (D) (D) 7,401 Oregon ........: 70,350 42,328 112,679 55,945 33,752 89,696 Pennsylvania ..: 185,610 15,023 200,633 163,528 12,542 176,070 Rhode Island ..: - (D) (D) - (D) (D) South Carolina : (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) : South Dakota ..: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Tennessee .....: (D) (D) 53,159 (D) (D) 44,809 Texas .........: 162,444 14,675 177,118 131,828 11,380 143,208 Utah ..........: (D) (D) 28,736 (D) (D) 23,682 Vermont .......: (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) Virginia ......: 40,300 10,885 51,185 37,117 8,054 45,171 Washington ....: (D) (D) 185,698 (D) (D) 151,163 West Virginia .: - (D) (D) - (D) (D) Wisconsin .....: 119,910 9,711 129,622 101,884 7,675 109,559 Wyoming .......: - - - - - - : Other States ..: 1,047,661 195,941 460,522 1,000,286 166,776 364,873 : United States .: 2,632,074 512,408 3,144,483 2,198,784 401,651 2,600,430 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- - Represents zero.
(D) Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual operations.
Definitions定义
Refrigerated storages: Includes refrigerated facilities classified as general storages, plus facilities classified as storing only cheese, meat, nuts, or citrus concentrates.
冷藏容量：包括通常存储的冷藏设施，以及用于存储奶酪，肉类，坚果以及柑橘类浓缩饮料的设施。
Public refrigerated storages:Refrigerated facilities maintained for storing food for others at specified rates per unit.
公共冷藏容量：以每单位限额定量的方式为他人储存食物的冷藏设施。
Private and semiprivate refrigerated storages: Refrigerated facilities maintained by an operator to facilitate his principal function as a producer, processor, or manufacturer of food products. The space is used to store the owner=s products, although some space may be used by others at specified rates per unit stored. Working space, chill rooms, and curing rooms in meat storages are not included in the storage statistics.
私有或半私有冷藏容量：由某个经营者经营为实现其作为生产者，加工者或食物产品制造者等主要职能的冷藏设施。空间用于储存所有者的产品，一些空间也可能以每单位限额定量的方式被他人使用。肉类储存的工作间，冷却室和腌制室等不计入存储统计数据。
Cooler space: Space that maintains temperatures between 0 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit.
冷却空间：保持温度0-50华氏度之间的空间。
Freezer space: Space that maintains temperatures at 0 degrees Fahrenheit or lower.
冷冻室：保持温度在0华氏度或更低的空间。
Gross space: Total area under refrigeration, measured from wall to wall and from floor to ceiling.
总空间：冷藏的总区域，从墙到墙或从地板到天花板测量。
Usable space: Actual area used for storing commodities. Gross space less an allowance for aisles, posts, coils, blowers, etc.
可用空间：实际用于储存商品的区域。比总空间少了走廊，岗位，线圈，排风机等等的修正值。
Number of storages: Storages at different locations are counted separately even though operated by the same management.
存储设备的数量：在不同地点的存储设备分别计算，即使被同一个运营商经营。
Statistical Methodology 统计方法
Survey procedures: Questionnaires were mailed about the 20th of September 2013, to operators of over 1,500 public and private cold storage warehouses. One thousand four hundred and ninety-seven firms met the qualifications that their warehouses were artificially cooled to a temperature of 50 degrees Fahrenheit or lower, and normally stored food products for 30 days or more. The other firms who received questionnaires either did not qualify or the plants had ceased being cold storage facilities during the past two years. The list included specialized storage facilities meeting the 30-day requirement, such as fruit houses, dairy manufacturing plants, frozen fruit, fruit juice, and vegetable processors, and poultry and meat packing plants. Wholesalers, jobbers, packer branch houses, and frozen food processors whose entire inventories are turned over more than once a month were excluded. Firms that did not respond were mailed a second request and/or phoned or visited.
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西南大学《美国文学史及选读》网上作业题及答案
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美国文学作业(100分)
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2013春美国文学在线作业100分
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2015春《美国文学》在线作业-满分
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冷库耗冷量计算
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冻结物冷藏间：V= ρη G 1000= 8 .055.0230300 1000???m 3 =2964.43m 3。 取单层冷库净高为4.8米，则库房面积A=22 m 59.617m 8 .443.2964=，故库房公称体积定义为8.41838??=3283.2m 3。 3 冷库围护结构的传热系数计算 3.1 冷库维护结构的组成 主要计算外墙、内墙，阁楼层和地坪的传热系数，热阻计算公式为： i i i /λδ=R R=1/α 传热系数K 的计算公式为： n w K αλδλδα11 1 2211++++= Λ 式中： i λ—冷间维护结构中各层建筑材料或隔热材料的热导率[W/(m 2·℃)]。 i δ—冷间维护结构中各层建筑材料或隔热材料的厚度（m ）。 n w αα，—分别是维护结构外侧和内侧的传热系数[W/(m 2·℃)]。 对于冻结间的外墙，根据资料得知对于墙面的对流换热系数α，外墙表面w α取23 W/(m 2·K)，内墙表面n α取29 W/(m 2·K)，则冻结间围护结构及其传热系数的计算见下表： 表3-1 冻结间外墙围护结构及其传热系数计算表
美国文学作业
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美国文学期末复习题
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冷库面积容积计算方法
冷库面积，容量计算方法 一．怎么根据吨位换算面积 很多客户在咨询冷库项目的时候因为土建还没有开始做，所以在不知道冷库面积大小的情况下，根本无法准确的给客户做方案预算。虽然不知道面积，但是肯定对要准备放多少吨货物有一个基本的概念。根据吨位就可以基本换算出冷库面积了。 换算面积的时候高度是必需知道的另一个前提。假设高度以最常规的3.5米和4.5米为前提，小编为您总结了以下几种常见冷库产品的换算结果，以供参考。 吨数 3.5 (m) 4.5 (m) 冻肉50吨90平方70平方 冻鱼50吨76平方60平方 鲜蛋10吨28平方22平方 鲜蔬菜20吨63平方50平方 鲜水果50吨155平方120平方 机制冰50吨47平方37平方 二．冷库吨位计算 冷库吨位=冷藏间的内容积x容积利用系数x食品的单位重量 冷库冷藏间的内容积=库内，长x宽x高 冷库的容积利用系数： 500~1000立方=0.4 1001~2000立方=0.5 2001~10000立方=0.55 10001~15000立方=0.6
三．冷库的食品单位重量： 冻肉= 0.4吨/立方 冻鱼=0.47吨/立方 鲜果蔬=0.23 吨/立方 机制冰=0.25吨/立方 去骨分割肉或副产品=0.6吨/立方 箱装冻家禽=0.55吨/立方 四．冷库入库量计算方法： 1. 在仓储业中，最大入库量的计算公式为： 有效内容积（m3）=总内容积（m3）x 0.9 最大入库量（吨）=总内容积（m3）/ 2.5m3 2 活动冷库实际的最大入库量 有效内容积（m3）=总内容积（m3）X0.9 最大入库量（吨）=总内容积（m3）X（0.4-0.6）/2.5m3 0.4-0.6是由冷库的大小及储藏物决定的。（以下表格仅供参考） 序号 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 食品类别冻肉冻鱼鲜蛋鲜蔬菜鲜水果冰蛋机制冰 重度kg/m3 400 470 260 230 230 600 750 实际使用的日入库量 在没有特殊指定的场合，实际使用的日入库量按照最大入库量（吨）的15%或30%计算（一般小于100m3的按30%计算）。
《美国文学》作业
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冷库冷量计算
各种制冷量单位的换算关系如下： 1.1kcal／h(大卡／小时)＝1.163W，1W＝0.8598kcal／h； 2.1Btu／h(英热单位／小时)＝0.2931W，1W＝ 3.412Btu／h； 3.1USRT(美国冷吨)＝3.517kW，1kW＝0.28434USRT； 4.1kcal／h＝3.968Btu／h，1Btu／h＝0.252kcal／h； 5.1USRT＝3024kcal／h，10000kcal／h＝3.3069USRT； 6.1匹＝2.5kW（用于风冷机组），1匹＝3kW（用于水冷机组） 说明： 1.“匹”用于动力单位时，用Hp(英制匹)或Ps(公制匹)表示，也称“马力”，1Hp(英制匹)＝0.7457kW，1Ps(公制匹)＝0.735kW； 2.中小型空调制冷机组的制冷量常用“匹”表示，大型空调制冷机组的制冷量常用“冷吨（美国冷吨）”表示。 冷库耗冷量的计算Q=Q1+Q2+Q3+Q4+Q5+Q6+Q7 1、传导热量Q1： Q1=K×F×（T0–T1） 式中：K——库体材料传热系数W/ °C.m2 F——冷库外表面积（m2）； T0–T1——环境温度与库温的温差（°C） 库体材料传热系数W/ ℃.m2；表1
冷藏间种类高冷藏库间隔墙速冻库、中温冷藏库保温材料150mm厚聚苯乙烯250mm厚聚苯乙烯 K值（W/ °C.m2）0.40 0.21 2、换气负荷Q2 Q2=V×n×?h×1/24×1/3.6 式中：V——库容量m3 ?h——环境与库内空气的焓差KJ/ m3 n——24h换气次数 环境与库内空气的焓差KJ/ m3 库温°C --20°C以下-20~--2°C -2~10°C 焓差?h（KJ/ m3）185 155 135 冷库的换气次数(次/天) 库温°C 库容量m3 0°C以下0°C以上 5 50.0 38.0 10 31.8 28.0 15 25.5 20.0 20 21.0 16.0 30 16.8 13.0 40 14.2 11.3 50 12.8 10.0 60 11.8 9.0 70 10.5 8.0
大学美国文学史作业答案
问题 1 2 分 保存 Darwinism _______ had an evident influence on naturalism. It seemed to stress the animality of man, to suggest that man was dominated by the forces of evolution. 问题 2 2 分 保存 The Portrait of a Lady _____ is the best novel of Henry James’ “first period”. It is a story about a young, bright American girl goes to Europe to explore life. 问题 3 2 分 保存 is a novella about a young American girl who gets “killed ” by the winter in Rome, and it brought Henry James international fame for the first time. A. The Portrait of a Lady B. Daisy Miller C. The European D. The American 问题 4 2 分 保存 James Henry probed deeply at the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supposed his intense scrutiny of complex human experience. 问题 5 2 分 保存 Huckleberry Finn At the heart of Mark Twain ’s achievement is his creation of two characters: Tom Sawyer and _____. 问题 6 2 分 保存 _______’s stories still had many unrealistic qualities: “tall tales ” and unlikely coincidences. He is never a pure realist. A. Mark Twain B. Henry David Thoreau C. Henry James D. Nathaniel Hawthorne 问题 7 2 分 保存 local color Realism first appeared in the United States in the literature of___, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things
美国文学作业
1.Among these three masterpieces, I am most impressed by The Story of an Hour. Black humor is reflected from the plot, which leaves gaps for readers to fill. At the first sight of the title “The Story of an Hour”, I was enchanted, wondering what happened on earth in an hour. Having finished reading this story, I think Mrs Mallard is the very one who needs our analyzing. She is a typical sentimental lady, who desires for true love, freedom. It is not hard to conclude that her husband is ignorant, a purely workaholic, who is dominant and cares little about her wife. To some degree, their relationship is neither harmonious nor intimate, depressing atmosphere always covers them. We know that when Mrs Mallard got the news that her husband died in an accident, she was afflicted with transient sorrow, then her grief gradually decreased while she stayed alone in her room. “Free, free, free! Body and soul free”, this is the shout from her inner heart, the desire for freedom is so strong that her spouse’s death is actually a relief for her. She is quite different from those traditional women, she is gentle, well-educated and adorable. However, at last, when Mr Mallard entered the door, everyone was shocked, especially for Mrs Mallard, this is completely out of expectation. She fell into the despairing abyss, of course, almost no one could bear this huge change of mood. As a result, she had died of heart disease-of joy that kills. This story is really full of suspense, joy interweaves sorrow, I like it. 2.Having read The Soft-Hearted Sioux, we can perceive the conflict of young Sioux’s inner heart. The Indian culture is quite different from the notion the mission school advocates. The law of life is their principle of lives, no can should break it, or the failure of obey it will be punished. In order to survive, killing is necessary, and what they adore is the bravest warriors of their people. Otherwise, without killing, they will be starved to death. In addition, they believe in the power of medicine-man strongly, no matter how sick or weak, they feel they could be saved by the medicine-man’s action. They are stubborn and conservative, rejecting all the new culture. They have a stereotyped thinking pattern, slandering the soft-hearted preach.
美国文学问答题作业 (5th Week )
美国文学问答题作业 Week 1 (2014.2.17——2.24) 1.Why did Franklin write his autobiography? P. 8 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? P. 8 3.How do you comment on the puritanism and consumerism in American culture against the background of globalization? 4.Free Q&A. (questions raised and answered by the students themselves on the basis of their reading and understanding of Franklin and his Autobiography ) Week 2 (2014.2.24——3.2) 1. According to Emerson, what do most people believe to be virtue?And what is real virtue?(p.24) 2. What is Emerson’s attitude on “consistency” and the agreement of one’s actions? Do you agree with him? Why? (p.24) 3. What is your comment on one of the wide-spread guiding principles held by Chinese universities that university students should adapt themselves to the society? 4. Free Q&A. (questions raised and answered by the students themselves on the basis of their reading and understanding of Emerson and his works .) Week 3 (2014.3.3—3.9) 1.Where indeed did Thoreau live, both at a physical level and at a spiritual level? 2.Why did Thoreau enjoy the act of buying the farm but give up buying it at the last moment? 3.How do you explain the fact that Thoreau loved living in Walden but decided to leave it in two years? 4.Free Q&A. (questions raised and answered by the students themselves on the basis of their reading and understanding of Emerson and his works .) Week 4 （2014. 3.10-3.16） 1.Describe the appearance of Hester Prynne and the attitudes of the people towards her throughout the whole novel. 2.Is The Scarlet Letter a novel about adultery? Give your reasons. 3.What is your comment on Hawthorne’s moral vision supported by his negative capability? 4.Free Q&A. (questions raised and answered by the students themselves on the basis of their reading and understanding of Emerson and his works .)