高考备考英语语法大全
高中重点语法精讲
高中英语语法现象很多。为了便于区别，不同的语法现象被赋予了不同的语法概念或名称（每个语法现象对应着一个自己的“名字‖）。语法概念或名称是语法现象的高度浓缩和概括，准确的理解把握语法概念或名称对解决相关的语法题目，起着事半功倍的作用。下面所述的重点语法问题均从语法概念或名称入手，使得繁琐难懂的语法问题变得通俗易懂便于掌握。
主谓一致
概念透析:
定义：主语和谓语动词在人称和数上保持一致。
解法指南：
1．就近原则----谓语和最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致：
1)两个做主语的名词或代词由either …or ,neither…nor ,not only …but also, or 连接时，谓语动词与最近的主语保持一致
Not only he but also I am a teacher.
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.
The manager or his assistant was planning to go.
2) there be/ here be 结构中be 动词与后面的最近的名词保持一致。
There is a pen and two books on the desk.
Here is a letter and a book for you.
3)倒装结构
He works well in the factory, so does she.
The boy doesn’t like playing football, neither/nor does his younger brother.
On the top of the hill stands a temple.
4) one of +复数名词+which / that /who(引导定语从句) +谓语用复数; that/which 引导定语从句，谓语动词与先行词一致。
He is one of students who dare to catch snake.
区别：He is the only one of students who dares to catch snake.
I，who am a warm-hearted man, will do what I can do to help you.
2 就远原则—谓语动词的人称和数与最远（最前面）的主语保持一致：
1）主语后面跟as well as, with ,together with, in addition to，besides，along with, including ;except, but, not; like 短语时谓语动词和最前面的名词一致
A boy with his parents is going to zoo next week.
Nobody but the students is in the classroom.
She not I likes playing volleyball.
2）each 作同位语时，它不决定单复数。谓语动词跟前面的主语一致。
They each have a dictionary. （区别：each of them has a dictionary.）
3) the only/very one of +复数名词+which / that /who +谓语用单数
He is the only one of students who dares to catch snake.
3 意义一致原则----指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数,但表示单数意义，这是谓语动词用单数形式。
1）集合名词，作为整体时看为单数，强调个体时看作复数。
如：Group/class/committee/family/army/team/audience/government/staff…
My family are having lunch now. (family强调个体)
My family has moved into the new house. (family强调整体)
The basketball team consists of 20 players.（team强调球队整体）
The basketball team are having a bath now.（team强调个体-球队球员）
2）单复数同形的词，根据主语本身要表达意思来判断谓语动词用单数还是复数。如means, cattle, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, works, species, fish …
A sheep is running along the river
Every means of solving the problem needs discussing.
The cattle are grazing near the river. 牛在河边吃草
3)表示数目，时间，金额或距离的名词复数做主语根据意义将其看作整体谓语动词用单数。Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.
Two hours is enough for us to finish the experiment.
4）由and 连接的名词短语如果表示同一人或事物，谓动用单数；若表示两个不同的概念，谓动用复数。
如：The bread and butter is my favorite. (同一事物指“黄油面包‖)
The singer and the dancer come from another country. (两个不同身份的人，指那个歌唱家和那个舞蹈家)
5）分数或百分数+ of + n.；a majority/minority of +n谓语动词跟后面的中心词n. 保持一致。
6)不定代词做主语，谓语动词用单数，如something，nobody，somebody…
7)each, either, neither, another, the other 做主语或主语被和他们有关的短语修饰，谓语动词用单数。
Neither answer is correct. Each of them likes eating cakes
8)有些以—s 结尾的名词本身不表示复数意义，谓语通常用单数形式，如news, mathematics, physics, politics等
No news is good news. Maths is popular in our class.
9）the number of （谓动用单数）;a number of /a great many of + 复数名词(谓动用复数) The number of athletes is 40.
A number of / a great many of the students are diligent.
10）the +adj. 指人用复数,指物用单数.
如：the wounded (伤员)，the old(伤员) 谓动用复数；the beautiful(美好的事物)，the good(好的地方优点)谓动用单数。
The old need taking good care of.
The beautiful is worthy of being remembered.
The good in him outweights the bad.
11)―…form（s）/ kind（s）/ type（s）of + 名词‖作主语时，谓语动词的单复数与form （s）等的单复数一致，此时，若名词是不可数名词，谓语动词也要用复数形式。如：This kind of book sells well. Two kinds of salt have proved to be harmful to human body. 区别：Books of this kind sell well
4形式一致原则—不注重短语表示意思，只注重其形式，形式为单数谓语动词就用单数：many a + n（单数）/ more than one +n（单数）/ every(each) +n +（+and+ each +n）/ a majority(minority)/ one and a half +复数名词以上的短语做主语谓语动词用单数。
Many a student likes playing the computer games.
More than one student has ever been to Beijing.
One and a half hours is enough.
Every man and every woman is at work.
A majority is expected to be admitted to the famous university.
习题精练：
1. Either Jane or Steven ___B__ watching TV now.
A. were
B. is
C. was
D. are
2. Two days __C____enough for me to finish the work, I need a third day.
A. isn’t
B. is
C. aren’t
D. are
3. —How many lessons do you usually have a day?
—Six lessons a day. And each of them B_____45 minutes.
A. last
B. lasts
C. have
D. are
4. Neither he or I is a professional football player.
A. am
B. is
C. be
D. are
5. There ____A__ only one difficult sentence and few new words in lesson one. It is very easy.
A. is
B. aren’t
C. isn’t
D. are
6. The number of the students in our school ___A_1200.
A. is
B. are
C. has
D. have
7. Mathematics __B_ my favorite subject.
A. be
B. is
C. am
D. are
8. The boy with the two dogs _A____ when the earthquake rocked the city.
A. were sleeping B is sleeping C. was sleeping D. are asleep
9.Every one except Tom and John _D__there when the meeting began.
A. are
B. is
C. were
D. was
10. That place is not interesting at all, ___A_of us wants to go there.
A. Neither
B. Both
C. All
D. Some
11.Nobody but Jane B___ the secret.
A. know
B. knows
C. have know
D. is
12. The office staff__D___ gathered to hear the president speak.
A. is
B. are
C. be
D. will
13. This pair of glasses _C__mine.
A. are
B. be
C. is
D. will be
14Both Lily and Lucy __A__to the party yesterday.
A. invited
B. was invited
C. had invited
D. were invited
15. —Two months A___quite a long time.
—Yes, I’m afraid that he will miss l ots of his lessons.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
16. In the city，the old ___C____.
A. take good care of
B. are taken good care of
C. is taken good care of
D. are been taken good care of
17. His family ___all very kind and friendly, His family __A__a happy one.
A. are, is
B. is, is
C. are, are
D. is, are
18. The singer and the dancer ___C_come to Beijing.
A. has
B. have
C. are
D. is
19. The children in this class each ___C__new school bag.
A. have
B. has
C. has got
D. are having
20 If Bob's wife won't agree to go on holiday in winter, C .
A. neither he will
B. neither won't he
C. neither will he
D. he won't neither
21. Apples of this kind______.B
A. tastes good
B. tastes well
C. taste good
D. taste well
22You as well as he C to blame for the accident
A. are
B. is
C. have
D. has
23. I, who __A___your teacher, will try my best to help you with my study.
A. is
B. are
C. be
D. am
24. Only ___ C__ in our school ____ been invited to the party.
A. one third of the teachers; has
B. one third teachers; have
C. on third of the teachers; have
D. one third teachers; has
非谓语动词
术语导航
简单句：以句点为标志有且仅有一套句子成份----主语+谓语+其他成分。
The machine functions well. （主语+谓语+状语）
He is a famous professor in the city.（主语+系动词+表语+时间状语）
下面的句子是简单句么？
Being late for class, he felt very sorry.
He is a professional football player and has won several prizes.
The professor was respected by all students, for he is much learned.
Blair, though he was born in Chicago, lived and worked in New York.
The book I want to get has been sold out.
复合句：又称主从复合句包括一个主句和一个或多个从句，主句和从句之间由连接词/关联词连接共同构成一个整体-复合句。
What you said is puzzling（主语从句）.
The author thinks (that) the book he wrote is amazing(宾语从句).
Though he failed, he never lost heart. (让步状语从句)。
The village where I was born has been changing. (定语从句)
（真实）主语：直接位于谓语动词前，是动作的发出者或执行者。
逻辑主语：是非谓语动词动作的执行着或承受着，它们与非谓语动词有逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。
She asked me to read the book. (me 是read的逻辑主语“我读”)。
Driven by his curiosity, he went to the secret place.
(he是drive的逻辑主语，他们之间是逻辑上的动宾关系意为“他被驱使”)
概念透析---非谓语动词
定义：不能充当谓语的特殊的动词结构形式。
理解：（1）作用：不能充当谓语也就是说可以充当其他成分如主语/表语/补足语或状语或定语。
To see is to believe眼见为实(不定式充当主语和表语)
The man following the woman was obviously in a hurry.
跟在那个女人的男人很显然非常的匆忙(现在分词短语做定语)
He entered the hall followed by several people
他进入了这个大厅，后面跟着几个人(过去分词短语充当伴随状语)
（2）特征:
A)特殊的动词结构形式：to do /doing（现在分词）/doing(动名词)/ done
B）非谓语动词的否定式在非谓语的前面+not 如not to do / not doing
C) 非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语(真实主语)。
Not knowing anything about his work, he went to work as usual.
（Not knowing 为非谓语动词的否定式，he整个句子的（真实）主语，为非谓动的逻辑主语）
试一试自己分析下面句子结构：
The Olympic Games, first played in 776B.C, didn’t include women players until 1912.
He did what he could do to help the children in the quake-hit area.
I can hardly imagine Tom being caught cheating in the exam.
结构意义细化
非谓语动词的结构形式：
1 to do
1）一般式：to do 表目的和将来；表一次性的动作。
I need to buy a pair of shoes. (表目的，表将来)
It getting too hot, I like to swim. (表示当时一次性的动作)
2）完成式：to have done 表动作完成；表不定式动作发生在谓语动词之前
Come to the party to be held next week。
(不定式一般式的被动语态表将来表被动)
I’m sorry to have troubled you. 对不起给你添了那么多的麻烦。
(不定式的完成式表示完成表trouble 发生在be sorry 之前)
I’m sorry to trouble you. 对不起要麻烦你一下。
（不定式一般式表示将来要进行或发生的动作）
注意：
1. So + adj. + as to / such (…) as to
He was so angry as to be unable to speak.
We are not such fools as to believe him.
2. Only to … (常表示未曾料到的事情)
He hurried to the bus station only to find the bus were gone.
3. 不定式有时可以看作插入语，用来说明说话人的态度
To be frank, I didn’t agree with you.
2 doing（现在分词）
1) 一般式：doing 表主动；表进行；表动作的持续和反复性
I won’t have you speaking to your mother in that way all the time. 我不允许你总是跟你妈妈用哪种方式说话(表示主动和动作的反复性)
Hearing the good news, he jumped with joy. (表示主动)
2）完成式：having done 表示主动且此动作发生在谓语动词之前。
Not having received her letter, he wrote her again.
(receive 发生在wrote之前且表示主动，要用现在分词的完成式)
3 done（过去分词）
1）及物动词的过去分词：表被动；表完成
With a lot of books bought, he left the bookstore.（bought表被动，表完成）
Given more time, I will do it better. (given 表被动)
I spoke loudly to make myself heard.
2）不及物动词的过去分词：只表示完成
4 doing (动名词)
1）常用在特殊的动词或短语或介词之后.Avoid / mind/ finish/enjoy/imagine/look forward to /insist on/can’t help doing…
2）动名词的复合结构：形容词词性的物主代词/名词’s +doing .在此结构中物主代词或名词所有格是逻辑主语。
My being late really annoyed my teacher.
Would you mind Xiao Wang’s smoking in the room.
3）做主语或宾语表示经常习惯性的动作。
I like swimming.我喜欢游泳
区别：I like to swim today，for it was too hot.
Painting is his hobby. 画画是他的爱好。
4)时态:
Children enjoy watching animated cartoon. (动名词的现在时)
I regret having been unable to write to you earlier. (动名词的完成时)
解法指南
1 句法分析法——判定是否使用非谓语动词
1）若句子是简单句，那只能出现一个动词做谓语。若出现其他动词，则要结合句意用非谓语动词的适当形式（也可能用独立主格结构）
There _____ (be) so many problems needing solving, he felt at a loss.
解析：简单句，谓语为feel 因此前面的be 动词采用适当的非谓语动词形式，表示主动用being。
2）句子是复合句，独立于句子的动词或动词短语部分采用适当的非谓语动词形式。
Not having seen him before, she didn’t know he was her uncle.
（非谓语动词）(复合句)
2 形式意义整合法：确定了用非谓语动词之后，根据不同的形式表示不同的意义选择恰当的非谓语动词形式。
E.g. These ____ (add) to those are 24. 这些和那些加起来是24
解析：此句为简单句，谓语部分为be,所以前面的动词add 要采用适当的非谓语动词形式。add 为及物动词常用于add something to something 结构中所以此处应填added 表被动
习题精选：
1 The ancient Egyptians are supposed __C__ rockets to the moon.
A) to send B) sending
C) to have sent D) to have been sending
2 I'd rather read than watch television; The programs seem C___all the time.
A) to get worse B) to have got worse
C) to be getting worse D) getting worse
3 Mark often attempts to escape __B___ whenever he breaks traffic regulations.
A) having been fined B) to have been fined C) to be fined D) being fined
4 Your hair wants ____B___. You'd better have it done tomorrow.
A) cut B) to cut C) cutting D) being cut
5 If I had remembered __A_____ the window, the thief would not have got in.
A) to close B) closing C) to have closed D) having closed
6 ___B___ in an atmosphere of simple living was what her parents wished for.
A) The girl was educated B) The girl educated
C) The girl's being educated D) The girl to be educated
7 When I caught him __A___me, I stopped buying things there and started dealing with another shop.
A) cheating B) cheat C) to cheat D) to be cheating
8 European football is played in 80 countries , ____D_ it the most popular sport in the world.
A making
B makes
C to make
D made
9 __B____by terrorists, the tall building collapsed.
A having attacked
B being attacked
C to be attacked
D having being attacked
10. I feel like ___B__ a long walk. Would you like _____ with me?
A. taking, going
B. taking, to go
C. to take, to go
D. to take, going
11. I’m afraid your suggestion can’t help ___A__ the service of their shop.
A. improving
B. in improving
C. improve
D. for improving
12 It is considered no good ____D_ without understanding.
A. recite
B. to be recited
C. recited
D. reciting
13. __A__ sadly, the little boy raised his head and had the tears ______ down on purpose.
A. Seen to cry, fall
B. To be seen crying, falling
C. Seen crying, falling
D. To be seen to cry, fall
14. Attention must be paid to ___B__ the jeweler shop ____.
A. prevent, from robbing
B. preventing, from being robbed
C. prevent, to be robbed
D. preventing, from robbing
15. __B__ you the truth, she knows nothing about it.
A. Tell
B. Telling
C. To tell
D. Told
16. _____B to the left and you’ll see the post office.
A. To turn
B. Turning
C. If turn
D. Turn
17. China is a ___B___ country ____ to the third world.
A. developed, belongs
B. developing, belonging
C. developing, belongs
D. developed, being belonged
18. Six __B__ to nine ____ fifteen.
A. added, makes
B. adding, makes
C. adds, make
D. adding, make
19. _____A___ her mother had come, her face lit up.
A. Hearing
B. Having heard
C. When hearing
D. When she heard
20. ____C__ to loud noises for a long time will have one’s hearing _____.
A. exposed, harmed
B. being exposed, harmed
C. exposing, being harmed
D. expose, be heard
21. If ____A__ alone on a desert island, what would you do?
A. leaving you
B. having left you
C. left
D. leaving
22. The Italian football team played so successfully __A___ the Russians.
A. as to defeat
B. only to defeat
C. to have defeated
D. as defeating
23. The palace, ___D___ down in 1485, was never rebuilt.
A. burnt
B. having burnt
C. to be burnt
D. burning
24. Generally speaking, __B__ according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.
A. when taking
B. when taken
C. when to take
D. when to be taken
25. There seemed to be nothing __D____ to do but ______ for the doctor.
A. left, to send
B. leaving, send
C. leave, send
D. left, send
独立主格结构
概念导入：----观察下面几个句子，重点关注划线部分
1 The boy goes to the classroom, (with a) book in hand.
那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
2 An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.
那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
3 They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore. 他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4 The meeting over, they all went home. 会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
5 The test finished, we began our holiday考试结束了，我们开始放假。
不难看出上面划线部分的结构是：
(with) + n / pron. (逻辑主语) + 其他（非谓语动词/形容词/副词/介词短语）这也就是我们要讲解的独立主格结构
概念透析：
定义：由名词或代词加上其他的成分（非谓语动词、形容词、副词、介词短语）构成的特殊的复合结构。
理解：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的非谓语动词，形容词，副词，介词等是逻辑上的主谓关系。
3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
4）作用：作状语表原因，条件，方式，伴随…
独立主格结构细化：
1. 名词/主格代词+现在分词。名词/主格代词与现在分词之间主谓关系。如：
The girl staring at him, he didn’t know what to say.
姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting, we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2. 名词/主格代词+过去分词。名词/主格代词与过去分词之间的动宾关系。如：
The problems solved, the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
The signal given, the bus started. 发出信号后，汽车开始前进。
3. 名词/主格代词+不定式。名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主谓关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。如：
The teacher to help us, we will succeed.
有老师的帮助，我们就能成功。
4. 名词/主格代词+形容词。如：
So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.
这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5. 名词/主格代词+副词。如：
He put on his sweater wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
6. 名词/主格代词+介词短语。如：
Mary was sitting near the fire, her back towards the door.
玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
7with +名词/代词宾格+其他(介词短语、分词、不定式、形容词、副词、名词)
The classroom is very bright with (all lights turned) on.
I can’t go out, with a lot of homework to do.
D on’t talk with your mouth full.
The teacher entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
习题精练：
1. I couldn't do my homework with all that noise _C_____.
A. going on
B. goes on
C. went on
D. to go on
2. ___C__ and no way to reduce her pain and suffering from the terrible disease, the patient sought her doctor's help to end her life.
A. Having given up hope of cure
B. With no hope for cure
C. In the hope of cure
3. With a lot of difficult problems __B____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
A. settled
B. settling
C. to settle
D. being settled
4. He slept well ____A_ all the windows open.
A. when
B. while
C. with
D. because
5.The murderer was brought in, with his hands _B____ behind his back.
A. being tied
B. having tied
C. to be tied
D. tied
定语从句
概念导入：
定语：修饰名词或代词的词或短语或从句
→定语从句（用一个句子来修饰名词代词），但要放在名词（名词短语）或代词的后面，被修饰的名词（名词短语）或代词叫先行词。先行词和从句之间通过关联词连接
→关联词：
关系代词：who ,whom ,whose, which, that , as (what 不能引导定语从句)
关系副词：When, where, why
注意：关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中担当成分,关系代词可以做主语、宾语、表语；关系副词在从句中做状语。
要注意区分以下几个句子的不同
(1)His brother who is now a doctor always encourages him to go to college.
他那当医生的哥哥常鼓励他要考上大学。（他还有其他的哥哥）
(2)His brother, who is now a doctor, always encourages him to go to college.
他的哥哥是当医生的，常鼓励他要考上大学。（他只有一个哥哥）
解题方法指南：
1 关联词的确定：
a)根据先行词，看是人是物还是地点
b)看在后面的从句里面做什么成分
2意义整合：通过第一步初步定下了关联词之后，结合句子的意思进一步整合确定所选关联词的准确性。
分类剖析：
1关系代词引导定语从句：
I have a brother that /who likes playing football very much.（做主语，指人）
I have a brother （whom）(that) I like to play with.（做宾语）
I have a brother whose motorcar is wonderful.（做定语）
I have a brother the motorcar of whom is wonderful.
The motorcar which /that belongs to my brother is wonderful.（做主语,指物）
This is a house that/which is located in the south of the city. （做主语，指物）
This is a house in which (where) an old man lived three years ago.（作状语）
This is the most beautiful house that I have seen.（做宾语，指物）
This is the last house (that) I want to buy. （做宾语，指物）
区别：that 与which
1．which可引导非限制性定于从句，that则不能
He passed the exam , which made me very excited.
2．which 可用在介词的后面而that不可以
This is the house in which Lun Xun used to live.
3．that和which 都可以指物，但在下面四种情况下，只能用that不能用which
a)all, everything ,something ,anything ,much ,little ,few等不定代词
There is little (that) I could do for you.
b)当先行词被序数词修饰时
He is the first that (who) came to the classroom.
c)当先行词被形容词的最高级修饰时
She is the most beautiful girl that (who) I have met.
d)当先行词被the very, the only , 等修饰时
This is the very dictionary that I want to buy.
e)在非限制性定语从句中用which不用that
He had failed in the exam, which made his father very angry.
关系代词as引导定语从句
as 也可用作关系代词，在从句做主语、宾语、表语
1. as 单独成句（引导非限制性定语从句）
As we know, as is known to all, as we expect, as is expected, as is natural…
2．先行词被same, such 修饰时，定语从句常用关系代词as 引导
I received the same congratulations as you did.
区别：He wants to get the same book that you have.
He is not such a man as I like
As 与which引导定语从句的区别
1．as 译为“正如正像”,which 则不
As we all know, 2 added to 2 is 4 正如我们知道的那样，2加2等于4
He must be lying, which can be guessed from his expressions.
他肯定在撒谎，这从他的表情上就可以猜出来。
2．as 引导定语从句位置灵活，而which引导的定从置于主句后面
As is known to all, the earth goes round the sun.（as在句首）
We jumped at the news for joy, as was natural.（as在句中）
He failed the exam, which made his father angry.（which 用在句中）
2．关系副词引导定语从句：
1．when 引导定语从句先行词往往是表示时间的名词如time ,day, hour, year等,且定语从句缺少时间状语
October 1, 1949 was the day when the people’s republic of china was founded.
I can’t forget the day when I met you in the park
区别：I got a well-paid job on the day (that/which) I will never forget.
2．where 先行词是表地点的一些名词place, room, house, street.且从句中缺地点状语。This is the place where/in which my mother was born.
区别：This is the place (that/which)my mother was born in.
3．why 先行词通常是reason 且定语从句缺少状语
The reason why he is late is clear to everyone.
区别：The reason that he gave for his being late is unacceptable.
习题精练
( A ) 1. Don’t talk ab out such things of __________ you are not sure.
A. which
B. what
C. as
D. those
( A ) 2. Is this the factory __________ you visited the other day?
A. that
B. where
C. in which
D. the one
( A ) 3. Is this factory __________ some foreign friends visited last Friday?
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. the one
( A )4. Is this the factory __________ he worked ten years ago?
A. that
B. where
C. which
D. the one
( A )5. The wolves hid themselves in the places __________ couldn’t be found.
A. that
B. Where
C. in which
D. in that
( A )6. The freezing point is the temperature __________ water changes into ice.
A. at which
B. on that
C. in which
D. of what
( A )7. This book will show you __________ can be used in other contexts..
A. how you have observed
B. what you have observed
C. that you have observed
D. how what have observed
( C )8. The reason is __________ he is unable to operate the machine.
A. because
B. why
C. that
D. whether
( A )9. I’ll tell you __________ he told me last week.
A. all which
B. that
C. all that
D. which
( B )10. That tree, __________ branches are almost bare, is very old.
A. whose
B. of which
C. in which
D. on which
( A )11. I have bought the same dress __________ she is wearing.
A. as
B. that
C. which
D. what
( A )12. He failed in the examination, __________ made his father very angry.
A. which
B. it
C. that
D. what
( A )13. We’re talking about the piano and the pianist _______were in the concert we attended last night.
A. which
B. whom
C. who
D. that
( A )14. The girl __________ an English song in the next room is Tom’s sister.
A. who is singing
B. is singing
C. sang
D. was singing
( A )15. Those __________ not only from books but also through practice will succeed.
A. learn
B. who
C. that learns
D. who learn
( D )16. Anyone __________ this opinion may speak out.
A. that against
B. that against
C. who is against
D. who are against
( B )17. Didn’t you see the man __________?
A. I nodded just now
B. whom I nodded just now
C. I nodded to him just now
D. I nodded to just now
( B )18. Can you lend me the novel __________ the other day?
A. that you talked
B. you talked about it
C. which you talked with
D. you talked about
( D )19. Is there anything __________ to you?
A. that is belonged
B. that belongs
C. that belong
D. which belongs
( D ) 20. ---- ―How do you like the book?‖---- ―It’s quite different from _____ I read last month.‖
A. that
B. which
C. the one
D. the one what
( B )21. Mr. Zhang gave the textbook to all the pupils except __________ who had already taken them.
A. the ones
B. ones
C. some
D. the others
( C )22. The train __________ she was traveling was late.
A. which
B. where
C. on which
D. in that
( B )23. He has lost the key to the drawer __________ the papers are kept.
A. where
B. in which
C. under which
D. which
( D )24. Antarctic __________ we know very little is covered with thick ice all the year round.
A. which
B. where
C. that
D. about which
( C )25. It’s the thi rd time __________ late this month.
A. that you arrived
B. when you arrived
C. that you’ve arrived
D. when you’ve arrived
( C ) 26. It was in 1969 __________ the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.
A. that
B. which
C. when
D. in which
( A ) 27. May the fourth is the day _______ we Chinese people will never forget.
A. which
B. when
C. on which
D. about which
( D ) 28. we are going to spend the Spring Festival in Guangzhou, __________ live my grandparents and some relatives.
A. which
B. that
C. who
D. where
( D ) 29. The hotel __________ during our holidays stands by the seaside.
A. we stayed at
B. where we stayed at
C. we stayed
D. in that we stayed
( A )30. Is it in that factory __________ cars are produced?
A. in which
B. where
C. Which
D. that
( B )31. It is the Suez Canal __________ separates Asia __________ Africa.
A. which, to
B. where, from
C. that, from
D. that, with
( D )32. Under the bridge, however, almost directly below, __________ was a small canoe, with a boy in it.
A. there
B. where
C. it
D. which
( A )33. He is not __________ a fool __________.
A. such, as he is looked
B. such, as he looks
C. as, as he is looked
D. so, as he looks
( C )34. Is that the reason __________ you are in favor of the proposal?
A. which
B. what
C. why
D. for that
( C )35. He must be from Africa, __________ can be seen from his skin.
A. that
B. as
C. who
D. what
( A )36. He has two sons, __________ work as chemists.
A. two of whom
B. both of whom
C. both of which
D. all of whom
( B )37. I, __________ your good friend, will try my best to help you out.
A. who is
B. who am
C. that is
D. what is
( D )38. He is a man of great experience, __________ much can be learned.
A. who
B. that
C. from which
D. from whom
( A )39. ---- Do you know the town at all?---- No, this is the first time I ___ here.
A. was
B. have been
C. came
D. am coming
( C )40. I don’t like __________ you speak to her.
A. the way
B. the way in that
C. the way which
D. the way of which
( D )41. The two things _______ they felt very proud are Jim’s gold watch and Della’s hair.
A. about which
B. of which
C. in which
D. for which
( D )42. The dinner was the most expensive meal we __________.
A. would have
B. have had
C. had never had
D. had ever had
( D )43. Do you know which hotel __________?
A. she is staying
B. she is staying in
C. is she staying
D. is she staying in
( A )44. There is only one thing __________ I can do.
A. what
B. that
C. all
D. which
( D ) 45. Who can think of a situation __________ this idiom can be used?
A. which
B. that
C. where
D. in that
( C )46. I have many books, some of __________ are on chemistry.
A. them
B. that
C. which
D. those
( B )47. They were interested ______you told them.
A. in which
B. in that
C. all that
D. in everything
( A )48. The astronaut did many experiments in the spaceship, __________ much help for knowing space.
A. which we think it is
B. which we think are of
C. of which we think is
D. I think which is of
( C )49. The great day we looked forward to __________ at last.
A. come
B. came
C. coming
D. comes
( A )50. I like the second football match __________ was held last week.
A. which
B. whom
C. that
D. /
名词性从句
术语导航：
复合句（见前非谓语动词）= 主句+从句
a主句：在复合句中处于支配地位的句子，不能独立，只用作句子里的一个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语…
b从句：相对于主句而言从属于主句,不能独立，只用作句子里的一个成分，如主语、宾语、表语、同位语…；一般位于主句之后通过连接词与主句发生联系。
概念引入：
名词：1）定义：表示人,事物,地点或抽象概念的名称。
2）名词作用：做主语；宾语；表语；同位语→
→名词性从句：
1）定义：在复合句中，具有名词性质的从句充当名词的作用。
2）名词性从句的作用：主语-主语从句；宾语-宾语从句；表语-表语从句；同位语-同位语从句
名词性从句和主句是如何发生联系的呢？？？？
→主句---连接词-----从句
→连接词：
1）从属连词：在句子中不做成分只起着连接作用，whether, if ,that 2)连接代词：在句子不仅起着连接主句和从句的作用，还在从句中做成分。That, Who, whom, what, which, whoever, whatever…
3)连接副词：起连接作用并且在句子中作状语。Where, wherever, when, whenever, why, how 分类讲解
1主语从句：一个从句在复合句中做主语，从句和主句之间由从属连词(除if 外)、连接代词和连接副词。
That he got a full mark in the English exam really excited me.
Whether we move to our new home or not is not decided.
Who can answer the question is a big problem.
Where he has been is still a puzzle.
2表语从句：一个句子放在系动词的后面，做表语。系动词常为Be ,look,seem,feel…; 除if 外其他的连接词都可引导表语从句
What my parents are worried about is whether I study in school.
He seems that he knew the truth.
3同位语从句：
a）一个句子做同位语放在特定的名词后面（message/information/news/word/order/fact/truth/problem/advice/suggestion）
b)同位语从句作用是陈述或说明前面特殊名词的内容,在地位上与前面的名词是同等地位的。
c)从句由whether, that, when, where, which，what (注意if不能引导同位语从句)
d）分类：分隔型同位语从句；紧凑型同位语从句
It is a big problem when he leaves for Shanghai.（紧凑型）
We all know the truth that the earth goes around the sun. （紧凑型）
Word came that he won in the spoken English contest. (分隔型)
4宾语从句：从句做宾语。分为介宾（放在介词后面）和动宾（直接放在及物动词后面）。Whether he can be registered by the university depends on whether （不能用if）he can get good marks. (介宾)
Jane’s face suggested that he was badly ill.(动宾)
注意事项
1句子的语序是陈述语序（所有的名词性从句都是陈述语序）
2句子的时态与主句相对一致（主过从过）。若从句描述的是客观真理不管主句是什么时态从句都用现在时。
3 在and 连接两个或多个由that 引出的宾语从句时第一个that 可以省略，其他的不可省略。如：
He told (that) I got good marks and that I could be admitted to a famous university.
4.it作为形式宾语代表宾语从句
①动词find,feel,consider,make,believe等后面有宾语补足语的时候,则需要用it做形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置.
I think it necessary that we take plenty of hot water every day . 我认为每天多喝开水是有必要的.
I feel it a pity that I haven’t been to the get-together. 我没去聚会,感觉非常遗憾.
I have made it a rule that I keep diaries. 我每天写日记成了习惯.
We all find it important that we (should) make a quick decision about this mater.
我们都认为对这件事马上做出决定很重要.
②有些动词带宾语从句时寻要在宾语与从句前加it
这类动词主要有:hate, take , owe, have, see to.
I hate it when they with their mouths full of food. 我讨厌他们满嘴食物时说话.
He will have it that our plan is really practical. 他会认为我们的计划确实可行.
I take it that you will agree with us. 我们认为你会同意我们的.
When you start the engine, you must see to it that car is in neutral.
开启发动机时, 一定要使汽车的离合器处于空挡位置.
解题方法指南：
名词性从句中主要考察的是连接词的选择，现把判断连接词的方法归纳如下：
1 成分分析法：
1）首先要从整体上确定所要分析的句子属于名词性从句的哪一种。
2）其次，主要看缺什么成分，要是缺主语，宾语或表语，连接词要用连接代词；要是缺状语就用连接副词；要是不缺任何成分就用从属连词。
2 意义整合法：运用成分分析法判断是选连接代词还是用连接副词或从属连词，在此基础上运用意义整合法进行筛选。
3 习惯成型法：
1）介词后不用that引导宾语从句，除介词except, but, in外。that 在宾语从句中做宾语可以省略。但由and 或but 连接两个或多个宾语从句时，仅可以第一个连词that
2）whether和if。If 不可引导主语/表语/同位语从句且在宾语从句中不可放在介词的后面。Whether 可以引导所有的名词性从句。在引导名词性从句中常和or not 连用
3）A is(are) to B what C is(are) to D
Engines are to machines what hearts are to animals.
it 做形式主语和形式宾语（it 做形式宾语常置于think, consider, find, hate, like, suppose 后）；doubt 引导宾语从句，连接词否定疑问用that肯定用if /whether ；
doubt 作名词引导同位语从句肯定用whether 否定疑问用that
what 在名词性从句中可理解为：what=the things (something)that /all that / a period of time that
I hate it that you lied to me. (it为形式宾语，that 引导的句子为真正的宾语)
After what seemed like hours, he came out with a bitter smile.
(此处what=the period of time that )
I will do what (= all that) I can to help the people in the quake- hit area.
There is no doubt that he was a widely accepted scientist.
习题精练：
1.____B_________ you have done might do harm to other people.
A. That
B. What
C. Which
D. This
2. They have no idea at all ______C______.
A. where he has gone
B. where did he go
C. which place he has gone
D. where he has gone
3. __________C___ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights.
A. Anyone
B. The person
C. Whoever
D. Who
4. Upon graduation he asked to be sent to ____A___________.
A. where he is most needed
B. where he needed
C. where he is mostly needed
D. where is he mostly needed
5. These photographs will show you _______B______.
A. what does our village look like
B. what our village looks like
C. how does our village look
D. how our village looks like
6. Can you make sure _________C____ the gold ring?
A. where Alice had put
B. where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put
D. where has Alice put
7. No one can be sure _____A________ in a million years.
A what man will look like
B what man look like
C man will look like what
D what look will man like
8. _________A____ the Games will be held in Beijing is not known.
A. Whenever
B. If
C. Whether
D. That
9. It worried her a bit _____D________ her hair was turning grey.
A. which
B. that
C. if
D. for
10. _______A______ you don’t like him is none of my business.
A. What
B. Who
C. That
D. Whether
11. ______C_______ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present.
A. What
B. That
C. The fact
D. The matter
12. He asked _____D________ for the violin.
A. did I pay how much
B. I paid how much
C. how much did I pay
D. how much I paid
13. —Do you remember _____A_______ he came?
—Yes, I do, he came by car.
A. how
B. when
C. that
D. if
14. _________D____ is a fact that English is accepted as an international language.
A. There
B. This
C. That
D. It
15. Sarah hopes to become a friend of _______C______ shares her interests.
A. anyone
B. whomever
C. whoever
D. no matter who
16. _______A_____ we can’t get seems better than ____________ we have.
A. What; what
B. What; that
C. That; that
D. That; what
17. _______B______ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If
B. Whether
C. That
D. Where
18. It is generally considered unwise to give a child _______D______ he or she wants.
A. however
B. whatever
C. whichever
D. whenever
19. ______A_____ caused the accident is still a complete mystery.
A. What
B. That
C. How
D. Where
20. It was a matter of _____D_______ would take the position.
A. who
B. whoever
C. whom
D. whomever
21. —I drove to Zhuhai for the air show last week.
—Is that ____C________ you had a few days off?
A. why
B. when
C. what
D. where
22. ___D________ has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
A. Who
B. The one
C. Anyone
D. Whoever
23. These wild flowers are so special I would do ____D_________ I can to save them.
A. that
B. which
C. whichever
D. whatever
24. _D__she couldn’t understand was __fewer and fewer students showed interest in her lessons. A. That; what B. What; why C. What; because D. Why; that
25. What the doctors really doubt is _D__my mother will recover from the serious disease soon.
A. when
B. how
C. whether
D. why
26. ________B____ is no possibility ___________ Bob can win the first prize in the match.
A. There; that
B. It; that
C. There; whether
D. It; whether
27. When you answer questions in a job interview, please remember the golden rule: Always give the money exactly _____A_______ he wants.
A. what
B. which
C. when
D. that
28. There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars ___ road conditions need _____B_______.
A. that; to be improved
B. which; to be improved
C. where; improving
D. when; improving
29. —Are you still thinking about yesterday’s game?
—Oh, that’s ______B______.
A. what makes me feel excited
B. whatever I feel excited about
C. how I feel about it
D. when I feel excited
30. We cannot figure out __B_____ quite a number of insects, birds, and animals are dying out. (2004)
A. that
B. as
C. why
D. when
31. I think Father would like to know _____B______ I've been up to so far, so I decide to send him a quick note.
A. which
B. why
C. what
D. how
32. A modern city has been set up in __C______ was a wasteland ten years ago .
A. what
B. which
C. that
D. where
33. Parents are taught to understand __C____ important education is to their children’s future.
A. that
B. how
C. such
D. so
34. The road is covered with snow. I can't understand __D____they insist on going by motor-bike.
A. why
B. whether
C. when
D. how
35. After Yang Li Wei succeeded in circling the earth, _____A__ our astronauts desire to do is walk in space.
A. where
B. what
C. that
D. how
36. A story goes ___B___ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more that being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when
B. where
C. what
D. that
37. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at __B______ I thought was a dangerous speed.
A. as
B. which
C. what
D. that
38. Along with the letter was his promise ___B_____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whether
39. Mary wrote an article on D the team had failed to win the game .
A. why
B. what
C. who
D. that
40. Danby left word with my secretary _____C_______ he would call again in the afternoon.
A. who
B. that
C. as
D. which
41. The way he did it was different C we were used to .
A. in which
B. in what
C. from what
D. from which
42. I was surprised by her words, which made me recognize __D_ silly mistakes I had made.
A. what
B. that
C. how
D. which
43. With his work completed, the businessman stepped back to his seat, feeling pleased
___D__ he was a man of action.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whether
44. We haven't settled the question of ____C__________ it is necessary for him to study abroad.
A. if
B. where
C. whether
D. that
45. D makes this shop different is that it offers more personal services.
A. What
B. Who
C. Whatever
D. Whoever
46. See the flags on top of the building? That was D we did this morning.
A. when
B. which
C. where
D. what
47. Please remind me D he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.
A. where
B. when
C. how
D. what
48. --- What did your parents think about your decision?
--- They always let me do ___D____ I think I should.
A. when
B. that
C. how
D. what
49. Engines are to machines _____C____ hearts are to animals.
A. as
B. that
C. what
D. which
50. I just wonder ______B____ that makes him so excited.
A. why it does
B. what he does
C. how it is
D. what it is
51. One advantage of playing the guitar is ___C______ it can give you a great deal of pleasure.
A. how
B. why
C. that
D. when
52. He spoke proudly of his part in the game, without mentioning ___D____ his teammates had done.
A. what
B. which
C. why
D. while
53. --- It’s thirty years since w e last met.
--- But I still remember the story, believe it or not, ___B_______ we got lost on a rainy night.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. when
54. There is much chance D Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that
B. which
C. until
D. if
55. Nobody believed his reason for being absent form the class he had to meet his uncle at
the airport.
A. why
B. that
C. where
D. because
56. These shoes look very good. I wonder ____B______.
A how much cost they are
B how much do they cost
C how much they cost D. how much are they cost
57. Doris' success lies in the fact __B______ she is co-operative and eager to learn from
others.
A. which
B. that
C. when
D. why
58. --- Could you do me a favor?
--- It depends on B it is.
A. which
B. whichever
C. what
D. whatever
59. The other day, my brother drove his car down the street at ___B______ I thought was a
dangerous speed.
A. as
B. which
C. what
D. that
60.. Along with the letter was his promise __B_____ he would visit me this coming Christmas.
A. which
B. that
C. what
D. whether
情态动词
概念透析：
定义：说话人的语气或感情，对某一种动作的某种态度或某种倾向。
理解：1 词义不全，不能单独充当谓语。
2 没有人称和数的变化但有时态的变化
3 常见的情态动词有：
Can/could; may/might; will/would; shall/should;need,dare (半情态动词)
分类解析：
1．Can /could
a）表示能力
小学英语语法大全(全套十八讲)
小学英语语法大全 第1讲字母 1、英语中共有26个字母。Aa，Ee，Ii，Oo，Uu是元音字母，Yy是半元音字母，其余是辅音字母。英语单词就是由这26个字母组合而成的。Aa和Ii可以独立成词，分别表示“一个（张……）”和“我”的意思，Ii翻译成“我”时要大写。 2、英语字母可以分为印刷体和书写体。在书、报、杂志上见到的一般都是印刷体。在四线三格上书写时应注意书写位置，可以记住以下口诀：大写字母不顶格，小写字母占满格。书写时还要注意字母的笔顺。 3、英语句子的第一个单词的首字母要大写。单词与单词之间在书写时必须保持适当的距离，一般以空出一个小写字母的宽度为宜。句子的末尾要有标点符号。 4、英语中的句号是一个实心圆点(.)，省略号是三个居下的实心圆点（…），英语中没有顿号和书名号，顿号用逗号替代，书名用斜体字表示。 5、英语缩写词 PRC中华人民共和国UN 联合国 WHO 世界卫生组织NBA美国职业篮球联赛KFC 肯德基 IT 信息技术 EQ 情商 CCTV 中国中央电视台kg 千克 a.m. 上午USA 美国 HK 香港 WTO 世界贸易组织 CBA 中国男子篮球联赛 ATM 自动柜员机 ID 身份证 CPU 中央处理器 BBC 英国广播公司 cm 厘米 p.m. 下午 UK 英国 SOS 国际求救信号 UFO 不明飞行物 VIP 贵宾 EMS邮政特快专递 IQ 智商 RMB 人民币 VOA 美国之音 No. 号码 6
第2讲语音 1、音素：语音的最小单位。 2、元音：发音时气流不受阻碍。元音分为单元音和双元音两类。 单元音发音时唇形和舌位不变；双元音发音时由一个元音向另一个 元音滑动，唇形和舌位有一个变化过程，且前重后轻，前长后短。 3、辅音：发音时气流受到阻碍。辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音两类。 清辅音发音时声带不振动；浊辅音发音时声带振动。 4、音标：用来记录音素的符号。为了避免与字母混淆，音标被放在斜括号/ /内。 5、英语中的一个字母或字母组合在不同的单词中发音可能是不一样的，而相同的发音对应的字母或字母组合也可能不完全相同。 6、开音节：以元音字母结尾或以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母再加不发音的e结尾 （r除外）的音节。元音字母在开音节中读长音，即该字母的名称音。 闭音节：以一个或几个辅音字母（r除外）结尾。元音字母在闭音节中读短音。
高中英语语法大全
（1）表语从句 1．定义：用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导表语从句的关联词的种类： (1) 从属连词that。如： The trouble is that I have lost his address. 麻烦是我把他的地址丢了。 (2) 从属连词whether, as, as if。如： He looked just as he had looked ten years before. 他看起来还与十年前一样。 The question is whether they will be able to help us. 问题是他们是否能帮我们。 注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但as if却可引导表语从句，如： All this was over twenty years ago, but it's as if it was only yesterday. gh能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be, seem, look等。如： It looked as if it was going to rain. 看起来天要下雨了。 连接副词 where, when, how, why。 如：The problem is who we can get to replace her. 问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。 The question is how he did it. 问题是他是如何做此事的。 That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic. 那就是她今晨上了阁楼干的。 解释： 1．连词because可引导表语从句。如： I think it is because you are doing too much. 我想这是因为你做得太多。 2．在一些表示“建议、劝说、命令”的名词后面的表语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气。should+动词原形表示，should可省略。如： My suggestion is that we (should) start early tomorrow. 我的建议是我们明天一早就出发。（2）主语从句 1．定义：用作主语的从句叫做主语从句。 2．构成：关联词+简单句 3．引导主语从句的关联词有三类： (1) 从属连词that。如：That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them. 很明显，她们确是亲姐妹，她们的脸型很相似。 (2) 从属连词whether。如： Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear. 他是否会来这里还不清楚。 (3) 连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever 连接副词 where, when, how, why。如： What she did is not yet known. 她干了什么尚不清楚。 How this happened is not clear to anyone. 这事怎样发生的，谁也不清楚。 Whoever comes is welcome. 不论谁来都欢迎。 Wherever you are is my home ---- my only home. 你所在的任何地方就是我的家----我唯一的家。 解释： 1．主语从句能用it作形式上的主语。常以it作形式主语的句型有： A. It+be+形容词(obvious, true, natural, surprising, good, wonderful, funny, possible, likely, certain, probable, etc.)+that从句。如： It is certain that she will do well in her exam. 毫无疑问她考试成绩会很好。 It is probable that he told her everything. 很可能他把一切都告诉她了。 B. It+be+名词词组(no wonder, an honour, a good thing, a pity, no surprise, etc.)+that
小学英语语法总结大全
小学英语语法大全 第一章?名?词? 一、定义? 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。? 二、分类? 1.?名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词? 如：??a?? 是普通名词，是专有名词? 普通名词前可以用不定冠词,?定冠词?或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。? 2.?普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。? 3.?专有名词? 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机
构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。? 三、名词的数? 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。?可数名词——可以数的名词? 不可数名词——数不清（没有复数）???????????????? ????????????? 2、可数名词与不定冠词a()连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a()连用，没有复数形式? 可数名词复数? ?不可数名词? ,??,?a???(?)?两者都可以修饰。? 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰? 不可数名词??数词?+量词??+?名词? 对可数名词的数量提问用?? 对不可数名词的数量提问用???
4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法：? 1）?,???????????,???用等表示多少。?注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：???????????等。? 如???????.瓶中有很多水。? i'?????.我要告诉你许多好消息。? ?????我们应该收集一些有用的消息。?2）?用单位词表示。? 用a?...??表示。? 如a???（一杯......），a???（一瓶......）? a???（一张......），a???（一双鞋）? 如???（两杯茶）???（五张纸）? 注意单位词后的动词单复数形式往往取决于单位词的单复数形式；千、百等数词与名词加用，表示复数时，数词仍保持单数，名词变复数。? 如??（200名学生）? ??（10000棵树）?
高考英语语法大全
20XX年高考语法大全 虚拟语气在各种从句的应用 主语从句的虚拟 1. It is + adj. + that sb. (should) do 常见的形容词有：necessary, important, strange, natural It's important that he take my advice. 2. It is + n. + that sb. (should) do 常见的名词有：a pity, a shame, no wonder, one's wish It's a pity that he be so silly. 3. It is + done + that sb. (should) do 常见的过去分词有：suggested, advised, demanded, requested, required, asked, ordered, proposed, decided, desired, insisted等。 It's requested that she go home as soon as possible. 宾语从句的虚拟 1. 表命令，表建议，表要求的动词，后接宾语从句虚拟。虚拟的构成为(should) do。 I advise that he stay at home. 2. wish后接从句，虚拟的构成是往过去推一个时态。
I wish I had watched the football match last night. 注意以下几组词或短语用于虚拟语气中。 1. as if, as though He speaks English as if he were a native speaker. 2. otherwise, but, even though He was ill. Otherwise he would have been there. 3. with, without, but for Without your help, I would have died two years ago. But for your help, I would have died two years ago. 4. would rather I'd rather you told me yourself. 5. It's time that It's time that you went to bed. It's time that you should go to bed. 表语从句中的虚拟
高考英语语法图表总结——名词的数
高考英语语法图表总结——名词的数 名词的数 规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es（参看有关语法书）。 英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，请看下表 规则 例词 1 改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式
man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2 单复数相同 sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species 3 只有复数形式
ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents 4 一些集体名词总是用作复数 people, police, cattle, staff 5 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数
（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party 6 复数形式表示特别含义 customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文件报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)
7 表示某国人 加-s Americans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans 单复数同形 Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese
小学英语语法汇总
小学最全英语语法汇总一、时态 1．一般现在时 （1）表示经常发生的动作或事情，通常用“usually 通常, often常常, every…每…, sometimes有时，always总是,”等词。 （2）基本结构： (3) 动词第三人称单数形式（同名词单数变成复数方法相同）
2．现在进行时, （1）表示正在发生的动作，通常用“now现在, look 看，linsen听”. （2）基本形式： be + 动词ing eg: I am(not) doing my homework. You/We/They are(not) reading. He/She/It is(not) eating. What are you doing Is he reading （3）动词的现在分词形式（动词+ing）
3. 一般过去时 （1）表示过去已经发生的事情,通常用“last …上一个…, just now刚才, a moment ago刚才，yesterday昨天”等词。 （2） be 动词的过去式: am/is—was are—were （3）过去式基本结构
（4）词过去式的变化：规则动词的变化： 不规则动词的变化： 原形过去 式 原形过去式原形过去式原形过去式 sweep swept t each taught have had go went keep kept think thought do did find found
sleep slept b uy bought eat ate say said feel felt drink drank is/am w as take took read read give gave are were mean meant put put sing sang drive d rove meet met cut cut begin began speak s poke make made let let ring rang write w rote see saw fly flew run ran ride rode come came draw drew sit sat hear heard tell told grow grew learn learned/ learnt get got know knew 4．一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来打算做的事或将要发生的事情。常常与tomorrow, next Sunday等时间状语连用。结构：be going to +动词原形或will +动词原形 例如：I’m going to visit my grandpa next week. 二、人称代词
高中英语语法大全(新版)
英语语法大全 第一部分：词类、句子成分和构词法： 1、词类：英语词类分十种： 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.)：表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如：boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.)：主要用来代替名词。如：who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..)：表示人或事物的性质或特征。如：good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.)：表示数目或事物的顺序。如：one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.)：表示动作或状态。如：am, is, are, have, see . 6、副词(adv.)：修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如：now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..)：用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.)：表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.)：用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如：oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分：英语句子成分分为七种：主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。 如：I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如：Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名 词、代词或形容词担任。如：My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如： He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接 宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如：He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了 一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如：He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如： Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市) 6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如：He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如：They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁)/ He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课)/ The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语) ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如：Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里？) 3、构词法：英语构词法主要有：合成法、派生法和转换法。 1、合成法：如：spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。 2、派生法： (1)派生名词：①动词+er/or②动词+ing③动词+(t)ion④形容词+ness⑤其他,如： inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge (2)派生形容词：①名词+y②名词+ful③动词+ing/ed④friendly⑤dangerous⑥ Chinese; Japanese⑦English⑧French⑨German⑩国名+(i)an如：snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious (3)派生副词：①形容词+ly ②其它,如：slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible
《高中英语语法汇总》
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小学英语语法大全 第一章名词 一、定义 名词是表示人或事物名称的词。它既可以表示具体的东西，也可以是表示抽象的东西。 二、分类 1. 名词可以根据意义分为普通名词和专有名词 如：john is a student student是普通名词，john是专有名词 普通名词前可以用不定冠词a/an, 定冠词the 或不加冠词，专有名词前一般不加冠词，专有名词的首字母要大写。 2. 普通名词又可以分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词，其中个体名词与集体名词是可数名词，物质名词和抽象名称是不可数名词。 3. 专有名词 专有名词是表示人名、地名、团体、机构、组织等的专有名词，多为独一无二的事物。 三、名词的数 1、名词分为可数名词和不可数名词。 可数名词——可以数的名词 不可数名词——数不清（没有复数） drink?milk tea water orange juice coke coffee porridge food?rice bread meat fish fruit cake dumplings 2、可数名词与不定冠词a(an)连用有数数形式，不可数名词不能与不定冠词a(an)连用，没有复数形式 many+可数名词复数 much/a little+不可数名词 some, any , a lot of (lots of) 两者都可以修饰。 3、可数名词可以直接用数词来修饰 不可数名词数词 +量词 +of + 名词 对可数名词的数量提问用how many 对不可数名词的数量提问用 how much 4、不可数名词的量有以下两种表示方法： 1） some, much ,a little ,a lot of ,a bit of , plenty of 用等表示多少。 注意既可以与可数名词复数，又可以与不可数名词连用的有：plenty of ,some ,a lot of ,lots of ,most of 等。 如there is much water in the bottle .瓶中有很多水。 I'll tell you much good news.我要告诉你许多好消息。 we should collect some useful information我们应该收集一些有用的消息。 2）用单位词表示。 用a ... of 表示。 如 a cup of （一杯......），a bottle of （一瓶......） a piece of （一张......），a pair of shoes（一双鞋） 如two cups of tea（两杯茶）,five pieces of paper（五张纸）
小学英语语法大全-经典全面
小学英语语法大全经典全面 第2讲语音 1、音素：语音的最小单位。 英语中共有48个音素，其中元音音素20个，辅音音素28个。 /i:/,/?/,/?:/,/?/,/ɑ:/,//,/?:/,/?/ ,/u:/,/?/,/e/,/?/ /p/,/t/,/k/,/t/,/tr/,/ts/,/f/,/θ/,/s/,/ ∫/,/h/ 2、元音：发音时气流不受阻碍。元音分为单元音和双元音两类。 单元音发音时唇形和舌位不变；双元音发音时由一个元音向另 一个 元音滑动，唇形和舌位有一个变化过程，且前重后轻，前长后 短。
3、辅音：发音时气流受到阻碍。辅音分为清辅音和浊辅音两类。 清辅音发音时声带不振动；浊辅音发音时声带振动。 4、音标：用来记录音素的符号。为了避免与字母混淆，音标被放在斜括号/ /内。 5、英语中的一个字母或字母组合在不同的单词中发音可能是不一样的， 而相同的 发音对应的字母或字母组合也可能不完全相同。 6、开音节：以元音字母结尾或以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母再加不发 音的e结尾（r除外）的音节。元音字母在开音节中读长音， 即该字母的名称音。 闭音节：以一个或几个辅音字母（r除外）结尾。元音字母在闭音节中读短音。 // cup 第3讲名词 名词是指表示人和事物名称的词，可以分为专有名词和普通名词两大类。
1、专有名词：特定的人、地方、机构等专有的名称。第一个字母通常要大写。 . Jim Green， New York， Bank of China，Peking University 星期、月份、节日、学科、报刊名也是专有名词。 . Monday，May，Christmas，Spring Festival，Maths，China Daily 2、普通名词：表示一类人或物或抽象概念的名称。普通名词又可以分为四类: 个体名词——表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：student , desk 集体名词——表示若干个体组成的集合体，如：class , family 物质名词——表示无法分为个体的物质名称，如：water , rice , sand，hair 抽象名词——表示情感，状态，品质等抽象名称，如：love ，carelessness 个体名词和集体名词多数可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词，有单、复数形式； 物质名词和抽象名词通常无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词，一般只有一种形式。
语法 小学英语语法大全
语法小学英语语法大全 一、名词复数规则 1．一般情况下，直接加-s，如：book-books，bag-bags，cat-cats，bed-beds 2．以s。x。sh。ch结尾，加-es，如：bus-buses，box-boxes，brush-brushes，watch-watches 3．以“辅音字母y”结尾，变y为i，再加-es，如：family-families，strawberry-strawberries 4．以“f或fe”结尾，变f或fe为v，再加-es，如：knife-knives 〕 Leaf--leaves 5．不规则名词复数： man-menwoman-women policeman-policemen，policewoman-policewomen， child-children foot-feet，。tooth-teeth fish-fish，people-people，Chinese-Chinese，Japanese-Japanese 写出下列各词的复数 I _________him _________this ___________her ______ watch _______child _______photo ________diary ______ day_______ foot________ book_______ dress ________ tooth_______ sheep ______box_______ strawberry _____ peach______ sandwich ______dish_______bus_______ man______ woman_______ 二、一般现在时 一般现在时基本用法介绍