非谓语动词

非谓语动词
非谓语动词

知识网络

to do; to be doing; to have

done; to have been doing

不定式

被动形式:to be done; to have been done

主动形式:doing; having done

现在分词,动名词

肯定式被动形式:being done; having

been done

done

形式

否定式:以上肯定形式前加not。

动名词的复合结构:名词所有格/形容词性物主代

词+动名词

非谓语动词不定式的复合结构:for sb/ sth + 不定式

主语:不定式,动名词

宾语:不定式,动名词

补语:不定式,分词

状语:不定式,分词

句法定语:不定式,动名词,分词

功能表语:不定式,动名词,分词

考点一,非谓语动词的形式及句法功能

三,非谓语动词的复合结构及否定式

1,非谓语动词的复合结构

(1),动名词的复合结构就是在动名词前加上它的逻辑主语。其形式为:名词所有格/形容词性物主代词+动名词。当动名词的复合结构做宾语时,还可用名词的普通格或代词的宾格作逻辑主语。如:I remember Jane’s /Jane going there. 我记得简去过那里。

(2),不定式的复合结构为:for sb / sth+不定式如:It is a must for us to have a good command of English.

2,非谓语动词的否定式。

非谓语动词的否定式是在非谓语动词前加not

考点二,非谓语动词作状语

一,不定式,分词作状语的基本原则

不定式,分词做状语时,不定式,分词的逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式,分词作状语必须和句子主语含有逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式,分词做状语。

二,不定式作状语

1,不定式做目的状语

不定式做目的状语的情况较多,如果强调目的性时,不定式前还可加in order 或so as,构成in order to do 或so as to do结构,in order to do 结构作目的状语时,可以放在句首也可以放在句中,so as to do结构只能放在句中,in order to do , so as to do 结构置于句中时,不能用逗号隔开。

Bob took down my telephone number so as /in order not to forget it.

2,不定式做结果状语

不定式做结果状语常用在下列句式中:so….as to ; such….as to ; …..enough;

only to (常表示意外结果或事与愿违的结果);too….to….等。

I’m not so stupid as to write it down.

He hurried back only to find that her mother had left.

注意:在下列结构中,too…to..不表:太…而不能。与too…to…搭配的形容词常见的有:pleased, ready, willing, glad, happy。

I’m only too glad to have passed the exam.

3,不定式做原因状语

形容词或过去分词作表语时,后面可接不定式做原因状语,用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况等,用于这种结构的形容词或过去分词常见的有:happy , lucky ,glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready ,delighted, clever, foolish, pleased等。

三,分词作状语

分词或分词短语作状语时,可以表时间,原因,结果,条件,让步,行为方式,伴随状况等,为了强调,还可以while, when ,once, if unless等连词连用。

When offered help, one often says Thank you.

Generally speaking, if taken according to the directions, the drug has no side effect.

He glanced at her , noting that though she was tiny , she seemed very well.

3,独立成分做状语

有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,乘坐独立成分。常见的有:generally speaking, frankly speaking, judging from , considering…./ taking…into consideration 考虑到, to tell you the truth, given考虑到,鉴于,compared to/with

Considering your health, you had better have a rest.

4,独立主格结构

非谓语动词作状语时,它的逻辑主语应和句子的主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的逻辑主语,在句子中作状语,我们称之为独立主格结构Absolute Construction

独立主格结构的特点是:1,独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同,它独立存在。2,独立主格结构中作逻辑主语的名词或代词与后面的分词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等是逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。3,独立主格结

构一般有逗号与句子分开。

独立主格结构的构成是:

1,名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词

2,名词/代词+形容词

3,名词/代词+副词

4,名词/代词+不定式

5,名词/代词+介词短语

6,With/without +名词/代词+宾语补足语

例如:The test finished(=When the test was finished), we began our holiday.

He came in, with a book under his arm.

考点三,非谓语动词作定语

一,不定式做定语

1,作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点,工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.

但是,不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时,不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。He had no money and no place to live (in).

2,用不定式做定语的几种情况

(1),不定式表将来The car to be bought is for his sister.

(2),用来修饰被序数词,最高级或no,all,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。He was the best man to do the job.

(3),有些名词的同根词常跟不定式,因而它们也常跟不定式作定语,常见的有:promise, plan, attempt, offer, decision ,refusal, failure, ability ,chance, warning, anxiety ,eagerness, willingness, readiness

He said he had not plans to go there.

He made an attempt to stand up.

二,分词作定语

1,作定语的及物动词的分词形式为:现在分词,being+过去分词和过去分词。当被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为主动关系时,用现在分词;当被修

饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表正在进行时,用being done;当

被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表完成时,用过去分词。The

house being built are for the teachers.

2,作定语的不及物动词的分词形式为:现在分词和过去分词。现在分词可以表示正在进行,也可以表示特征;过去分词表示已经完成或状态。如

boiling water正在沸腾的水,boiled water 白开水

3,英语中有些表示感觉的动词,其现在分词形式表示令人感到…。过去分词形式表示人内心感到…。An exciting voice一个令人兴奋的声音;feel

excited 感到兴奋

三,to be done和being done 的区别

to be done 表被动,将来;done便被动,完成;being done表被动,正在进行。

考点四,非谓语动词(不定式,动名词)作宾语

一,下列动词只能用不定式作宾语:decide, determine, learn, want, expect, hope, wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan ,agree , ask ,beg,

help, afford, strive, happen, wait, threaten

二,下列动词或词组只能用动名词做宾语:consider, suggest, advise, look forward to, excuse, pardon, admit, delay ,put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep ,keep on, practice, deny ,finish ,enjoy ,appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, can’t help ,mind, allow, permit, escape, be used to, be accustomed to ,lead to, devote to ,go back to, stick to, object to反对,get down to ,pay attention to ,can’t stand, give up ,feel like, insist on , thank you for, apologize for , be busy (in), have difficulty(in), have trouble(in), have a good/wonderful/ hard time (in) ,spend time(in)

三,下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词做宾语,也可以跟把补丁是作宾语,但意义上有区别。Forget to do 忘记将要做;forget doing忘记做过

Remember to do 记住要做;remember doing 记住做过

Regret to do 后悔要做;regret doing后悔做过

Stop to do 停下来做另一件事;stop doing 停下正在做的事

Try to do尽力去做;try doing 试着去做

Mean to do 打算去做;mean doing意味着

Go on to do 继续做另一件事;go on doing=go on with sth继续做用一件事四,在动名词allow,advise,forbid,permit,consider后直接跟动名词作宾语;

如果后面有名次或代词做宾语,则用动词不定式做宾语补足语,即:

allow,advise,forbid,permit,consider +doing/ sb to do

五,动词need,want,require做需要时,deserve做应得,应受时,其后用动名词的主动形式doing或不定式被动形式to be done,表被动意义。Be worth 后用动名词的主动形式doing表被动意义。此外,need,want,require后可以接名词或代词做宾语,人后接不定式做宾语补足语,表示需要,想要某人做某事。

Need/ want/ require+ to be done/ doing 需要

Need/ want/ require+ sb to do 需要,要求,想要

Deserve+ 名词/ doing/ to be done

Be worth +名词/ doing

Be worthy+ to be done或of+名词(表钱数或表价格的名词除外)/ being done

Worth visiting

To be visited。

This place is worthy

Of a visit

being visited.

:tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out等的宾语时,前面常带引导词how,what,whether,where,when,who等,但why后加不带to 的不定式。

Can you tell me why do it?

考点五,非谓语动词作补语

一,后接不定式做补语的动词以及动词词组

Advise, allow ,ask ,beg, cause, encourage, expect, forbid, force, get ,intend, invite, like, love, order ,persuade, prefer, remind ,require, teach tell, want, warn ,wish ,wait for, call on, depend on 等。

注意:

1,think, consider ,believe, suppose ,fell, fine, imagine, prove, appoint, judge等后常用to be…做宾补/主补。The people considered him to be a great leader.

He imagines himself to be an able man.

2,fear,excuse,forgive,refuse,punish,suggest,propose,agree, approve, inform ,welcome, insist, persist, hope, arrange, demand, thank ,congratulate, prevent.后不能用不定式做宾补。

二,非谓语动词(词组)做感官动词,使役动词的宾补

1,感官动词(词组)see, watch ,observe ,look at ,notice, hear, listen to ,feel的宾语补足语有四种形式,以see为例:

Doing sth 看见…正在做宾语与宾补位逻辑上的主动关系

Do sth 看见…做某事的全过程

See+宾语+ being done 看见…正在被…宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系Done 看见…被做

注意:不及物动词的过去分词做宾补表完成或状态。I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.

2,使役动词make, let ,have ,get后接复合宾语的情况

Make+宾语+do ,让…做…宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系

Make+宾语+done, 让…被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系

如:He tried to make himself understood.

Let+宾语+do 让…做…宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系

Let+宾语+be done 让…被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系

如:Let the work be done immediately.

Have+宾语+do sth 使…做某事宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系

Have+宾语+doing sth 使….一直做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系

Have+宾语+done 使….被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系

注意:

1,have sth done 还可表示使…遭受…..。Tom had his leg broken while playing football.

2 have sb doing 若用于否定句中,其中have有容忍之意。I won’t have you speaking to your father like that.

3,have还可用于have sth to do 结构,该结构中have作“有”讲,不定式作定语。I have something urgent to inform you .

Get+宾语+to do 使…做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系

Get+宾语+doing 使…开始做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系

Get+宾语+done 使…被做宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系

3,下列动词(词组)在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式做补足语,但在被动语态中要加上to。它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”,即5看:look at ,see, watch, notice,

observe; 3使:make ,let, have; 2听:listen to ,hear; 1感觉:feel。

三,动词leave,keep,set,find,catch,及介词with后加非谓语动词作宾补的情况。

1,

Sb/ sth doing sth 让某人/某物一致做某事。宾语与宾补为逻辑上的主动关系

Sth undone 留下某事未做,宾语与宾补为逻辑上的被动关系,表被动和完

成,以undone, unfinished, unsettled, untouched为多。

Leave sb to do sth 留下某人去做某事不定式表示将来的动作

Sth to be done留下某事要做

如:The guests left most of the dishes untouched, because they didn’t taste delicious. 2,让某人/某物一直做某事

Keep

Sb/sth done 表示被动且完成,或表示状态

如:You should keep me informed of his whereabouts.你应该让我了解他的行踪。3,sb to do sth(=make sb do sth) 让某人干某事

Set

Sb/ sth doing sth 使某事开始做某事/ 让某事发生

He set the students to set down what he said.

Her words ste us thinking.

4,sb doing 发现某人在做某事

find Sth/ sb done 发现某事或某人已经…..(表示完成或状态)

sb/ sth ( to be) …发现某人/某事….

5,

catch sb doing sth 撞见某人正在做某事

6,

表主动且进行,或表特征

Sth being done 表被动且进行

With sth done 表被动且完成,或表状态

Sth to do 表示将来

如:Wit a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly elected president is having a hard time.

四,常用不定式做主语补足语的句型

Sb,(sth) be said /believed /known /supposed /reported /considered /found /thought + to do / to have done /to be done / to have been done+ 其他

如:He is said to have gone abroad. =It is said that he has gone abroad.

考点六,非谓语动词作主语,表语

一,非谓语动词(不定式,动名词)作主语

1,不定式,动名词都可做主语,但动名词做主语多指抽象的,概念性的动作,可以使多次的,经常的行为;不定式多表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的

动作。

如:Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险(泛指玩火)

2,下列句型中常用动名词作主语。

No use /good

It is /was+ Not any use /good +doing sth

of little use /good

3,wh+不定式可做主语如:When to leave hasn’t been decided yet.

二,非谓语动词(不定式,动名词,分词)作表语

1,不定式,动名词与分词做表语的区别

不定式和动名词做表语相当于一个名词做表语,含义是回答主语“是什么”,分词做表语相当于形容词做表语,现在分词表示主语的特征,过去分词表示主语的状态。

Our plan is to keep the affair secret. 主语和表语是对等的

The music they are playing sounds exciting. 现在分词表示特征

This village remains unknown to the rest of the world. 过去分词表状态

2,不定式和动名词做表语的区别

不定式和动名词做表语虽都是用于回答主语“是什么”,但二者仍由一些区别。不定式做表语强调的是一次性的,具体的将要发生的动作,而动名词做表语强调的是一般性,抽象的,经常性的动作。

3,非谓语动词作remain的表语

(1),remain做“尚待,留待”讲,后面加to be done做表语

One problem remains to be solved.

(2),remain做仍然讲,后可加现在分词或过去分词作表语。

The true author of the book remains unknown..

易混易错

一,不定式的主动形式和被动形式

1,不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式在逻辑上构成主谓关系时,不定式往往用主动形式。Do you have a knife to cut the watermelon? (A knife cuts the watermelon.)

2,不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系,又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时,不定式常用主动形式。

She has as sister to look after.

3,在there be结构中,当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时,不定式用主动形式;如果说话人强调的是事情本身必须被完成,则用被动形式。

There is a lot of work to do .(Someone has to do the work.)

There is a lot of work to be done.(The work has to be done.)

二,在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的动宾关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用

不定式的主动形式表示被动意思。该结构中常用的形容词有:easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting , pleasant ,nice, comfortable, safe, dangerous,等。

如:This question is easy to answer.

This book is difficult to understand.

三,现在分词做定语与动名词做定语的区别

现在分词做定语时,所修饰的名词是现在分词的逻辑主语;而动名词做宾语表示的是被修饰名词的作用,用途等,所修饰的名词不是动名词的逻辑主语。如 a moving truck 正在移动的卡车(A truck moves)现在分词

A sleeping bag 一个睡袋(sleeping为动名词)

突破方法:

1,非谓语动词作状语。一般情况下的做题思路是:(1)首先找逻辑主语,然后看与非谓语动词之间是主动关系还是被动关系,如果是主动关系,要用to do表将来或目的,doing与谓语动词所表述的动作同时发生或没有一定的时间性,having done强调该动作先于谓语动词所表述的动作;如果是被动关系,常用to be done表将来或目的,done表完成或没有一定的时间性,being done表正在进行,having been done强调该动作先于谓语动词所表述的动作。(2)此外还要注意英语独立成分作状语的现象,这些分词或不定式的形式不受主语的影响。常见的有:generally speaking ,frankly speaking , judging from /by, to tell you the truth 。(3)不定式如果作结果状语,常常表示意外的结果或事与愿违的结果,前面常加only。

非谓语 动词知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细)

非谓语动词知识点梳理及经典练习(超详细) 一、非谓语动词 1.________, he has to listen to tapes every day. A. To learn English well B. Learn English well C. Learning English well 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意:为了学好英语,他不得不每天听录音。选项部分在句子中表示目 的,故用动词不定式,故选A。 【点评】此题考查动词不定式。注意动词不定式的成分。 2.My friend invited me ______ the Art Club , and I accepted it with pleasure. A. join B. to join C. joined D. joining 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】句意:我的朋友邀请我参加艺术俱乐部,我愉快地接受了。A.动词原形;B. 动词不定式;C. 动词过去式;D.动词的ing形式。invite sb. to do sth.邀请某人做某事。结合句 意及结构,故选B。 3.When you are tired, in the countryside is a wonderful experience. A. relaxing B. relaxed C. relax D. relaxes 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】考查非谓语动词。句意:当你累的时候,在农村放松是一个奇妙的体 验。所填动词在句中作主语,该用动名词形式,所以选A。 4.My parents didn't allow me ______ to the party. A. go B. to go C. goes D. went 【答案】 B 【解析】【分析】:本题考点为非谓语动词(固定用法)。allow sb. to do sth.,即“允许某 人做某事”。故答案为B。 5.I think AI (人工智能) in many fields will to help us solve many problems in the future. A. used, be used B. is used, be used C. used, use D. is used, use 【答案】 A 【解析】【分析】句意:我认为被用在许多领域的人工智能在将来将帮助我们解决许多问 题。AI是名词,___ in many fields做名词AI的定语,AI是动作use的承受着,并且句子是

英语非谓语动词对比辨析100题

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