车用名词英文解释
BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - NUMBERS
16V - 16 Valves - the more valves, the more air and exhaust flow which equates to more power
4WD - 4 Wheel Drive - power is supplied to the front and rear axles at the same time
4WS - 4 Wheel Steering
3DR - 3 door - 2 doors and a boot
5DR - 5 door - 4 doors and a boot
5SPD - 5 Speed
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "A"
A/C or Air Con - Air Conditioning
ABC - Active Body Control - keeps the car as level and stable as possible in all driving conditions ABI - Association of British Insurers
ABS -Anti-locking Braking System - means you can brake and steer at the same time without the wheels locking up
APR - Annual Percentage Rate - the cost of the loan you take out on your car
ASU - Accident, Sickness and Unemployment Insurance
AUTO - Automatic
AWD - All Wheel Drive
A/Wheels - Alloy wheels
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "B"
BHP - Brake Horse Power - a unit of measurement of the engine's power
BIOFUEL - Biofuels include corn-based ethanol and rapeseed-oil biodiesel
BIODIESEL - Fuel recycled from organic oils and fats
BIOETHANOL - A mixture of petrol and ethanol
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "C"
C/LOCKING - Central Locking
CAT - Catalytic Converter
CATI (2) - Alarm (Immobiliser)
C/CONTROL - Cruise control
CLIM/CONT - Climate Control
CNG - Compressed Natural Gas
CO2 - A waste product produced by running your car. How much CO2 a car produces determines the tax band it sits in, so the less polluting your car is the less tax you pay
COUPE - A two door vehicle usually with 4 seats (definition varies between manufacturer)
CVT - Continuously Variable Transmission
CLOCKING - Turning back the odometer reading that shows how many miles the car has done, making it seem like it had covered fewer miles, affecting the car's value
CONTRACT HIRE - Rather than buy the car you rent the car over a set period
CYLINDERS- A cylinder is the principal working part of an internal combustion engine, the
space in which a piston travels. Cylinders are usually arranged side by side in a bank.
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "D"
DEPRECIATION- It's a sad fact that your shiny new car will be worth less the moment you drive it for the first time, that's depreciation. If you're buying a used car it's worth researching which cars depreciate the least, since these are better value. Even those cars which depreciate the least will loose around 50% of their value after 3 years
DERV - Diesel Engined Road Vehicle
DI - Diesel Injection
DOHC - Double Overhead Camshaft
DOWN PAYMENT (DEPOSIT) - The money you pay upfront for a car to reduce your monthly payments
DSC - Dynamic Stability Control
DSG - Direct Shift Gearbox
DVLA - Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency. You need to let this agency know any changes of vehicle ownership, including your address.
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "E"
EBD - Electronic Brakeforce Dsitribution. this spreads brake pressure evenly between the wheels, which reduces the chance of skid
ECU - Electronic Control Unit
E/F/W - Electric Front Windows
E/M - Electric Mirror
E/S/R - Electric Sunroof
E/SEATS -Electric Seats
ESP - Electronic Stability Program. Detects differences in the driver's actions and the response of the car, auto correcting if there's a difference, so it improves vehicle stability and reduces over or understeer, especially on icy or low grip surfaces
ESTATE - A five door vehicle that provides a much larger boot space due to the roofline being extended. Usually an estate car has easily folding rear seats to create even greater load capacity. Some manufacturers use the names station wagon or tourer to describe the same body shape EURO NCAP - European New Car Assessment Program. An independent scheme which assesses the safety features of each new car, rating each from 1 to 5, 5 being the safest
E/W - Electric Windows
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "F"
F/F/S/R - Factory Fitted Sunroof
FDSH - Full dealer service history
FLA - Finance & Leasing Association
FSH - Full Service History
FWD - Front Wheel Drive
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "G"
GPS - Global Positioning System. A navigation aid
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "H"
H/L - Head Light
H/R/W - Heated Rear Window
H/SEATS - Heated Seats
H/TOP - Hard Top
HATCHBACK - A three or five door vehicle. The boot is counted as a door since it opens into, and provides access to, the main interior space of the car (unlike a saloon where the boot is completely enclosed).
HGV - Heavy Goods Vehicle
HYBRID - A vehicle that has an electric motor and an engine. at the moment these cars are the most environmentally friendly and fuel efficient available
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "I"
INDEPENDENT SUSPENSION - Each wheel on the vehicle is sprung separately so when any one wheel goes over a bump it doesn't affect the whole vehicle
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "J"
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "K"
KIT CAR - A car built from a collection of parts
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "L"
LEASE - A form of finance where you take the car for a predetermined period of time and make payments based on the difference between the retail price and the value of the car at the end of the term, at the end of which you return the car to the leasing company
LHD - Left Hand Drive
IMMOB - Engine immobiliser
LPG - Liquid Petroleum Gas
LWB - Long Wheel Base
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "M"
MAN - Manual
MET - Metallic
MOT - Ministry Of Transport (Roadworthiness certificate). Every car over 3 years old has to pass an annual test to get a roadworthy certificate
MPG - Miles Per Gallon. The number of miles the car can run on a gallon of fuel. Manufacturers tend to give these figures based on simulated 'urban' and 'motorway' ideal driving conditions, so they're not exact but they give you an idea of how efficient the vehicle is, the higher the MPG number the more miles you'll get to the gallon
MPH - Miles Per Hour
MPI - Multi Point Injection
MPV - Multi Purpose Vehicle
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "N"
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "O"
O/D - Over Drive
OHC - Overhead Camshaft
O.I.R.O - Offers in the region of
ONO - Or nearest offer
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "P"
P/X - Part Exchange
PAS - Power Assisted Steering
PCP - Personal Contract Purchase. The vehicle is leased over a set period of time with a milage limit and the option to buy or return the vehicle at the end of the term
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "Q"
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "R"
R/CASS - Radio Cassette
R/H/R - Rear Head Restraints
R/W/W - Rear Wash Wipe
RESIDUAL V ALUE - What a vehicle is worth after it has depreciated in value
RFL - Road Fund Licence - also known as car tax or Vehicle Excise Duty (DVLA)
RHD - Right Hand Drive
RPM - Revolutions per minute
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "S"
S/R - Sunroof
S/TOP - Soft Top
SIP - Side Impact Protection
SOHC - Single overhead camshaft
STEERING RATIO - How far you have to turn the steering wheel compared to how far the wheels actually turn
SUV - Sports Utility Vehicle
SWB - Short Wheel Base
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "T"
T & T - Taxed & tested (MOT)
T/GLASS - Tinted Glass
TCS - Traction Control System
TD - Turbo Diesel
TORQUE- The amount of turning force an engine can generate. More torque means faster acceleration and more pulling power
TURNING CIRCLE - The radius of the smallest turn that the vehicle is capable of making. back to the top
BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "U"
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "V"
V5 - Vehicle Registration Document - Log Book. The log book is essential to register the vehicle so you shouldn't buy a vehicle that doesn't have one
VCA - Vehicle Certification Agency
VED - Vehicle Excise Duty aka Road Tax or Road Fund licence - duty paid to legally allow your car to travel UK roads
VIN - Vehicle Identification Number. This is the information on where and when the car was built. The VIN must match the number in the V5 (log book)
VRM - Vehicle Registration Mark
VTS - Vehicle Tracking System
VVC -Variable Valve Control
VVT - Variable Valve Timing
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "W"
WHEELBASE - The distance between the centre of the front and rear wheels
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "X"
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "Y"
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BUY A CAR GLOSSARY - LETTER "Z"
ZEV - Zero Emissions Vehicle. A vehicle that produces no harmful emissions when it runs, e.g. an electric car
系解名词解释
名词解释 1．标准解剖学姿势（anatomical position）:人体直立，两眼平视，上肢下垂，手掌向前，两足并拢，足尖向前。 2．胸骨角（sternal angle）:胸骨柄与胸骨体连接处微向前突的部分成为胸骨角，两侧平对第二肋，胸骨角向后平对第四胸椎体下缘，是计数肋的重要标志。 3．翼点（pterion）:颞窝前下部较薄，在额、顶、颞、蝶骨的会合处最为薄弱，此处常形成H形的缝，成为翼点，其内面有血管沟，有脑膜中动脉的前支通过，骨折时易伤及此动脉，是是临床上X线检查的部位。 4．椎间盘（intervertebral disc）:是连接相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘（第1及第2颈椎之间除外），由周围的纤维环和中央的髓核构成。 5．喙肩韧带:为三角形的扁韧带，连于肩胛骨的喙突与肩峰之间，它与喙突、肩峰共同构成喙肩弓，防止肩关节向上脱位。6．斜角肌间隙（scalene fissure）:前、中斜角肌与第1肋之间的间隙为斜角肌间隙，有锁骨下动脉和臂丛神经通过。 7．咽峡（isthmus of fauces）:腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓及舌根共同围成咽峡。 8．肝门（porta hepatis）:脏面中部有略呈“H”形的三条沟，其中横行的沟位于脏面正中，有肝左、右管，肝固有动脉左、右支，肝门静脉左、右支，和肝的神经、淋巴管等由此出入，故
称肝门。出入肝门的这些结构被结缔组织包绕，构成肝蒂。9．Calot三角（或胆囊三角）：胆囊管、肝总管和肝的脏面围成的三角形区域成为胆囊三角，三角内常有胆囊动脉通过，因此该 三角是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 10．弹性圆锥：又称环声膜，是圆锥形的弹性纤维膜。其余甲状软骨前角后面，呈扇形向后、向下止于杓状软骨声带突和环状软 骨上缘。其上缘游离增厚，紧张于甲状软骨与声带突之间，称 声韧带，较前庭韧带厚而短。声韧带连同声带肌及覆盖于其表 面的喉粘膜一起，成为声带。弹性圆锥中部弹性纤维增厚称环 甲正中韧带（急性喉阻塞时，为抢救病人生命可在环甲正中韧 带处进行穿刺，以建立暂时性通气道。当紧急切开动脉圆锥进 行抢救时，注意切勿损伤环甲动脉吻合弓）。 11．声带（vocal cord）:由声韧带、声带肌和喉粘膜构成。声门裂是位于两侧声襞及杓状软骨底和声带突之间的裂隙比前庭裂长 而窄，是喉腔最狭窄之处。声带和声门裂合称为声门（glottis）。12．气管隆嵴：在气管杈的内面，有一矢状位向上的半月状嵴称气管隆嵴，略偏向左侧，是支气管镜检查时判断气管分叉的重要 标志。（异物坠落偏向左侧） 13．肺门（hilum 0f lung）:纵膈面即内侧面，与纵膈相邻，其中央为椭圆形凹陷，称肺门，肺门为支气管、肺动脉、肺静脉、
生物药剂学与药物动力学专业名词英文及相关名词解释
生物药剂学与药物动力学专业名词英文及相关名词解释 第一章绪论 1、生物药剂学（biopharmaceutics）：研究药物及其剂型在体内的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄过程，阐明药物的剂型因素、机体的生物因素与药物效应三者之间相互关系的科学。 2、吸收（absorption），分布（distribution），代谢（metabolism），排泄（excretion）——ADME 3、转运（transport）：吸收+分布+排泄，处置（disposition）：分布+代谢+排泄，消除（elimination）：代谢+排泄 第二章药物的吸收 1、药物吸收（absorption of drug）：指药物从给药部位进入体循环的过程。 2、膜转运（membrane transport）：物质通过生物膜的现象。 3、跨细胞途径（transcellular pathway）：指一些脂溶性药物借助细胞膜的脂溶性、或者特殊转运机制的药物借助膜蛋白的作用、或者大分子和颗粒状物质借助特殊细胞的作用等，而穿过细胞膜的转运途径。 4、细胞间途径（paracellular pathway）：指一些水溶性小分子物质通过细胞连接处微孔而进行扩散的转运途径。 5、被动转运（passive transport）：不需要消耗能量，生物膜两侧的药物由高浓度侧向低浓度侧转运的过程。 6、单纯扩散/被动扩散（simple diffusion），促进扩散/易化扩散（facilitated diffusion） 7、膜孔转运（membrane pore transport）：物质通过细胞间微孔按单纯扩散机制转运的过程。 8、主动转运（active transport）：需要消耗能量，生物膜两侧的药物借助载体蛋白的帮助由低浓度向侧向高浓度侧转运的过程。 9、膜动转运（membrane mobile transport）：通过细胞膜的主动变形将物质摄入细胞内或从细胞内释放到细胞外的转运过程。包括入胞作用（endocytosis），出胞作用（exocytosis） 10、多药耐药（multidrug resistance, MDR）：外排转运体对抗肿瘤药物的外排作用会导致肿瘤细胞内药量减少，从而对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用下降。 11、胃排空（gastric emptying）：胃内容物从胃幽门排入十二指肠的过程。 12、肝首过效应（live first pass effect）：经胃肠道给药的药物在尚未吸收进入血液循环前即在肝脏被代谢，而使进入血液循环的原形药量减少的现象。 13、肝肠循环（enterohepatic cycle）：指经胆汁排入肠道内的药物，在肠道中被重新吸收，经门静脉又返回肝脏的现象。 14、pH-分配假说（pH-partition hypothesis）：药物的吸收取决于吸收部位pH条件下未解离型药物的比例和油/水分配系数的假说。 15、生物药剂学分类系统（biopharmaceutics classification system, BCS）：根据药物的体外溶解性和肠道渗透性的高低，对药物进行分类的一种科学方法。 16、吸收数（absorption number, An）：反映药物在胃肠道渗透性高低的函数。（无单位！） 17、剂量数（dose number, Do）：药物溶解性能的函数。 18、溶出数（dissolution number, Dn）：反映药物从制剂中释放速度的函数。
医学术语英文简写
AB 实际碳酸氢盐ACEI 血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 ACT 激活凝血时间AG 离子间隙 AMI 急性心梗 ANA 抗核抗体ARDS 急性呼吸窘迫综合征 ASO 抗链球菌溶血素“0” ATP 三磷酸腺苷AVNRT 房室结折返性心动过速 AVRT 房室折返性心动过速 BB 缓冲碱 BEE 基础能量消耗BT 出血时间BuN 尿素氮 C3 补体C3 CBC 血常规 CCU 心血管监护室 CHE 胆碱酯酶 CK 肌酸磷酸激酶 CPAP 持续正压通气 CPR 心肺复苏 CT 凝血时间 CVP 中心静脉压 DBP 舒张压 DCT 双氢克尿噻 DIC 弥散性血管内 凝血 DM 舒张期杂音 EF 射血分数 ENT 耳鼻喉科(五官 科) FDP 纤维蛋白原降 解产物 FUO 不明原因发热 GNS 葡萄糖生理氯 化钠溶液 Hb 血红蛋白 HCO3- 碳酸氢根 HCT 红细胞比容 HIV 人类免疫缺陷 病毒 Holter 24h动态心 电图 IABP 主动脉内气囊 反搏术 IHSS 特发性肥厚型 主动脉瓣下狭窄 INR 国际标准比率 IU 国际单位
KPTT 部分凝血活酶时间 KUB 腹部平片 LDH 乳酸脱氢酶NS 生理氯化钠溶液NTG 硝酸甘油 OB 隐油 P(A-a)O2 肺泡气-动脉血氧分压差 P2 肺动脉第二心音PaCO2 动脉二氧化碳分压 PAMPA 氨甲苯酸PaO2 动脉氧分压PCAP 肺小动脉压PCWP 肺毛细血管压PEEP 呼气末正压pH 酸碱度PPD 结核菌素纯蛋 白衍生物 Prn 必要时 PT 凝血酶原时间 qh 每小时1次 qid 每天4次 qn 每晚1次 qod 隔日1次 RF 类风湿因子 RI 胰岛素 RR 呼吸频率 S3 第3心音 S4 第4心音 SaO2 血氧饱和度 SB 标准碳酸氢盐 SBE 亚急性细菌性 心内膜炎 SBP 收缩压 SGOT 血清谷草转氨 酶 SGPT 血清谷丙转氨 酶 SK 链激酶 SM 收缩期杂音 T3 三碘甲状原氨酸 T4 甲状腺素 TAT 抗蛇毒血清 TIL 短暂脑缺血发 作 tid 每天3次 t-PA 组织型纤溶酶 原激活物 TPN 全肠道外营养 TSH 促甲状腺激素 UK 尿激酶 V/Q 通气/灌注比 VMA 香草基杏仁酸
大学英语语言学期末考试名词解释和论述答案
名词解释 https://www.360docs.net/doc/dd11638375.html,petence and Performance: The distinction is discussed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s. Competence----the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. Performance----the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. (American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between competence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphazard. ) 2.Sociolinguistics: is the sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society, between the uses of language and the social structures in which the users of language live.( It is a field of study that assumes that human society is made up of many related patterns and behaviors, some of which are linguistic.) https://www.360docs.net/doc/dd11638375.html,nguage Acquisition: refers to t he child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community. (Language acquisition is concerned with language development in humans. In general, language acquisition refers to children’s devel opment of their first language, that is, the native language of the community in which a child has been brought up.) 4.the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis: The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is a theory put forward by the American anthropological linguists Sapir and Whorf (and also a belief held by some scholars). It states that the way people view the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language. (2) The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis consists of two parts, i.e. linguistic determinism and relativism. Whorf proposed first that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on language. Or put it more bluntly, language determines thought, i.e. the notion of linguistic determinism. Because languages differ in many ways, Whorf also believed that speakers of different languages perceive and experience the world differently, i.e. relative to their linguistic background, hence the notion of linguistic relativism. 5.Phrase structure rule: The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule, such as: NP →(Det) + N +(PP)……e.g. those people, the fish on the plate, pretty girls. VP →(Qual) + V + (NP)……e.g. always play games, finish assignments. AP →(Deg) + A + (PP)……very handsome, very pessimistic, familiar with, very close to PP →(Deg) + P + (NP)……on the shelf, in the boat, quite near the station.
高考英语作文万能短语
高考英语作文万能短语 1first, second, third……首先，第二，第三….. 2firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally首先，第二，第三，最后 3to begin with, then, furthermore, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 4to start with, next, in addition, finally首先，然后，其次，最后 5first of all, besides, last but not least首先，其次，最后 6most important of all, moreover, finally最重要的，其次，最后 7on the one hand, on the other hand 适用于两点的情况一方面，另一方面 8for one thing, for another 适用于两点的情况一方面，另一方面 英语作文：短语优先原则 写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处： 其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单,必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。 其二、凑字数，用短语是一个办法! 比如：I cannot bear it.我无法忍受它了。可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.我无法忍受它了。I want it.我想要它。 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.我想要它。 It’s important.这个很重要。 可以用短语表达: It’s of great importance.这个很重要。 英语作文：过渡语原则 并列用语： as well as也 not only…but also不仅……还 including,包括 英语作文：对比用语 on one hand 一方面
药剂学英文术语
生物药剂学英文汉译英要求 Biopharmaceutics生物药剂学 Absorption吸收 Distribution分布 Metabolism代谢 Excretion排泄 Transport转运 Disposition处置 Elimination消除 Transcellular pathway细胞通道转运 Paracellular pathway细胞旁路通道转运 Passive transport被动转运 Pore transport膜孔转运 Carrier-mediated transport载体媒介转运 Facilitated diffusion易化扩散、促进扩散 Active transport主动转运 Membrane mobile transport膜动转运 Pinocytosis胞饮作用 Phagocytosis吞噬作用 First pass effect首过效应 pH-partition hypothesis pH-分配假说 Dissolution溶出 Parenteral drug delivery注射给药 Oral cavity mucosa drug delivery口腔粘膜给药Transdermal drug delivery皮肤给药 Nasal mucosa drug delivery鼻粘膜给药 Pulmonary drug delivery肺部给药 Rectal drug delivery直肠给药 Ophthalmic drug delivery眼部给药 Distribution分布 Accumulation蓄积 Apparent volume of distribution表观分布容积Metabolize, metabolism代谢 Biotransformation生物转化 Inhibition酶抑制作用 Inhibitor酶抑制剂 Induction酶诱导作用 Inducer酶诱导剂
生物及医学专业名词表(中英文对照)
生物及医学专业名词表（中英文对照） 应用生物学Applied Biology医学技术Medical Technology 细胞生物学Cell Biology医学Medicine 生物学Biology护理麻醉学Nurse Anesthesia 进化生物学Evolutionary Biology口腔外科学Oral Surgery 海洋生物学Marine Biology口腔/牙科科学Oral/Dental Sciences 微生物学Microbiology骨科医学Osteopathic Medicine 分子生物学Molecular Biology耳科学Otology 医学微生物学Medical Microbiology理疗学Physical Therapy 口腔生物学Oral Biology足病医学Podiatric Medicine 寄生物学Parasutology眼科学Ophthalmology 植物生物学Plant Physiology预防医学Preventive Medicine 心理生物学Psychobiology放射学Radiology 放射生物学Radiation Biology康复咨询学Rehabilitation Counseling 理论生物学Theoretical Biology康复护理学Rehabilitation Nursing 野生生物学Wildlife Biology外科护理学Surgical Nursing 环境生物学Environmental Biology治疗学Therapeutics 运动生物学Exercise Physiology畸形学Teratology 有机体生物学Organismal Biology兽医学Veterinary Sciences 生物统计学Biometrics牙科卫生学Dental Sciences 生物物理学Biophysics牙科科学Dentistry 生物心理学Biopsychology皮肤学Dermatology 生物统计学Biostatistics内分泌学Endocrinology 生物工艺学Biotechnology遗传学Genetics 生物化学Biological Chemistry解剖学Anatomy 生物工程学Biological Engineering麻醉学Anesthesia 生物数学Biomathematics临床科学Clinical Science 生物医学科学Biomedical Science临床心理学Clinical Psychology Celluar and Molecular Biology精神病护理学Psychiatric Nursing 细胞生物学和分子生 物学 1 / 1
英文写作名词解释
What is a summary? A summary is a short piece of writing that gives the main facts or ideas of a story or article,etc. The qualities of a good summary? It should be objective,that is,the writer does not include any ideas of his/her own. It should be complete ,that is,the writer does not leave out important facts or ideas. It should be balanced,in other words,the writer gives equal attention to each main idea. The goal of a summary? It is to give readers an objective,complete,accurate and balanced view of something(an article,a story ,a novel,a play,etc) Paragraph unity A unified paragraph contains only sentences that explain or support the general statement made in the topic sentence.Any sentence that does not relate to (=is not connected in some way)the main idea will not develop it. How to achieve paragraph unity? Begin with a discussable point and express it in a topic sentence. Stick to this single point throughout,that is,all other sentence should be about this point. Prove or develop the point;don 't merely repeat it. Link your sentence to make your ideas easy to follow. How to outline (=to give the main facts about something) a story? Divide the story into smaller parts. Summarize each part in one sentence. Number your sentence summaries to make them an outline of the story. What is a narrative paragraph? A narrative paragraph is one that briefly describes an incident or a personal experience. Requirements that a good narrative paragraph should meet? Though its length is limited,it is complete,that is,it has a beginning,middle and end. It includes as little conversation as possible. Its sentences are connected by suitable linking words or expressions. Here are some common time linking words/expressions. Afterward later when shortly afterward soon while the next day/night then Paragraph coherence(Coherence is connection ) A coherent paragraph is one in which every sentence after the first is connected to the one before it,to the topic sentence ,or to both ,and readers can readily follow the writer 's train of thought(= a related series of thoughts) An incoherence paragraph is one in which the sentences are badly connected or not connected at all,and the readers are likely to lose their way. How to achieve paragraph coherence? Arrange sentence in a clear order. Use correct pronouns Use correct linking words and expressions. What is exposition?
英语写作必背短语
1、具有别人不可比拟的优势have an incomparable advantage over others 2、承担责任assume one’s responsibility Parents should assume their responsibility to educate their kids. 3、基础知识rudimentary /fundamental knowledge 4、缺乏自信lack of confidence 5、适应adapt oneself to I try to adapt myself to the new environment. 6、头脑简单simple-minded without the proper education, children will become simple-minded 7、拥有明显优势possess an apparent advantage over 8、智慧ability and wisdom 9、摆脱get rid of 10、充分准备full preparation passing the ielts requires your full preparation. 11、感情交流emotional contact 12、过去的辉煌和成绩past glory and achievement 13、积极参加active participation 14、交际能力social skill 15、教学设施teaching facilities 16、老师和校方领导school teacher and administrator 17、强烈的失落感 a strong sense of loss 18、使熟悉acquaint oneself with acquaint myself with the oversea academic circumstances 19、消除孤独感和不适应感remove loneliness and disorientation 20、校方school authorities 21、校园活动campus activity 22、昂贵的学费costly tuition fee 23、毕生的记忆lifelong memories Studying under Mr.zhang’s instruction will always be my 24、辨明是非distinguish right from wrong 25、成就感a sense of achievement 26、抵挡住诱惑resist the temptation 27、独立思考和学习independent thinking and learning 28、高素质、有经验的老师highly qualified, well-experienced teaching staff 29、极大的财富an immense asset 30、尖端科学advanced science 31、经济负担financial burden/ strain 32、开阔视野widen one’s horizon/broaden one’s mind 33、跨文化交际cross-cultural communication 34、扩大知识面broaden one’s scope of knowledge 35、全身心投入be immersed in I might as well be immersed in learning another tongue. 36、人才短缺shortage of talent 37、人际交往能力interpersonal skill 38、伤感情的emotionally damaging 39、适应性强的be more adaptable 41、脱颖而出stand out from the crowd The new policy will enable those who stand out from the crowd to receive better education. 42、一流的设备first-rate facilities 43、易受到社会恶习腐蚀be vulnerable to social evils 44、语言障碍language barrier
系解英文名词解释
1.Piphyseal cartilage(epiphysial line)骺软骨（骺线） 长骨的两端膨大称为骺。幼年时，骨干与骺之间的有透明软骨，成年后软骨骨化，骨干与骺融为一体，其间遗留的痕迹，叫骺线。 2.Pterion翼点 翼点是额、顶、颞、蝶四骨会合处，骨质薄弱，内面有脑膜中动脉前支通过。Paranasal sinuses鼻旁窦 又名副鼻窦，是上颌骨，额骨，筛骨，蝶骨内骨腔，位于鼻腔周围，并开口于鼻腔。共四对，均位于同名骨内。由于鼻旁窦粘膜与鼻腔粘膜相续，故鼻腔炎症可蔓延至鼻旁窦引起鼻窦炎。 3.Diploe 板障 颅盖骨表层为密质，分别称内板和外板。两板之间的松质称为板障，有板障静脉通过。 4.Vertebral foramen(vertebral canal) 椎孔（椎管） 椎体与椎弓围成椎孔，各椎骨的椎孔连成椎管，椎管内容纳脊髓及其被膜。5.Intervertebral foramina 椎间孔 相邻椎骨椎弓根的上下切迹围成椎间孔，有脊神经和血管通过。 6.Sternal angle 胸骨角 胸骨柄和体连接处微向前凸，称胸骨角，可在体表扪及，两侧平对第2肋，是计数肋的重要标志。向后平对第4胸椎体下缘。 7.Intervertebral disc 椎间盘 椎间盘是连结相邻两个椎体的纤维软骨盘。 8.Costal arch 肋弓 为第8～10肋软骨各与上位肋软骨相连形成；为重要的体表标志。 9.Scalene fissure 斜角肌间隙 为前、中斜角肌与第1肋围成的三角形的空隙；内有臂丛神经及锁骨下动脉通过。 10.Isthmus of fauces(oropharyngeal isthmus) 咽峡 腭垂、腭帆游离缘、两侧的腭舌弓，和舌根共同围成咽峡。是口腔和咽的分界处。 11.Calot triangle(cystohepatic triangle) 卡洛氏三角（胆囊三角） 胆囊管、肝总管及肝脏脏面三者构成的三角形区域称为胆囊三角，内有胆囊动脉通过，是胆囊手术中寻找胆囊动脉的标志。 12.Dentate line 齿状线 连接各肛柱下端与各肛瓣边缘的锯齿状环行线称齿状线。 13.Costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝 肋胸膜和膈胸膜互相转折处形成较大的间隙。 14.Renal region 肾区 是指竖脊肌外侧缘与第12肋之间的区域，为肾门的体表投影处（相当于第1腰椎水平）。 15.Renal hilum 肾门 renal sinus肾窦 肾内侧缘中间凹陷称为肾门，是肾盂，肾动静脉，淋巴管，神经的出入处。出入肾门的结构合成肾蒂（从前向后静动盂，从上到下动静盂）。由肾门深入肾实质的凹陷称为肾窦。
药剂学常见名词解释
1、药剂学：是研究药物制剂的基本理论、处方设计、制备工艺和合理应用的综合性技术科学。 2、剂型（药物剂型）：为适应治疗或预防的需要而制备的药物应用形式即称为药物剂型。 3、药物制剂：在各种剂型中都包含有许多不同的具体品种，将其称为药物制剂。亦根据药典或药政管理部门批准的标准、为适应治疗或预防的需要而制备的药物应用形式的具体品种，称为药物制剂。 4、生物药剂学：是研究药物在体内的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄的机制及过程，阐明药物因素、剂型因素和生理因素与药效之间关系的边缘科学。 5、药物动力学：是采用数学的方法，研究药物的吸收、分布、代谢与排泄的经时过程及其与药效之间关系的科学，对指导制剂设计、剂型改革、安全合理用药等提供了量化的控制指标。 6、药典：是一个国家记载药品标准、规格的法典。它由权威医药专家组成的国家药典委员会编辑、出版，由国家政府颁布、执行，具有法律约束力。 7、《中华人民共和国药典》：简称《中国药典》。（现行《中国药典》2010版——ChP.2010） 8、药品生产质量管理规范：简称GMP 。 9、处方药：是必须凭执业医师或职业助理医师处方才可调配、购买并在医生指导下使用的药品。 10、非处方药：是由专家遴选的、不需执业医师或职业助理医师处方并经过长期临床实践被认为患者可以自行判断、购买和使用并能保证安全的药品。 11、溶解度：指在规定温度和压力下溶质在一定体积溶剂中溶解的量。 12、分配系数（P ）：指药物在两个不相混溶的溶剂中溶解并达到平衡时浓度的比值。 水 油；度在水相中药物的质量浓度在油相中药物的质量浓C C P P == 13、晶型：指晶态物质晶格内分子的排列形式。 14、多晶型（同质多晶现象）：药物常存在有一种以上的晶型。 15、吸湿性：指固体表面能从周围环境空气中吸附水分的现象。 16、临界相对湿度：粉末吸湿达到平衡时的相对湿度称为临界相对湿度。 17、被动扩散：药物分子通过被动扩散方式透过生物膜，即由高浓度区向低浓度区移动。 18、主动扩散：一些生命必需物质和有机酸、碱等弱电解质的离子型等，通常不能透过微孔，且脂溶性小，必须借助载体或酶促系统透过生物膜转运，这种过程成为主动转运。 19、促进扩散：指一些非脂溶性物质或亲水性物质，借助细胞膜上转运蛋白的帮助，由膜的高浓度一侧向低浓度一侧，顺浓度梯度或电化学梯度差扩散或转运的过程。 20、吸收：指药物从给药部位进入体循环的过程。 21、溶出速度：指在一定条件下，单位时间内药物溶解进入溶液主体的药量。 22、药物的分布：指药物从给药部位进入血液后，由循环系统运送体内各脏器组织（包括靶细胞）的过程。 23、表观分布溶剂：指药物在体内的分布达到平衡状态时，体内总药量与血药浓度的比值。是按照血药浓度推算体内药物总量在理论上占有的体液容积。 24、血脑屏障：脑组织对外来物质有选择地摄取的能力称为血脑屏障。 25、胎盘屏障：由胎盘将母亲与胎儿血液隔开的屏障。 26、药物的代谢：指药物在体内吸收、分布的同时，在机体各种酶以及体液环境作用下，可发生一系列化学反应，导致药物化学结构的改变。 27、药物的排泄：指药物及其代谢物经不同途径排出体外的过程。 28、隔室模型：最常用的药物动力学模型。 29、消除：指体内药物不可逆失去的过程，主要包括代谢和排泄。 30、消除速度常数（k ）：大多数药物从体内的消除符合表观一级速度过程，其速度与药量之间的比例常数k 称为表观一级消除速度常数，简称消除速度常数，其单位为时间的倒数。 31、生物半衰期：血浆药物浓度消除一半所需的时间。 32、清除率（Cl ）：指机体或机体的某些消除器官、组织在单位时间内清除掉相当于多少体积的流经血液中的药物。清除率是表示机体或组织器官中清除药物的速率或效率的药动学参数。 33、生物利用度：衡量血管外给药用药剂量中进入体循环的相对数量与在大循环中出现的相对速率。 34、粉体：指细小固体粒子的集合体。 35、粒子：粉体运动的最小单元，包括粉末（粒径小于100μm ）和颗粒（粒径大于100μm ）。
病理生理学名词解释(发热应激休克DIC)部分词语配有英语注释
发热 Fever 即发热，是指在致热原的作用下，使体温调节中枢调定点上移而引起的调节性体温升高，超过正常值0.5C时的病理过程Fever refers to the regulatory elevation of core body temperature and 0.5 ℃ greater than normal value, due to the upregulation of the thermostat setpoint under the action of pyrogens. Set point 即调定点，是指在下丘脑体温调节中枢内存在着与恒温器相类似的调定点 Hyperthermia 即过热，是指体温调节功能发生障碍，集体体温调节中枢不能将体温控制在与未上移的调定点相适应的水平，使体温被动性升高超过调定点时的病理过程。 Hyperthermia is characterized by an unchanged (normothermic) setting of the thermoregulatory center in conjunction with an uncontrolled increase in body temperature that exceeds the body’s ability to lose heat. Pyrogenic activactor 及发热激活物，是指能激活体内产内生致热原细胞，产生和释放内生致热原的物质。 The term pyrogen is used to describe any substance that causes fever. Exogenous pyrogen 即外致热原，是指来自体外能引起人或动物发热的物质，使发热激活物的重要组成部分。 Exogenous pyrogens are derived from outside the patient; most are microbial products, microbial toxins, or whole microorganisms. EP 即内生致热原，是指在发热激活物的作用下，产内生致热原细胞产生和释放的一类能引起体温升高的致热性细胞因子。 EP is termed as cytokines inducing fever, secreted by EP-producing cells under the stimulation of fever activators. Febrile ceiling 即热限，是指发热时体温上升的高度被限制在一特定范围（42C）以下的现象，是机体调节体温升高的自我限制。 生理性体温升高：在某些生理情况下如剧烈运动，月经前期，心理性应激，由于产热增加也出现体温升高，由于它们没有体温调定点的变化，属于生理反应，故称为生理性体温升高。 热惊厥：发热时可出现中枢神经系统功能障碍，小儿由于中枢神经系统未发育成熟，容易出现局部或全身肌肉抽搐，称为热惊厥。 应激 Stress 即应激，是指机体在受到各种内外环境因素刺激所出现的非特异性全身反应。non-specific response of the body to any demand made upon it----stress
诊断学大体题目和名解英文
名解： 1.症状symptom 2.体征sign 3.发热fever 4.稽留热continued fever 5.弛张热remittent fever 6.间歇热intermittent fever 7.波状热undulant fever 8.回归热recurrent fever 9.不规则热irregular fever 10.水肿edema 11.咳嗽cough 12.咳痰expectoration 13.咯血hemoptysis 14.呕血hematemesis 15.放射痛或牵涉痛radiating pain P41 16.呼吸困难dyspnea 17.心源性呼吸困难或心源性哮喘cardiac asthma 18.Kussmaul 呼吸 19.Saegesser 征 20.腹泻diarrhea 21.黄疸jaundice 22.Gilbert综合征 23.Crigler-Najiar综合征 24.Rotor综合征 25.Dubin-Johnson综合征 26.夏科Charcot三联征 27.血尿haematuria 28.尿频frequent micturition 29.尿急urgent micturition 30.尿痛odynuria 31.尿路刺激征 32.神经源性膀胱 33.意识障碍disturbance of consciousness 34.嗜睡somnolence 35.意识模糊confusion 36.嗜睡stupor 37.昏迷coma 38.谵妄delirium 39.问诊inquiry 40.主诉chief complaint 41.现病史history of present illness 42.既往史past history 43.系统回顾review of systems 44.月经史menstrual history 45.体格检查physical examination 46.检体诊断physical diagnosis 47.视诊inspection 48.触诊palpation 49.叩诊percussion 50.叩诊音percussion sound 51.清音resonance 52.浊音dullness 53.实音flatness 54.鼓音tympany 55.过清音hyperresonance 56.听诊auscultation 57.嗅诊olfactory examination 58. 生命征vital sign 59.无力型asthenic 60.超力型sthenic type 61.正力型ortho-sthenic type 62.营养不良innutrition 63.营养过剩excess nutrient 64.精神障碍mental disorders 65.自知力insight 66.二尖瓣面容mitral facies 67.甲亢面容thyrotoxic facies 68.体位position 69.被动体位passive position 70.强迫体位compulsive position 71.端坐呼吸orthopnea 72.间歇性跛行intermittent claudication 73.发绀cyanosis 74.色素沉着pigmentation 75.斑疹maculae 76.玫瑰疹roseola 77.丘疹papules 78.斑丘疹maculopapule 79.荨麻疹urticaria 80.瘀点petechia 81.紫癜purpura 82.瘀斑ecchymosis 83.血肿hematoma 84.蜘蛛痣spider angioma 85.肝掌liver palms 86.溃疡ulcer