欧洲文化入门课后习题答案

欧洲文化入门课后习题答案:

Divisiｏｎone: Greｅk culture and Ｒoman cuｌture

希腊、罗马文化

Ⅰ、Gｒeeｋｃulture 希腊文化

1.What are theｍajor eleｍents ｉn European culｔure？

There are ｔwo mａin elｅmenｔｓ——ｔhe Ｇreco-Romａnｅlｅment anｄthｅJudeo-Ｃhｒistian elemｅnt、

2.Ｗhat ｗeｒe the main featurｅs of anciｅnt Greek sｏcieｔｙ?

IｎGｒeek soｃiety, oｎｌy adｕｌt ｍaｌe ｃｉtizｅn hａｄreａl pｏｗeｒａnd the cｉtiｚeｎｓhip waｓａsｅt ｏf rigｈｔｓｗhiｃhａmaｎinherｉted frｏm ｈiｓfather、The ecｏnomy oｆAthens resｔed on ａｎimmense amｏunt oｆsｌave labor、Ｓlaves worked foｒtheiｒmaｓt ｅrs、Ｔhe explｏiｔａtion waｓ a serious socｉal ｐroｂｌeｍ、Ｔhe Gｒeekｓloved spｏｒｔs、Ｔheｙoften toｏk part ｉn the ｃontests oｆｓpｏrtｓｉn Olｙmpus Mount，thｕs Olympic Ｇａｍes came intｏｂeｉng、

3.What ｄid Homeｒdo? Whyｉｓhe ｉmｐortａnt in tｈe history oｆＥuropean liｔer

ａturｅ？

He dｅpicｔed thｅgrｅat Greｅk men wｈoｌiveｄｉn the pｅriod 1200－1100B、C、and warｓhapｐｅning ａｔｔhａt time、Aｓan aｕｔｈｏr of eｐiｃs, ｈe empｌoyed fine lｉteｒａｒy l ａnguage ｔo desｃribe wars and men, ｅvｅｎtｈough tｈey werｅdｕll、He sｔooｄin t ｈe pｅｅｋｏｆGreek ｌｉteｒature and exｅrted a grｅat influeｎｃｅon hｉs folｌｏwers、

4.Ｗho ｗeｒe the ouｔstanding drａmatｉｓts oｆａncient Grｅｅcｅ？Whaｔimpｏ

rtant pｌaｙs ｄiｄeach of ｔheｍwrｉtｅ？

Ａeschylus，SophocleｓanｄＥurｉpideｓｗerｅｔhｒee outstanｄｉng dramatists ｏf ancｉeｎｔＧrｅece、

Aｅschｙlus：Proｍetheｕs Bouｎd, Persｉａnｓ，Agａｍemnon

Ｓoｐhocles:Oｅｄipus the King,Ｅｌectrａ, Ａntiｇｏｎe

Euripides: Aｎｄromache, Medeａ,TrojaｎＷoｍen

5.Weｒeｔhｅrｅhistorianｓthen？Wｈo wereｔhｅy？What dｉd ｅaｃh of ｔhem

wriｔｅabout?

Ｙeｓ, thｅrｅaｒe、Ｔhey ｗere Ｈeｒｏdoｔｕs andＴhucydｉｄes、

Ｈerodｏtｕs wroｔｅaｂout ｔheｗars betwｅｅn Grｅeks and Pｅrsiａns、Ｔhucydiｄes wroｔｅabout the war between Atheｎｓand Spａｒｔa anｄbｅtwｅｅn Atｈens aｎd Syrａcｕｓe、

6、Woｕld ｙou sａy tｈat philosoｐhyｗaｓhｉgｈly develｏｐｅｄtheｎ? Wｈo were ｔｈe m ａjoｒpｈilｏsｏpheｒs？

Nｏ, Iｗouｌdn’t、Because ｔhｏsｅphiloｓoｐhｉcａｌidｅas were onｌy iｄeａliｓm ｏr ｓiｍｐle materiａlism or metａｐhysｉcｓ、Ｓｏcｒatｅｓ，Ｐlaｔo ａnd Aristotｌe ｗerｅthe mａｊoｒpｈilosopherｓａt that tｉme、

7、DiｄSocrates write any ｂook? Ｈow theｎdo wｅknｏｗabｏｕt him? Whaｔｄistｉng ｕisｈed ｈｉs philoｓｏpｈy？

No，heｄｉdn’t、We knoｗSocrateｓcｈｉeflyｔhroｕgｈｗｈａt Ｐlaｔo recoｒdｅｄof him in the ｆamous Dialoguｅs written by Ｐｌato、He coｎsｉderｅd that phｉlosophy rｅsted ｗit

ｈthe dｉssｅctｏｆoneself aｎd virtue waｓｈigh wｏrth of ｌiｆe、His methodｏf ａr ｇument, ｂy qｕestioｎｓand anｓwers, was knoｗn aｓthe dｉａｌｅctical mｅｔhｏd、

8、Tｅlｌｓoｍe ｏf Platｏ’s ｉdeａｓ、Why do pｅople call him an iｄealist?

(1) Ｍen have ｋnoｗｌｅdge bｅcausｅof thｅｅｘistence of ceｒｔain geｎerａl“ideaｓ”, ｌike b ｅauty, truth, and goodness、（2) Wｅshoulｄnot look at ｔhe tｈings whichａre ｎot seen: fｏr t ｈe things whｉch are not ｓｅｅn eternal、Becauseｈe emphａsiｚeｄthｅimｐorｔance of “id ｅas” aｎd beｌieved thaｔ“thougｈｔ”ｈaｄcreated the ｗorｌd, peｏｐleｃall hｉm an idｅａli ｓｔ、

９、Iｎwhat importａnｔways waｓAｒｉstｏｔlｅｄiｆferent from Plaｔo? Whａｔaｒe ｓome of Ａriｓtotlｅ’s woｒｋs tｈat are still influｅnｔial todａy?

(1）Aｒiｓtotlｅemphasｉｚｅｄdiｒecｔobservatiｏn ｏｆnature and insiｓted that ｔheory sh ｏuld folｌow fact、Thｉs ｉs difｆerｅｎt frｏm Pｌａｔo’s ｒｅlｉａｎce ｏn suｂjｅctive thinking、(2) Ｈe thｏuｇht ｔhat “iｄea” aｎd mattｅr togｅthｅr ｍａde concrｅｔe ｉndｉviｄual realｉties in which heｄｉｆｆered ｆrｏｍPlato ｗho hｅlｄthat ｉdeas had hｉｇｈer rｅality ｔhaｎthe politicａl ｗorld、Ｈis sigｎifiｃａnt woｒks incｌｕｄes: Ethicｓ，Poｌitｉcs and Rhetoｒic、

10、Wｈｏwere soｍe oｆthe oｔhｅｒpｈiｌosopｈｅrs actiｖe iｎthat periｏd?Ｄoeｓthe ｗoｒd “Ｅｐiｃｕreaｎ” in its modern ｓense ｃoｎvｅy thｅtｒue meａning oｆthｅp ｈｉlosoｐhｙof the aｎｃｉenｔＥpicureａｎs?Ｗhat were ｔheir views on pleａｓｕre? (1）Ｔhey wｅre Hｅracleitｕe，Ｄemocｒitus，Dｉogeｎes, Ｐｙｒrhon, Ｅpｉcurus and Zeno、(２)No, it doｅsn’t、The ancient Eｐｉcuｒeaｎs belｉeved pleasure to be thｅhighesｔworth of life，buｔby pleasure tｈeｙmeａnｔ，noｔｓenｓuａl ｅnｊｏymｅnt ｂuｔthat attａined by tｈe praｃｔiｃe ｏf ｖiｒtｕｅ、But this ｉdｅa ｗａｓmisｌed by ｍodern peoｐle, ｉn their sense，the word“Epiｃｕreａｎ”ｈａs e to meａn indｕlgｅncｅiｎｌuxurｉouｓliving、

1１、Say ｓｏｍeｔｈinｇabｏuｔGrｅｅk scｕlpture, potterｙａnd ａｒｃｈｉtectｕre、What wａs the moｓt famｏｕs Ｇreek temple？Isｉt ｓtill ｔheｒe？

（１) Alｏｎg wｉｔｈthｅfｏrmatiｏn of Greeｋciviｌizatｉoｎ，Gｒeeｋsculpturｅ, pottery aｎd architecｔure gotｍany gｒeat achｉｅvemｅｎts、Grｅeks puｔｉnto woｒks of aｒt ｔhe tｈｉnｇs ｔｈey admiｒed and worshｉｐed,tｈe ｓcientiｆiｃrules ｔhey discoverｅd、Greｅｋart eｖolveｄｆrｏｍthｅaｒcｈaｉc pｅrｉｏd to thｅclassicaｌpeｒiodｗhiｃｈｍarｋｅd itｓmaturitｙ、(2) ｔhe ｍost famouｓｔemplｅwas thｅＡcｒｏpｏliｓaｔＡtｈens、(3）Yes, ｉt is stｉll ｔｈｅｒe、

12、Givｅsoｍe examｐleｓtｏsｈｏw the ｅnormous influｅｎｃe ｏf Ｇreek ｃuｌture on Ｅnglish literature、

Some ｅxampｌｅs:

(1) A Frｅudｉan term “Oediｐus plｅｘ”ｏf19tｈceｎtｕry orｉｇinating from ａGreek tｒagedy in whiｃh kiｎg Oｅdiｐｕs unkｎｏwingｌy kｉｌled his ｆathｅr ａnd ｍarｒieｄｈiｓmｏther、(2) In the early partｏf tｈe １9tｈcｅｎｔury, ｉn Ｅnｇlａｎd aｌoｎe, ｔｈreｅｙounｇRomａｎtic poetｓｅxｐrｅｓseｄｔheiｒadmirａtioｎoｆGreｅk cｕltｕｒe in ｗｏｒks whicｈhaveｔhemselves bee cｌassics：Bｙrｏn’ｓＩsle oｆGreeｃe, Shellｅｙ’ｓＨｅllａｓand PromｅtheuｓＵｎbound aｎd Keaｔs’ s Ode ｏn a ＧreciaｎUrｎ、(3) Ｉn the 20ｔhｃent ｕrｙ,there are Hｏmｅrｉc ｐaｒallels ｉn the IriｓｈmanＪａmｅs Joyｃe’s modｅｒnist ma ｓｔeｒpiecｅUlysses、

Ⅱ、Roｍan cultｕre 罗马文化

1.What did the Romaｎｈaｖe in ｍoｎｗitｈthe Greeｋs? And whaｔwas tｈe chief dｉ

ffereｎcｅbeｔweｅn them?

（1)Tｈe Rｏｍans had a lｏt ｉn mon wｉtｈｔhe Grｅｅｋs、Both ｐeopｌes haｄtraditiｏns ｒooｔed in ｔhe ｉｄeａoｆｔｈe ｃitiｚeｎ-assｅmbly, ｈostile to monaｒｃhyａｎｄto ser ｖilｉtｙ、Theｉr rｅligions weｒe alike enougｈfｏr mｏst oｆｔheiｒdeiｔiｅsｔｏb ｅrｅadiｌy ideｎtｉfiｅd —ＧreeｋZeｕs ｗitｈRomanＪｕpｉｔｅr, Gｒeek Aｐhrodｉte wｉｔh Ｒoｍan Ｖｅnｕｓ, andｓｏon—and theiｒmytｈs to be fused、Theiｒｌａnguages woｒk ｅd ｉn sｉmiｌar ｗays ａｎｄwｅｒe ｕｌｔｉmateｌy related，both being mｅmbｅrs of thｅIndo-Euｒopean ｌanguａge fａmilｙwhich stｒｅtchｅs from Baｎgladeｓh tｏIcelaｎd、

（2）Ｔhere waｓone ｂig ｄifｆerｅnｃe、The Romans buiｌt uｐ a vast empｉrｅ、Tｈe Greeｋs dｉdn’t, ｅxｃepted foｒｔｈｅbrｉef moment of Alexaｎder’s conquｅsts, which soon disｉntegratｅd、

2.Explａin PaｘRomａna、

In tｈe yeａr ２7B、C、, Ｏcｔaｖius ｔoｏkｓuｐｒeme ｐoｗｅr as ｅmｐeror wiｔh the titl ｅof Augustuｓ、Two centｕries lａtｅr, thｅRoman ｅmpｉre rｅached its ｇreatｅst eｘｔen ｔin thｅNorｔh anｄEaｓt、Thｅｅｍpeｒoｒs maiｎly ｒelied oｎa sｔroｎg arｍy—thｅf ａmous Rｏｍan Legions aｎd an influｅntialｂuｒeauｃracｙｔo ｅｘert thｅiｒｒulｅｓ、Ｔhus tｈe Rｏmａns enｊoyeｄ a long periｏd of peace lａsting20０yeａrs、This reｍａｒkable phenomenon ｉｎtｈe ｈisｔory iｓknown aｓPaｘRomana、

3.Ｗhatｃｏntｒibutｉｏｎs dｉｄthe Romａns ｍaｋe ｔo thｅrulｅoｆlaw?

IｎＲｏｍan’s eaｒliｅsｔｓtagｅ, only a number of patricians kneｗｔhe customaｒy lｅgaｌprocedure、Whｅn the rｕles were put ｉnto ｗriting ｉn thｅmｉｄdle of tｈｅｔhｉrd cｅntｕrｙＢ、C、ｉt maｒkｅd a ｖiｃtorｙｆoｒthe plebeｉans、Ｔhere was furtｈer developmeｎｔｏfｌawｕnder thｅｅmｐerors until ｉt was ｃodiｆied, eventｕaｌｌｙto bｅe the cｏre of modｅrｎciｖil aｎｄｍercｉalｌａw in many Ｗesｔern coｕnｔries、

4.Who wｅｒe thｅimpｏｒtaｎt prosｅwriters ｉｎancienｔRｏme?Ｗhat does“Ｃiｃ

ｅｒonian”ｍeaｎ? Ｄid Cicero ｗrite that kiｎd oｆrhｅtoｒiｃaｌｐrose aｌl the tiｍe?

<1>Maｒcus Tuｌlｉus Ciｃero and JuliuｓCaesar wｅreｔwｏimpｏrtanｔproｓe writeｒｓ、＜２> Cicｅroniaｎmｅans Cｉｃeｒo’s eloqueｎｔｏrａtoｒｉcａｌmaｎnｅｒｏf wｒiｔiｎg, Whiｃh ｈas hａd an enormous inflｕenceｏn tｈe deｖeloｐment oｆＥuｒoｐｅan prosｅ、<3> Nｏ, hｅdiｄn’ｔ、Becａuse Ｃｉcero appeaｒs as a dｉfｆerｅnt mａn wｉｔhａｄifferent styｌe，far less rhetｏrical,but cｏlloquial ａnd intiｍaｔe、

5.Giｖe tｈe eｘamｐlｅｏf the tersｅstyｌｅof JuliuｓCaesaｒ’ｓprose、

An eｘample:I came,I ｓaw, Ｉcｏnquered （modeｌs of sｕcｃinct Ｌatiｎ)、

6.Ｗho was Lｕcrｅtius? What dｉd hｅdo？

（1)Luｃreｔｉus ｗａs a poet of ａnｃient Ｒｏmｅ、(2)He wrote the pｈilosophｉcal ｐoem Oｎthe Naturｅof Thｉngｔo expoｕnｄthe ｉdｅas ｏｆEｐicｕruｓtｈｅGreek ａtomist、

7.Whａt is the book for whｉch Virｇｉl haｓbeen famous throuｇhoｕt the ｃouｎtrｉes？

Ｉｎwhaｔwayｓis tｈｅbook linｋed with ｔｈe Greek paｓt?

(１）Thｅbook was Ａｅnｅiｄ、（2)The stoｒy was about Ａeneas, oｎｅof the princes of Ｔrｏy,ｗｈo esｃaｐｅd ｆrｏmｔhat buｒning citｙｗhen it fell to ｔhe Ｇｒeeks, to carry onｔhe Ｔrojan caｕsｅin a ｎｅw ｐlace,Romｅ、He didn’t ｇｏａｌoｎe, bｕt，caｒryｉnｇhis faｔh ｅｒｏn ｈis sｈｏuｌｄers aｎｄleading hisｌiｔtlｅsｏn by the ｈａnｄ，ａfaｍiｌy groｕｐoｆthree generaｔｉonsｍoｖed togeｔher、Thuｓin ｔhiｓway the ｂook is liｎkｅd witｈtｈe Ｇreek past、

8.Why do wｅsaｙAｅｎeus ｉs ａtrulyｔragic heｒｏ？

Beｃause Aenｅas had to ｂetraｙthe greａｔpａｓsion of his lｉfe, hiｓｌoｖe for Dido，queenｏｆCarthage，ｓｏthaｔhe coｕld fuｌｆiｌl hiｓhiｓｔｏｒｉc missiｏn、

9.What is the chief Roman acｈievemｅnt in archｉtecture? Giｖe ｓome examplｅs、

(1)The Rｏmaｎs were gｒeat enｇiｎeｅrｓ、Thｅy ｃoveｒed their wｏrld from one ｅnｄｔo t

ｈe othｅｒwith roａds, briｄges, aｑuedｕctｓ，thｅａtres and arｅｎas、

(2)Ｓomｅexamｐleｓ:

A.Ｔhe Pａnｔｈeｏn: the grｅａteｓt the besｔpreｓｅｒｖed Rｏmａｎtｅｍpｌｅbuｉｌt ｉ

n 27B、C、、

B.Pｏｎt du Gard:it ｉs aｎeｘceptionａlｌy ｗell-preｓｅrved aquｅｄuct tｈat ｓpanｓ a

wide valley in souｔherｎFｒaｎｃｅ、

10.Ｗhｙare the ｗall-paintiｎgs of tｈe anｃienｔRomans stｉll signifiｃant to us ｔoday?

Ｒoｍａn ｐａｉntｉng was sｔrｏngｌy influeｎｃｅd by the art of Grｅece、Ａｎｄｉt also had pecｕlａritieｓof its ｏｗn、Unfoｒtｕｎａｔeｌy ｍuch oｆthe pａinting no longｅr exiｓｔs、There arｅ, howｅver, ｓomeｗall-painｔings froｍPomｐeii aｎd oｔhｅｒtowns neaｒNａples、These waｌl-ｐａiｎtings iｎｃｌｕｄｅｓtill liｖes, lanｄsｃａｐe paintiｎgs aｎｄｆigure pａin ｔｉngs、Ａmoｎｇthem were Ｌady MusｉｃｉａｎanｄＹounｇＧirl, the Ｍaiｄｅn Ｇaｔheｒｉng Ｆlowers aｎd thｅＬaｎdｓcａpｅ、

Dｉｖisｉon tｗo: tｈｅＢiblｅand Chriｓｔianity

基督教及其《圣经》

1.What wａs ｔhe Heｂreｗ’s maｊor ｃoｎtrｉbｕｔion tｏｗorld cｉviｌｉzation?

Tｈe history ｏf tｈe Hebｒｅws was ｈａnded dｏwn orally fromｏne generａｔｉon ｔo anｏｔher in tｈeｆorm oｆｆolkｔalｅs and stoｒiｅs，whｉch weｒe recｏrded laｔer iｎｔhe Old Te ｓｔamｅnt, wｈiｃh stｉｌｌlａteｒbecameｔhe first paｒt of thｅＣhｒistｉan Ｂｉble、Th ｕs the Heｂreｗs ｍａde one ｏf the greatｅst ｃontriｂutｉons to the world civｉｌizatｉｏｎ、

2.Why do wｅsay JudａｉsmａnｄCｈriｓtianiｔy arｅclosely ｒｅlａted？

Judａｉsm ａnd Chrｉstiａniｔy are ｃｌoｓｅly ｒelated：⑴ｉt waｓthe Jewiｓh trａdition whiｃh gaｖｅbｉrth tｏChｒisｔiａnitｙ;⑵boｔh oｒigｉnated ｉn Paｌestｉnｅ—ｔｈe hｕｂof migrａtion anｄtrａdｅroute, whicｈled to eｘchaｎｇｅｉdeas over wｉｄe aｒeaｓ、

3.When dｉd the great exodｕｓｔake place?

Aｒoｕnd １3００Ｂ、C、，Ｍoses, the famｏｕs Ｈebrew lｅader, wenｔtｏsｅeｔｈｅpｈａｒaoh oｆＥgypt, teｌling him thaｔYahweｈwanted the phaｒaoｈto eｎd Ｈｅbrｅｗｓlａvｅry ａnｄｌet the Hebrewｌeaｖe Eｇypt、Witｈtｈiｓbegａn tｈｅExodｕs, whｉｃh lasｔed ｆｏrty ｙｅａrs、

4.Who waｓMoses? Whaｔdｉd he doｆor the Ｈｅbrews?

Mosｅs ｗas a famous Heｂrew ｌeader、Around 1３00 Ｂ、C、, Mｏsesｌed the Hebrews to ｌeａｖe Egｙｐt for the Promｉsｅd Lanｄ、Tｈis ｗas ｃalｌeｄthｅExｏdｕｓwhiｃh lａst ｅd ｆoｒty years、When tｈe waｎdｅring Hebｒews lefｔｔｈｅdeserｔanｄｅntｅｒｅｄtｈe ｍouｎtａinｏus Siｎai, Moｓes clｉmbeｄｔo tｈe tｏｐof the mounｔain tｏreceive foｒm god message，which came tｏbe ｋｎｏｗn as the Ten mａｎdments、He ｄｉed sｈorｔｌy be ｆore ｔｈe Heｂrewsａrrived at ｔheir hｏmｅland、

5.What are ｔｈe Tｅn ｍandｍentｓabouｔ?

The Ｔen mandmｅnt are a sｅｔｏｆrulｅｓMｏses mａnds alｌIｓrael to obｅy in theｎaｍ

e o

f God:⑴Yahwｅhｉs tｈｅonly Goｄａll Israel shoulｄｗｏｒsｈip;⑵Do nｏt carｖe an ｄseｒvｅany iｄol to ｗorshｉp；⑶Do nｏt take the nameｏf Gｏd in ｖain;⑷Keep th ｅSａｂｂath dａy and labor iｎthe oｔhｅr siｘdaｙs;⑸Honor ａnｄｒeｓpeｃｔｏne’s parentｓ；⑹Do ｎot kilｌ；⑺Dｏnot miｔａdｕltｅry;⑻Dｏnoｔstｅal;⑼Dｏnoｔbeａr faｌse witnｅss ａgainst people；⑽Do ｎot deｓire one’s neiｇhｂoｒ’ｓwife，noｒｈisｈｏuse,nor ｈis ｆiｅｌｄ, noｒｈｉs ｓervanｔs,nor ｈiｓｌｉveｓtｏｃｋ,noｒanytｈin

g else、

6.What wrｉｔiｎgs ｍａke up the Ｎew Ｔestamｅnt?

ＴhｅＮｅw Ｔestaｍeｎt coｎsｉsts of 1４ｂooｋs、Tｈｅｆoｕｒacｃoｕnts, which were ｂe ｌieveｄto hａvｅbeeｎwritten by Mａｔtｈｅw，Ｍａrk,Luｋe,anｄＪoｈn, ｆｏｕr ｏf Jesus’ eａｒlｙfｏllowｅrs，are tｈe fiｒst paｒt ｏｆtｈe New Tesｔameｎt and tｅllｏｆtｈe birｔｈ，ｔeａchiｎg，ｄｅａth anｄResurrｅctioｎof Jesuｓ、Tｈen e: ｔhｅActs of ｔｈe Apostles, a history of thｅｅarly Ｃhｒiｓｔｉaｎmｏｖement:tｈeＥpｉsｔleｓ, or letter ｓto thｅchｕｒch ｇroups aｒound tｈe Medｉｔｅrraneaｎ; aｎd lastly tｈe book of Ｒevelatioｎ,

a viｓiｏｎａｒy aｃｃounｔｏｆtｈe final triumpｈof God’ｓpurｐose、

7.How diｄthe relａｔionsｂetｗeeｎChrisｔianｓandｔheＲoman goveｒnment ｃ

hangｅ?

The earｌy Chrｉstian were subｊect to persｅｃutionsｂy ｔhe Rｏman ｇｏｖernmｅｎt、Jｅsus C ｈrｉst waｓｃrｕcifｉed by the Rｏman gｏverｎment、ＡfteｒJesｕs died, hｉｓdｉｓｃｉpl ｉnes St、Ｐeter and St.Paｕl suｆfeｒed martyrdｏm uｎder the Romａn EmpｅroｒNero a ｂoｕｔ６5Ａ、D、Nｅｒo ｅveｎburneｄＣhｒｉstians in his garden in６４A、D、Ｆor 24０ｙearｓaｆteｒthe ｍartyrdoｍsｏf Peter and Paｕｌ，ｐｅrｓecuｔions ofＣhristiａns contｉｎuｅd、The ｃｈief peｒｓｅcutiｏｎs were undｅr Nｅｒｏ, Domitiaｎ, Traｊan,Valeriａn aｎd Diｏcｌetiaｎ、Ｄesｐitｅthesｅpersecutｉｏns，Chriｓtians cｏntinueｄtｏｓprｅａｄsteａdily over tｈe Mediｔerraneａｎｒeｇioｎ、It ｂｅgａｎｔo drawｍen anｄwoｍｅn from alｌｃlassｅs and the attiｔude oｆthe Ｒomａn governmenｔtｏｗard Cｈｒisｔiaｎｉtｙbegan toｃhange、By ３0５Diocletian gavｅｕｐhｉｓｅffort tｏdestroy thｅｙoung re ｌigion、When ＣoｎstaｎtineⅠwon tｈe throｎe fromｈis ｒivals, he ｂelieｖed tｈat Godｈａd helｐed him, and iｎ３1３hｅｉssueｄtｈeＥdict ｏf Miｌan ｗｈich ｇraｎted ｒｅligioｕs fｒeedom to aｌｌaｎｄｍade Christｉａnitｙｌｅgal、UnｄｅｒCｏｎstａntine Chrisｔianitｙｍade gｒeaｔcontriｂutiｏn of thｅｅmpire、Thｅeｍperors whｏfollｏｗed ConsｔａｎｔｉｎeⅠcontinｕeｄpro－Cｈristiａｎｐolicｉes、Iｎ3９２A、D、, Ｅmｐeror Theodosiｕs mａdｅＣhｒistiａniｔｙthe official rｅｌｉgion of the ｅmpire aｎｄｏutｌawｅd al ｌotｈｅr religions、NoｗＣhｒiｓｔianity had ｃｈangeｄfromａn objeｃｔｏｆoppｒeｓsionｔo a weａpoｎin ｔｈe hands of ｔhe rulｉｎg ｃlａsｓto crushｔheir opｐonentｓ、

8.How did Chriｓｔｉaｎmoｎks ｈelp Westerｎｃivｉlizａtiｏn surｖｉve？

Ｔhe Christｉaｎmonkｓｈｅｌpedｗesteｒn civilｉｚation ｓuｒvive in mａny wａyｓ: ⑴The Christian moｎkｓsprｅad Cｈristiａnｉty tｏｔhe Mediｔｅrraｎeａn ｒegｉonａｎd ｓomｅｏfｔheｍeven suｆfｅｒeｄmaｒtyrdｏm；⑵Soｍe monkｓｔranslａteｄthe Oｌd Ｔestaｍｅｎt inｔo Ｇreek ａnd Ｓt、Jeｒｏme tｒａnslated the ｗｈole Bibleｉｎto Laｔｉn、Latｅr sｏme sｕch as John Wyclｉffe ａnd WｉlｌiaｍTｙｎdale traｎsｌatｅｄthｅBiblｅinto tｈe v ｅｒnacular; ⑶Ｉn ｔhｅＭｉddlｅAgeｓ,pｅople iｎWｅstern Euｒopｅｗere maｉnlｙdivideｄinto threｅclaｓsｅs:ｃｌeｒgy,lｏrｄs and peａsaｎts、Of these thｒee ｃlasses, t ｈe onlｙliteｒaｔｅsectｉon was thｅclergy、TｈｅCｈｒistian mｏnｋｓdid a lot ｔo hｅ

ｌp ｐrｅserve aｎd trａnｓmiｔ a large part of thｅtｒadｉtional hｅｒitaｇe of ｔhe westｅｒn culｔure、Theｙnot only trａｎslａted the Biｂlｅinto Lａtiｎor tｈe Veｒnａculaｒbut aｌso coｐied or trａｎslatｅd tｈｅanｃient ｗorkｓinｔo ｔhｅvernａｃular, sucｈas the moｎks iｎthese ｍonasterieｓｓeｔｕｐby Charlemagne ａｎd Aｌfreｄthe Great、

9.Ｗhｙdo we sａｙthe Bible ｈaｓshapeｄWeｓｔerｎculｔurｅｍorｅdeｃisiveｌｙtha

ｎanｙthiｎg ｅlse eｖer wriｔten?

Ｊudeo－Chrｉｓｔian ｔｒadｉtioｎconstitｕtes one of ｔhe twｏmaｊｏｒｐonenｔsｏf Eurｏｐｅaｎｃuｌtｕre、Tｈe Biｂle whicｈis vｉrtuallｙrelateｄｔo evｅry phａse of hｕmaｎliｆｅgｒeatｌy infｌuenｃeｓpｅople’ｓｄaｉly ｌife, ｅsｐeｃiａlly in tｈe Middle Ageｓwhen alｍoｓt everyone ｗas a Cｈristｉan; Tｈe Ｂibｌｅhas gｒｅａt imｐact ｕpon wesｔｅrｎliter ａtｕre、Ｆoｒ a ｌong periｏd oｆtｉme, ｔheＬaｔin Bible waｓacｃepted as thｅauｔhor ｉtｙaｎd Latiｎwas official ｌanguａgｅｏｆthe Ｒoman CathｏliｃChｕrｃh, ｓo moｓｔEuropｅliｔeraturｅat that tiｍe was iｎＬａtin、Besideｓiｔis ｇenerally acｃeｐｔed ｔhat the Ｅnglish Ｂiｂle aｎｄShakespｅａrｅare twｏgreat rｅseｒvoiｒs of MoｄeｒｎEｎglish、Furthermorｅ, the use of Bｉｂliｃaｌthｅmｅs has beeｎa liteｒary trａditｉon、In facｔfew great Ｅnglｉsh ａnｄAmericａnｗriteｒs ｏｆｔｈe 17ｔh，18th, 1９th anｄ２0thｃentｕry can ｂe re ａd and apprecｉated with saｔisｆaction wiｔhout a suffｉcieｎtｋnowledge of the Ｂible; The s ｔudy of tｈe Cｈrｉstian ｔeａchｉng especially ｔhe Bible has bee an impｏｒtａｎt branｃh of ｋnowｌedge—sｃholaｓticism which has bｅen prevaleｎt fｏr cenｔuries；Ｔhe Bible hａs also iｎfl ｕencｅdｗｅstｅrn phiｌosoｐｈiｅs andｓcieｎｃe、Ｔｈus the Ｂｉｂｌe has shapeｄweｓter ｎculture ｍorｅdｅcisively than anyｔhｉｎｇelｓe ever wriｔtｅn、

Divisioｎｔhree: The Ｍiｄdle Aｇｅs

中世纪

1.Ｗhaｔｈappened in Ｗestern Eｕｒope aftｅr the dｅcliｎe oｆthe Roman Eｍｐire?

Aftｅr tｈe Roman Ｅmpiｒe lost its predomiｎａnｃe, a grｅaｔmａny Geｒmanic Kingdｏmｓb ｅgan to ｇrow iｎto the nations know aｓＥｎｇlａnd,France, Itａｌy，and Gｅｒmａny iｎｉts plａｃe、Ｔhｅseｎatioｎs of WestｅrｎEurope wｅｒｅin ｔｈｅscenｅｏf ｆrequenｔw ａｒs anｄinvasiｏｎs、The poｌitical ｕnｉtｙｈａd givｅn way tｏｗｉdesｐread desｔｒｕctiｏn aｎd cｏnｆusion、Ｈungeｒａｎd disease killed mａｎy lｉves and villagｅfｅll inｔｏruｉnａｎd gｒeat areａs ｏf ｌandｌaｙwaste、Ｔhｅrｅwas ｎo centrａlｇoverｎmen ｔｔo keep the order、The onｌy orgａnｉzａｔion tｈaｔseemed to unite Euroｐe ｗａs the Christi ａｎchurｃｈ、Chrisｔｉａｎitｙｗas almost tｈe ａll ａnd the ｏnｅof Meｄieｖaｌlives in western Euｒopeａnd tooｋlｅaｄｉｎpolｉｔicｓ,law，ａｒt，ａnd learning foｒhundreds yeaｒs、

2.Ｗｈat wｅre tｈe ｃulｔuｒal cｈarａcteriｓtics oｆthe perioｄfｒom 500ｔo １００0? Ａｂove alｌ, thｅｃuｌtｕraｌｃhaｒaｃtｅrs of tｈiｓｐeriod were ｔhｅheriｔaｇe ａnd ａｃhｉｅveｍｅnt of Rｏmａn culturｅａnd ｔhe eｍergeｎcｅof HebreｗaｎｄＧothiｃcultｕｒe、

3.Who was Charles Maｒtel？

Cｈarles Mａrteｌwaｓa Frａｎｋｉsh ｒuler who gavｅｈis soｌdｉｅrs ｅstａtｅs ｋnoｗn as fiefｓａs a ｒｅｗard foｒtheir services ｉｎ73２、

4.What was thｅreｌationsｈip betweenｌorｄanｄvａssaｌ?

Loｒds granteｄpaｒts oｆｔheir lanｄｓkｎown as fiefｓto vａssals、In rｅｔuｒn, tｈe ｖ

assals pｒoｍisｅd to fight for thｅlordｓ、

5.Intｏwhaｔthreｅgroupｓｗｅre pｅｏple divｉｄed under feｕdalｉsm?

Under feｕdaliｓm, pｅoｐｌe oｆthｅｉr Westｅrn Euｒoｐｅwｅre mainｌy ｄiviｄed into thr ｅe ｃlasses：cｌergｙ,lｏrds，and peaｓaｎｔs、

6.Wｈaｔwas the dｉffereｎｔbeｔweｅnａseｒf ａnｄa freeｍan?

A seｒfｈaｄｎｏｌａnd anｄno frｅｅdoｍ、He was bonｄto ｔhe laｎd wｈere he hａd ｂeｅn bｏrｎ、A frｅｅmａn was ａpeａsａnt ｗho ｕｓuaｌly was ａworｋer wｈo made the ｐloughs,shｏｄthｅhoｒses，anｄmade harnesses ｆor oxen anｄhorses、

7.Wｈａt is thｅiｍpoｒｔanｃe ｏf the usｉngｏｆｖeｒnacuｌaｒlａｎguａｇes ｉn

Medievaｌlｉｔeratｕｒe?

Iｎthe MｉddｌｅＡges，sｏme “natiｏnaｌepiｃs”ｗerｅwｒｉtten iｎｖernaｃulaｒlaｎｇuａge—the lanｇuage oｆvarｉouｓnａtionalｓtａｔeｓthat came inｔo beｉｎg aｔｔhat p ｅｒiｏｄ，ａnd some mｏnksａdvｏcａted ｔranｓlａtｉng thｅBibleｉｎvｅｒnaculａｒ、Litｅrary woｒks wｅrｅnｏlongeｒall wｒitten iｎLatｉn、It ｗａｓthｅsｔａｒting poinｔｏｆa graduａl ｔrａnsiｔｉｏn of Europeａｎliteraｔｕre ｆrｏｍＬatin cuｌture that was theｂination of ａvariety ｏｄnａtional characｔeristics、

8.Inｗhat ways didＧothic aｒt diffｅr fｒｏm Romaｎesqｕe art？

⑴Althｏuｇh Goｔｈic wasａn outgrowtｈｏf ｔhe Romanｅsque, it ｗaｓgiven directｉｏｎs by a dｉｆferenｔaｅsｔhｅｔｉc and phiｌosｏｐhiｃal ｓpiｒｉt and refｌｅcted a much more ordered fｅudal sｏcｉｅｔｙwith fuｌl ｃｏnｆidenｃe、

⑵Ｒomaneｓque aｒｃhiｔectｕrｅis characteriｚed by ｍassiveｎｅss,solidｉty, aｎｄmｏnument ａlity ｗith an overall ｂlocky appeａranｃe、Scｕｌptｕｒe and painｔｉng, primary inｃhurｃhes,ｄeveloｐed ａwoｎdｅrｆｕl ｕnity with aｒchｉtecture、Bｏth arts oｆtｅn aｒｅｉmｂｕed wｉtｈｓymｂolｉｓmａnｄallｅｇｏrｙ、Ｔhey aｒe not based oｎnａtuｒａl foｒｍs but us ｅdeliｂerａte distortioｎs for expressiｖe imｐaｃt、

⑶Goｔｈｉcｃathedraｌs ｓoａｒeｄhigh,theｉr windows, arｃhed ａnd tｏwers rｅaching ｈeａｖeｎward,flingｉng theiｒpassion aｇaiｎstｔhe ｓｋy、Ｔheｙwerｅdｅcｏrated with bｅauｔｉful stainｅd glａssｗindows aｎｄsculpｔurｅs morｅlifｅlｉke than any sinc ｅancｉent Romｅ、

9.Wｈａt wａs tｈe mｅrit whｉch Charlemagｎe and Alfred the Great sｈare?

Bｏth Ｃhaｒlemagｎｅand Aｌｆred the Great ｃontribuｔion grｅaｔly to thｅEuroｐean cｕｌｔure、Botｈｏf thｅm enｃｏuｒａgeｄｌｅaｒｎing bｙsｅttiｎgｕp mｏnａｓtｅry schools、Tｈe sｃholars ｉｎAlfred thｅGreat’s monａｓteries ｔｒａnｓlａteｄｔｈe Lａtin woｒｋs into the ｖernacｕlar、Ｔhus both helｐedｐreｓeｒvｅｔhｅanｃient clａssｉcs anｄculture、

Ｄivisiｏｎfoｕr:Ｒeｎaｉsｓanｃｅand Reｆｏｒmatｉon

文艺复兴与宗教改革

1.Ｗhat made Itａly the birｔhplaｃe of tｈe Reｎaisｓaｎce?

Because of its gｅｏgrapｈical ｐosｉtｉｏｎ,forｅigｎｔｒade dｅveloped eaｒｌy iｎItaｌy、Tｈiｓbrougｈt Ｉｔaly into contact wiｔh other cultureｓand gａve rise ｔo urban ecｏnｏｍy and helｐed Ｉtalｙaccuｍｕlate wealtｈwｈich was an eｓｓeｎtiaｌfacｔor for the fｌoｗerinｇof artａｎd ｌiteraｔurｅ、

Ｆorｔｗｏceｎturies begｉnｎing fｒoｍthe late 15th cｅｎtuｒy，Fｌoｒenｃe was the gold ｅn cｉｔy whｉcｈgaｖe bｉrth to a whｏle genｅratiｏn oｆpoetｓ, scholaｒs, ａｒｔｉsts anｄ

sculptorｓ、Ｔherｅwas in Flｏrence a revivａl oｆinｔｅresｔin classical learｎｉｎg and riｓing of ｈumａｎisｔideaｓ、And ｔo ｓｐreａd the new idｅaｓ，libraries ａnd academiｅｓwere ｆｏundeｄ、Iｎtｈe 15th century pｒinting ｗas inventeｄand heｌped to sｐreａd huｍanist ideａs、2.Wｈat are the ｍａｉn elｅmｅnts of humanｉsm？Ｈow areｔhｅse eｌements rｅfleｃ

ｔed in aｒt aｎd lｉteｒatｕre duｒiｎg the Italiａn Renａissancｅ?

Ｈumaniｓt is thｅesｓence of Renaiｓｓance、Humaniｓtｓiｎrｅｎaｉssanceｂｅｌｉｅved that huｍaｎbeiｎgｓhａｄｒightｓto pursuｅweａltｈand pleasurｅａnd tｈeyａdmires the ｂeauty ｏf human boｄy、Tｈis beｌief ran cｏｕnter ｔｏthｅmedieval ascetical i ｄｅa of poverty anｄstoiｃism，and ｓhifted mａn’s interｅst froｍChrｉstianiｔyｔo hｕman ｉtｙ，ｆrom religｉoｎto ｐｈｉlｏsｏphy，fｒoｍhｅａven to eａrｔh，fｒｏm the bｅauty ｏf Ｇoｄto thｅbeauty of huｍan iｎaｌl ｉts joy，ｓenｓｅs and feeling、

Ｔheｐhｉlosｏｐｈy of ｈｕmanｉsm is reｆlecteｄin the ａｒt and liｔｅrａｔurｅduｒiｎg th ｅＩtａlｉan Rｅnaissaｎｃｅin tｈe literaｔｕre worｋs oｆBoccaｃcio aｎd Ｐetｒaｒch and in the ａｒt of Giｏtｔo，Ｂｒunelleｓchi, Doｎａtello, Giｏrgioｎｅ，ｄa Vinci, Miｃhelaｎgelo, Raｐhael, ａnｄTiｔiａn, etc、In thｅir woｒks tｈeｙｄid noｔｓｔress ｄeath aｎd ｏtheｒwｏｒｌd buｔcall oｎman to lｉvｅand worｋfor thｅpresｅnｔ、

3.Ｗｈｙｄoｗｅloｏｋupon Petrarch asｔhe father ｏf moderｎpoetry？

Petrarch was a pｒomiｎent figuｒe ｏf his tiｍe, a ｇｒeａtｆigure in Itaｌiaｎｌｉteraｔurｅaｎd one of the great humanｉsｔｓdurｉｎg ｔｈe Renaiｓsance、He hａs wriｔｔeｎnumｅrous l ｙrics, sonnets ａnd canzoneｔs、Petraｒch ｒejｅcｔed ｍｅdｉeval country convenｔions ａnd s ａng for true lｏｖe and earthlｙhapｐiｎｅss ｉn his soｎnetｓ、Laｔer sonnets becamｅa v ｅry ｉmｐｏrtａnｔliteｒaｒy ｆoｒｍoｆpoｅtry in Eurｏpｅａnｄａlot of ｐｏetｓ，suｃh as Ｓhakespeare，Spenｃer,ａnd Ｍrs、Bｒowninｇ, werｅiｎdｅbted ｔｏhｉm、Ｔhus ｗe l ｏok upon him as the fatｈｅr of modern poeｔrｙ

4.Hｏw diｄItalｉａｎRenａissaｎce aｒt aｎd architectｕｒe break away from mediｅval

ｔradｉtionｓ?

TｈｅItalian Renaissaｎce ａrt aｎd archｉtecture rａdiｃally brｏke away ｆｒoｍtｈe meｄi ｅｖal meｔhods oｆrｅｐｒｅsｅｎtｉｎｇthｅvｉsｉbｌe worlｄ、pared wｉth the lａttｅr，the formeｒhas the followiｎg disｔinct feａtures:

⑴Aｒt bｒoke aｗay fｒom thｅdominaｔiｏn oｆｃhurcｈand aｒtｉsｔwｈｏuseｄto ｂe craftｓmenｍiｓsioｎeｄｂy tｈｅchurｃｈbecaｍe a sｅｐaratｅstrａta doing noble and ｃreative works;

⑵Themes of pａinting and arｃｈiteｃture ｃhanged frｏｍｐuｒely celesｔial ｒeａlm ｆｏｃusiｎg on the stｏｒies ｏfｔhｅＢｉｂlｅ，ｏｆGｏｄａｎdＭａry tｏａｎaｐpreciatio ｎof ａll ａsｐecｔsｏf natureａnd man；

⑶Ｔｈe artists sｔudied tｈe ruins oｆRomaｎanｄＧrｅｅk teｍｐles and put mａny ｏf the prｉncipｌｅs of ancｉent civｉlizａｔion iｎto tｈeir woｒks；

⑷Artists intｒｏducｅd ｉn theiｒworks scｉentific theorｉeｓofａnａtomy aｎd pｅｒｓpecｔivｅ、

5.Ｉn what wayｗas Da Viｎci imporｔaｎt during thｅRenaｉssaｎcｅ?

Leonａdo dａVｉnｃi wａｓa ｍan oｆmany talｅｎts， a Renａissance maｎin the truｅｓense of the word、He was a paiｎｔer,ａｓｃuｌpｔor, aｎａrｃhitｅct, aｍusicｉan，ａｎenｇｉnｅer, ａnd ａｓciｅntist ａｌl in one、

As aｎarｔiｓt, he was verｙimportaｎt、He hａs left tｏtｈe worｌｄfａｍouｓworks ｓuch as

Last Supper aｎd MoｎａLisa、Theｎｈis excellｅnｔuse of cｏnｔrａst ｂｅｔweeｎｌight a ｎd dａrkneｓs shｏwｅdｈim ａｓａｎｅxｃelｌｅnt painter、Ｍoｓt iｍporｔanｔof ａll,d ａVinci hａd ｐrofｏunｄundeｒｓtandiｎg oｆart、In his 5000 nｏtebooks，ｈe pｕt down h ｉs obｓervａｔｉonｓof ｌｉfe andｈis sketch ｄrａwinｇ、Ｉｎhiｓpaiｎｔiｎg ｈe sｔreｓs ｅd the exｐreｓsion ｏf emｏｔiｏｎａl states、His ｕnｄｅrｓtandings of art exerted gｒeａｔｉnfluence uｐｏn paiｎｔers ｏf his oｗn geneｒaｔioｎａｎd genｅratｉons to foｌlow、

He was alｓo veｒy ｉｍpｏｒtant in tｈe sｃiｅncｅof mｅｄiｃiｎe、Ｄｕｒinｇhiｓｌｉfe ｈe dissectｅd moｒe thａn thiｒty corpses aｎdｗas ａｇreaｔanａtomiｓt ｉｎItａlｙ、He pｌaced art iｎｔhe servｉcｅof aｎatomｙａs a scｉence bａsed ｏn ｅxtｅnsiｖe researcｈ、

6.What are thｅdocｔrｉnｅｓof MartｉｎＬuther? What was ｔhe signifｉｃaｎｃe of the ｒ

efｏrmａtion in European civilizaｔiｏn?

ＩnＲeformatｉon begａn in 15１７,Martｉn Ｌutｈer puｔforth the folｌowｉng dｏcｔrines: ⑴Ｈｅrｅjected the aｂsolute aｕtｈｏrｉty ｏf thｅRoman Caｔhｏlic church ａｎd reｐlａｃe it wｉtｈａｂsolutｅｏf tｈe Bｉble、Pｅoｐle can mｕnicatｅwitｈGod diｒeｃtly ｉｎsｔead o ｆthroｕgｈthｅchurch；

⑵Hｅopposed thｅｐｕrchａｓe ｏｆindulｇeｎceｓaｎｄcalled for insｔituｔionaｌreform oｆｔhe cｈｕrch;

⑶ａdvocated traｎslating the ｗhｏle Ｂibｌeｉｎto veｒnacｕlaｒs and ｍaｄｅｔhe Ｂibｌe aｃceｓsｉble ｔｏeveｒｙmaｎ;

⑷Hｅｐｒeached lovｅand idealsｏf eｑｕalitｙ，aｎd hｅwas a fiｇｈter ｆｏｒdｅｍo ｃｒaｃy anｄｎａtionalism, a humaｎｉｓｔwｈｏhelpｅd ｔo build a pｅtent edｕｃational system ｉn Geｒmany、

ＴhｅRｅformatｉoｎwas ｓignificａntｉn the Ｅuroｐean civilizａｔion、Ｂefoｒe Rｅfoｒmａｔｉon, Europｅwasｅssentｉally feudａl ａｎｄｍedieval、Iｎaｌｌaspeｃts oｆpｏlitiｃｓ, ecoｎｏmyａnd ｓpirit, it wａs uｎder the absｏlｕｔe ｒule of the Rｏman Ｃatholic Ｃhurｃh and tｈｅHoｌy Roman Empire、But after ｔhｅReformation thiｎgｓweｒe ｄiffereｎt、Inｅｄucaｔｉonal and ｃultural maｔtｅrs, the monopoｌy ｏｆtｈｅｃｈurch was bｒoｋen、In religion,Pｒotestａnｔism ｂrougｈt inｔo beingｄifｆerenｔformｓoｆChｒｉstiａnitｙto chaｌlｅnge ｔhｅabｓoｌｕte ruｌe of thｅＲｏｍan CａtholiｃCｈurch、In ｌangｕａge, the ｄominant posiｔｉｏn oｆLatin had to givｅｗaｙto the ｎａtiｏnａl lanｇuagｅs aｓa reｓｕｌｔoｆvarious traｎsｌaｔｉｏnsｏｆBｉble iｎto verｎaculａｒ、Iｎspirit, abｓolute oｂｅdｉｅnｃe beｃame ouｔ-moｄｅaｎd the sｐiriｔof quｅst, dｅbaｔe，waｓuｓhered in ｂｙthｅre ｆoｒmistｓ、In woｒd，ａfｔer the ｒefｏrｍation Eｕrope ｗasｔo taｋe a new cｏurse of developmeｎt, ａscientifｉc ｒｅvoｌｕtion was to be uｎder ｗａy and capｉｔａlism was to seｔin wｉtｈitｓdｙnaｍic econoｍｉc prｉncipｌes、

7.Wｈat wａs Cｏuｎteｒ—Rｅfoｒmatｉoｎ? Whｏwｅre the Jｅsuｉts? Are ｔhey ｓtiｌ

ｌａｃｔive noｗ?

The counter the Reformatioｎand tｏｂring ｂack its vitａlｉty, the Roman Caｔholic Cｈuｒchｍuｓｔered thｅir forｃesｔｏexａmiｎe thｅCｈuｒch insｔiｔｕtiｏnｓand introducｅrｅfoｒｍsａnｄｉmprovemeｎts、In tiｍｅ, ｔhe Roｍan Cａthｏｌｉc Chuｒcｈdid re-eｓｔａｂlｉsｈitseｌf as a ｄynaｍic ｆoｒｃe in Euｒopean affaiｒs、Tｈis rｅcoｖerｙof pｏwer iｓo ｆten ｃalledｂｙhｉstoriａns thｅCounteｒ-Rｅforｍation、The ｓeed-ｂed fｏr tｈiｓCath ｏｌiｃreformatｉon waｓSｐａｉn wiｔhｔhe Sｐａnｉsh mｏnarchy eｓｔabliｓhiｎg thｅｉnquisitｉon tｏcarry out ｃrｕｅl ｓuppｒession oｆheｒesｙand ｕｎortｈodｏxy、

Iｇnatius,ａＳpaniard ｗho devoｔedｈｉs lｉｆｅto defenｄing the Roman Caｔhｏlic Chｕrch, ａｎd his foｌlowｅrs cａlｌｅd them the Ｊesｕits meｍbeｒｓof the Socｉety of Jesus、

Tｏday the Sociｅｔy of Jeｓus ｉｓｓｔill acｔive witｈａmｅmbershｉp of 31,0０0, hａviｎ

g iｎsｔitutiｏnｓin various ｐarｔs of tｈe ｗorld、

8.What did FrｅncｈRenaisｓａnce writers pｒopose ｉn their writｉnｇｓ？

⑴The Freｎch Renaiｓsaｎce ｗｒｉtｅrＲaｂelａis expｒessｅd hｉd iｄeaｓiｎGargantua ａnd Pａntagruｅｌtｈａt the onlｙrule of the houｓｅwａｓ“DｏAs TｈoｕＷilt”—to foｌｌow oｕr ｎａtural inｓtinct;

⑵Ronsard hｅld that man of letｔerｓｓhoｕld ｗritｅinａstyle tｈat ｗas clｅar anｄfree from useless rhetoric;

⑶ＴｈｅEｓsaiｓof Monｔaigｎeｒｅcorｄs hiｓviews on ｌife,death aｎd hiｓｓkｅｐticisｍｔowards knoｗｌedgｅ, in siｍple, ｓｔraightfｏrward styｌe, hｉs faｍous ｍotto ｉs “What dｏＩknow？”

9.Why did Enｇlaｎd e later than otheｒcounｔｒies during the Reｎaｉsｓａｎce？Ｉn ｗhaｔ

wayｗaｓEngｌｉｓh Renaissａｎcｅｄｉfferｅｎｔｆｒoｍthatｏf other cｏuntries?

Who ｗere the mａｊor figurｅs anｄwhat thｅir conｔrｉｂutiｏns？

BecａｕsｅoｆthｅWar of Ｒｏsｅｓｗitｈin the counｔｒｙand itｓweａk aｎd unimｐo ｒtaｎt pｏsｉtiｏｎin wｏrld trade, Ｒeｎaisｓance caｍe lａtｅr in Ｅnｇlaｎｄthan ｏｔh ｅｒＥuropean ｃouｎtries、parｅdｗｉtｈｔhｅＲeｎａissａnce in oｔhｅｒcoｕｎtｒｉｅｓ, tｈｅReｎaｉｓｓancｅin Englaｎd hａs thｅｆollｏwing featuｒｅs：

⑴Iｔｃａｍe later；but wheｎit ｄid e, ｉt waｓto ｐｒodｕｃe someｔｏｗｅrinｇｆiｇu ｒeｓｉｎＥnglish ｌｉterａtuｒe and the woｒld liｔeｒatｕｒe；

⑵ＴhｅRenａｉｓsanｃe in Engｌanｄfoundｉtｓfｉneｓｔｅxpressｉｏn in drａma, crowned by Shakespeare;

⑶The Reｎａiｓsａｎce in England enｊoyed a periｏd of poliｔｉｃaｌand ｒｅligｉous ｓｔａｂility undeｒｔhe reｉgn ｏｆEliｚabeth Ⅰ、

Thｅmajor fｉguｒes of ｔhis period ｗerｅWｉlｌｉaｍShakespearｅ, Eｄmund Spｅｎcer, Ｓｉr Tｈomas ｍore，Fｒancis Bacon,aｎd ｅtc、Shaｋespeaｒe hａｓcontribｕｔeｄto tｈｅw ｏｒlｄａleｇacy oｆｌiteratｕrｅhｅriｔage bｙｔuｒninｇouｔso many oｕtsｔａｎdiｎg plays aｎｄpoｅｍs、He was ｏnｅｏf the two rｅｓｅrvoirs oｆmodｅrｎＥnglish languagｅ、Ｔhomas Moｒe has writｔｅn Ｕtopia and dｅpicted iｎthiｓwｏrk aｎideal ｎon-Cｈrisｔian ｓｔate wheｒe ｅｖeryｂody lives a ｓｉmpｌe life and ｓhareｓｔhe goods in mon、He cｏｎｔｒｉb ｕｔed to the ｗesｔernｔｒadiｔｉon of enviｓionｉng aｎideａｌstaｔe、Spenｃｅｒｈas in ｆlｕｅｎced many Eｎglish poeｔs、

10.Ｗhaｔweｒeｓｏme of scｉentific advaｎcｅｓduringｔhe Rｅnaissａｎce？

Dｕriｎg tｈe Reｎａｉsｓance，manｙｓciｅnces hａs madｅgreat ｐｒogｒｅss、

Firｓｔly, it wａs an age of geｏｇｒapｈicａｌdiscoverieｓ: Ｃｏlumbus hａｓdｉsｃｏｖｅｒe ｄthe Ｎew World ｉn14９2；Ｄiａs ｄｉscoｖｅrｅd the Cａpe ｏf Gｏｏd Ｈopｅiｎ14８7; dａGamaｄｉscｏverｅd the rｏutｅｔo Ｉndiaｒｏund theＣape of GooｄHoｐe iｎ14９７;Ａmerigo dｉｓcｏveｒed aｎd eｘplored thｅmoutｈof the Aｍaｚon and accepｔeｄSｏｕth Aｍerｉca ａs a nｅｗｃoｎtinｅnｔ、

Secｏｎdlｙ, Copｅrnicus beｌieved that the earth aｎd otheｒplaｎｅts orbit aｂoｕt thｅｓun ａnd t ｈat eａrｔｈｉs noｔat the cenｔer of tｈe ｕniveｒse、Here ｂegan tｈe modern astronoｍy、Thirdｌｙ, bｏth dａVincｉａｎd Vesaliｕs ｗeｒe good at ａnatomｙ、Ｖesａｌｉｕｓｗrｏｔe

Fabｒica aｎd wａｓrｅｇａrdeｄaｓthe ｆounｄeｒof modeｒｎｍeｄiｃine、

Fourthly，ｐrinｔing was ｉnvenｔｅd ｉn Italy、

Fiｎallｙ，Dante，Mａcｈiａvｅlｌi, aｎd Ｖosａri ｈave contriｂuted ａgreat dｅal to polｉticａl s ｃience aｎdｈｉｓtｏriｏgraｐhｙ、Maｃhiavｅｌli wａs caｌled “Fａtheｒof polｉtical ｓｃience”ｉn ｔhe ｗest、

Diｖisｉｏn ｆiｖｅ: ThｅseventeeｎtｈCentuｒy

1７世纪

1.WhaｔweｒｅＧaｌileｏ’s contrｉbutions to modｅｒn scienｃe？

Ｇalileo ｉs the greａtesｔｎamｅiｎphyｓics in the 17th ceｎｔury、He ｈas maｄｅconｔrｉbu ｔioｎｓto ｔhe world:

⑴Hｅwａｓｔhe ｆiｒｓt to ａpply teｌeｓｃopｅｔo ｔhe studｙof theｓkies、He even ｍａｄe ａteleｓcｏpe fｏr hiｍself and used ｉｔtｏobｓｅｒve ｔhe staｒs;

⑵In 160９he aｎnｏuncｅdａｓｅrｉes oｆastronｏmｉcal ｄiscovｅrｉｅs wｈiｃｈｃａｕghｔｔhｅａttenｔｉon of ｔｈｅｗhole of Euｒope、Witｈｔhe ｈelｐof telescoｐｅ, e proveｄthat Ptｏlemy’ｓsystem would ｎｏt workａnd ｔhａt Copernicus’s hｙpotｈeｓis haｄb ｅen ｒight;

⑶Galileo disｃovｅred thｅimporｔance of ａｃceleraｔioｎｉn dynamics aｎd ｔhe law ofｉｎertｉa;

⑷Ｇalｉleoｗaｓthe first tｏｅstａｂｌｉｓh the law of falling bodies;

⑸Heｉnveｎｔed ｔhｅrmｏｍeter、

2.HoｗｄｉｄKepler’s ｌａｗs cｌarifｙanｄａｍｅnd Copernicaｎthｅory？

Copernｉcuｓhｅliｏcentｒic ｔｈeｏry was puｔfｏrward only ａｓa hyｐothesｉs、Iｔwas Kｅpleｒwho ｓuppoｒted him sciｅntificaｌlｙ、Kepler iｓｂest ｋnown fｏｒhis dｉscovｅry of ht thｒeｅlaｗs ｏf planetaｒy mｏｔion,the three laｗs ｂeiｎg callｅd Keplｅｒ’ｓlaws pｕblisｈｅｄin 160９an 1619、Ｔheｙmａｙbe ｓtateｄａs foｌlows：

①Eaｃh plａnet ｍoｖeｓiｎａn ellipse，not a perｆeｃt circlｅ, witｈthｅｓun at oｎe foｃus;

②Each planet moves more ｒaｐiｄlｙwhen neaｒthｅsuｎｔhａｎfarｔｈer frｏmｉt；

③Tｈe disｔanｃe ｏｆeaｃｈplaｎeｔfrom the suｎbｅａrｓ a definite ｒeｌaｔioｎtｏthe timｅｐeriod ｔhｅplanｅｔtooｋto ｐletｅa rｅｖolｕtion aｒｏund the sun、Thｉs lａｗｗas rｅｄuceｄto ａｍaｔｈemaｔｉcａl foｒmula: the ｓquare of ｔhe periｏd oｆrevolutiｏｎｏｆa planｅｔａbouｔthe sｕｎis proportioｎal to the cube of ｔhｅｍeaｎdisｔance ｏｆthe planet from the suｎ、

Keｐler’s lａｗs ｓuｐported, clariｆiｅｄａnd amｅｎdeｄtheＣoperniｃanｓｙｓｔeｍanｄｔurnｅd the system from a genｅral dｅscrｉpｔｉon oｆｔhe sun and the plａnets intｏ a ｐｒｅciｓe mａtｈｅmａtical forｍｕla/ｔhese thｒee laws fｏｒmed the basｉsｏf alｌmoderｎplanetary aｓtronomy ａnd lｅｄto Ｎｅwton’s discｏｖery of thｅｌaｗsｏf gravitaｔioｎ、

3.Wｈy Newｔon is ｇenerally coｎsiderｅd to ｂe the ｇreaｔest sciｅntiｓｔthat ｅver lived? Newton hａs madｅgreaｔconｔribuｔioｎs to history of ｓｃience：

①As aｍathｅmatiｃiaｎ, heｉnｖented ｃalculuｓ；

②In opｔｉcｓ, hｅdiscovered that whilｅliｇhｔis posｅd of all the coloｒｓof the ｓｐectruｍ;

③Mosｔimpoｒtａnt of aｌl, ｈe dｉscovered ｔhe laｗｏf the unｉveｒｓal gravitatｉon、

Accoｒding tｏthis ｌaw, evｅｒy body attrａｃts everｙothｅｒwith ａforce dｉreｃtlｙpｒｏpｏrtionaｌｔo tｈe produｃt of their masｓｅs and inveｒｓelｙpropoｒtiｏnal ｔo the sｑuar ｅｏf the diｓｔancｅbetwｅen theｍ、To pｕt it siｍply, the sｕｎ, tｈe moon,ｔhe eaｒtｈ,th ｅplａnｅts,and alｌother bodｉes in the univerｓe move iｎaccordaｎce ｗithｔhe sａｍe bａｓic forcｅ, ｗhich is caｌled gｒaｖitation、The lａw of gｒavitatioｎis coｎsiｄerｅd tｏbe one ｏf tｈe ｍost ｉｍｐortant discoveｒiｅs iｎthｅｈistory of ｓｃｉence anｄｈad nｏt bｅｅｎｑuｅｓtｉonｅd unｔil Einstein disｃｏｖered thｅｌaｗｏｆrｅlatｉvitｙ；

④Newton’s influence ｗａs ｎot ｌｉmｉted to the phｙｓｉcal universe、His analytiｃal mｅtho ｄ，tｈeｗay hｅapproacheｄnaturaｌlaws ｂy observａtｉon, expeｒｉmenｔand cａｌｃuｌation, began to ｂe aｐplieｄtｏｈuｍａn ｓｏciety，ｔo all branchｅｓoｆkｎｏｗｌedgｅand thouｇht、Ｔｈus he was geneｒally consideｒed to bｅthｅｇｒeateｓt scientｉsｔthaｔe ｖer lｉved、

4.Why do we sayｔｈａｔＢacｏｎwas ａfounｄer of moｄern philosｏphy?

Ｂaｃon was regaｒded ａs the fouｎｄｅr of ｍoｄern phiｌｏsｏpｈｙ：

The whoｌe baｓｉs ｏf ｈiｓｐhｉｌoｓophy ｗaｓprａctical、He hｅｌd the pｈilosopｈy should be kept sepａrate fｒom tｈｅology instead of being blended withｉt aｓtｈｅSchｏｌａstｉcism;

Baｃｏn maintained that it was ｃｒｕciａｌto suppｌy manｋind with a scｉentifｉc ｍetｈod of inquiry into natuｒｅ、Ｈe rejected ｔhe traｄitionalｄeｄuctｉve mｅthod aｎd fｏundｅd moｄerｎinductivｅmｅｔｈod;

Tｏexpert any gｒｅat advａncemｅnt in scienｃe,bacon hｅld that wｅmｕst ｂｅgin anｅw、The fresh ｓtart rｅquireｄthe mind tｏoveｒｅａll thｅpreｃoｎceｐtioｎs，ａlｌprejｕdic ｅs,ａｌｌtｈe asｓumption, to sweep aｗayａll the fａllacieｓaｎｄfaｌｓｅbeliefs, in ａｗoｒｄ,ｔo brｅak ｗｉth ｔhe past，and tｏresｔｏｒe man to ｈis loｓt masteｒy oｆｔhe natuｒal ｗorld、Tｈis was wｈat Baｃon cａlleｄthe Ｇreａt Iｎstａurａtiｏｎ、

5.What were thｅmａjor ｄifferｅnceｓｂetween Lockｅ’ｓcｏnceｐｔof “socｉal contｒ

act” and Hｏbbes’s?

①Hｏbbes’ｓｃoncｅpｔof “ｓociａｌcｏntｒaｃt”ｉs ａsｆｏllowｓ、Tｏesｃaｐe anarch ｙ,ｍen entｅr iｎtｏ a sｏciaｌｃontrａｓt，by whiｃｈthey subｍit tｏthe ｓovereigｎ、Ｉｎreturn, men attain peacｅａｎｄｓecurｉty、In his ｔhｅory, ｔhｅpowers of the soｖereign must ｂe absolｕｔe, ａnd it is only by thｅｃeｎｔralizａｔｉon of aｕthorｉty in ｏne p ｅrｓｏn thａt tｈｅeｖil can bｅavｏided、Aｎd the ｓoｖerｅign is not a partｙｈｉmself to the ｓociaｌcontrａｃｔ、The sｕｂｊecｔｓoｆｔhｅsovereigｎcａnnｏt either cｈａngeｔhe forｍｏf the ｇｏvernmenｔor repudiaｔe tｈe aｕtｈoriｔy oｆthe sovｅｒeｉgn、Aｓｔｏｔhｅform of gｏvernment，Hoｂbｅｓｐreｆｅrredｍｏｎａrｃhy、

②Lｏcke ｔriｅd tｏｓhｏw the ratioｎal fｏundatiｏｎof politiｃaｌｓoｃieｔｙand goveｒnｍent、He eｍｐhasiｚeｄtｈat tｈe social coｎtrａct mｕsｔbｅunderstood ａs ｉｎvoｌviｎg thｅinｄividual’s coｎsent to submｉtｔo the will of thｅmaｊority and tｈａt ｔhe wiｌｌof the majoriｔy must prevaiｌ、For him, aｂｓｏlｕｔe ｍｏｎarｃhｙwas contrary to thｅoｒｉginaｌsocial ｃontｒact and ｄａnｇerous to liｂｅrty、Ｆｏr him, ｔheｒｕlerｏｆgovernmｅｎtｉs oｎe ｐartｎer of the social contｒａct、

③Aｌtｈough both Ｈｏｂbｅs ａnd Locke ｕsed the term “ｓociａｌcoｎｔrａｃt”，they ｄｉffe ｒｆunｄamentａlly、First, Hobｂeｓargued ｔhat men eｎｔer iｎtｏa socｉal contrａｃt ｔo ｅsｃape thｅstate of war，for，in hiｓｖieｗ，men aｒe enｅmies aｎd aｔwar with each ot ｈｅｒ、Locke ａrgｕed tｈaｔmen are equal ａnｄｔhaｔinｄivｉduaｌsｓｕrｒender t

ｈeiｒrigｈtｓto one mａn，tｈｅｓovｅrｅiｇｎwhose power is ａbsｏlｕｔe、Ｌocｋe argued ｔhat ｔhe inｄiｖiｄｕals sｕrｒeｎｄｅr ｔheir ｒighｔs ｔo ｔhｅmunity as a wｈole、Accｏrdinｇto him, ｂy majorｉty votｅa reｐresｅntative is chｏsen，ｂｕt his poｗｅｒis noｔabｓolute、If he faｉls ｔo implemenｔｔhe peopｌe’s will,the peoplｅｈave tｈｅrigｈt to ｏverthrow hiｍ、

6.How did Ｌｏｃkｅjusｔｉｆｙrｅbeｌliｏn ａgaｉnsｔgoｖernment?

Locke bｅｌｉevｅd that tｈe ruｌer oｆgovｅrnmenｔis onｅpaｒtner ｏfｔhe sｏｃiaｌcｏntracｔ、Ｉｆtｈe ruleｒsｕbsｔｉtutes hisａrｂitｒary will for tｈｅlawｓandｓhoｗs ｎo regａrd ｆor peoｐｌe’s ｗills, in ａｗord, iｆｈe vioｌａtｅsｔhe soｃiａlｃoｎtrａct,tｈe gｏｖｅrｎmeｎｔｉs ｅfｆectivｅlｙdissoｌved、Ｗhｅnｔｈe gｏvｅrnｍｅnｔiｓdisｓolved、Reｂｅllioｎis ｊustiｆied、As tｏwｈo iｓtｏjｕｄgeｗhｅn circｕmｓtaｎce rｅｎder rebｅllioｎleｇitimａte，Loｃｋeｒeplied, “Tｈe peoplｅsｈaｌｌｂe the jｕdge、”

7.Ｗｈａｔis the theｍe ofＪohn Ｍiltoｎ’s Paraｄiｓe Ｌｏｓt?

Tｈe theｍe of Mｉｌｔon’s Pａｒａｄｉse Ｌost is the ｆａｌl of ｍen：man’s disoｂediencｅand the ｌoss ｔheｒeuｐoｎof the Ｐａraｄiｓe，ｗith its pｒime caｕse-Satan、In thｉs ｅpiｃpｏｅm, thｅeｖiｌ, rebelｌious, ｃｏｕrageous, ｈeroiｃanｄtｒagｉc Satａn is thｅｍost sｕcｃeｓsfｕlly portrａyedｃｈaracter ａnd is ｄifｆｅrent from theｔradｉtional iｍaｇe、

8.Whaｔis Deｓｃartes’ methoｄof Ｃartesiaｎdoubt? What iｓits ｓignifｉcaｎcｅ?

Dｅscａrteｓｅｍpｌｏyｅｄmethoｄic douｂｔwitｈa vｉｅｗｔo dｉscovｅrｉｎｇwhｅｔh ｅｒthere was aｎinduｂｉtabｌｅtruth、And he ｅxｐrｅssed tｈｉs ｔruth in tｈis ｆａmoｕs ｍotｔｏ: “Ｉｄoubt, ｔherｅfｏre I ｔｈink: I thinｋ，thereｆore I ａm、” This Caｒteｓian douｂｔis ｔhｅmosｔiｍportant pｏint in his philｏsophy、Aｃcordinｇｔo Dｅscartes，“Iｔhｉnk ｔhｅｒｅfore I am” makes miｎd ｍoｒe certaiｎthanｍatter、He beliｅvｅｄthat is thiｎking ｉs oｎe ｔhat doubtｓ,unｄeｒstａnds，conｃeives, ａｆfirｍs，deniｅs, wilｌs, imaginｅs,and ｆeｅｌs、Doubｔing ｉs ｔhｉｎking, ｔhinking is ｔhe essｅnce of ｍinｄ、So he concｌudｅd tｈａt knowleｄge ofｔhings ｔhat ｗe conceiｖｅverｙclｅarly and distinctｌy arｅtrue, anｄthatｋｎoｗlｅｄgｅof tｈingｓｍust be by the mｉｎd、As to tｈe senｓeｓ, ｈｅbeｌievｅd thａｔｔhｅy ａre nｏt ｄepenｄａblｅ、

9.Who was the most wｅll—ｋnoｗn writerｉn the 1７th century Freｎｃh literature?Sa

ｙsｏｍethiｎg about oｎｅof his mａjor works、

Cornｅille, Ｒacine and Mｏlｉerｅwｅrｅthｅｍost well－known wｒiｔeｒｓiｎtｈe １7ｔh century Ｆrｅnｃh literatuｒe、Ｃｏrｎeiｌｌe’s masterpiｅcｅｗａs LeＣiｄwhiｃｈshoｗｓｔhｅiｎtｅnse conflict betｗeen love and duty、Onｅｏf the reｐrｅsenｔａtivｅtｒａｇedies of Ｒaｃiｎe iｓＰhaedｒａwhich tells the sｔory of the overwhｅｌmｉngｐassioｎof Phaedra for ｈｅr ｓtepsｏn、Tｈｅthｅｍe oｆthe play is thｅconｆliｃt of passion wｉth reason、Tarｔｕffe is oｎe oｆMｏlｉｅrｅ’s best knｏｗnｅdies、Iｎthｉs play, he expoｓｅｓｒelｉgious hｙpocr ｉsy、

10.Wｈａt ａre ｓｏmeｏf the chaｒacteristics ｏf Bａrｏｑue art?

Bａroque aｒｔ，flｏuriｓｈed firｓｔin Iｔaly, ａnd tｈeｎspｒead to Spain，Pｏrtugal, FranｃｅinｓouｔhＥurope and tｏFｌandｅｒａｎd the Nｅｔherland in ｔheＮortｈ、Iｔｗas chaｒaｃterized by dramａtic inteｎｓiｔy and sentimeｎtａl appeａl with a lｏｔof empｈasis o ｎｌｉｇhｔaｎd ｃolor、Thｅrｅpresｅnｔativeｓwere Berｎiｎi, Michｅlａngelo Caravａggio，Borrｏmiｎi, Rｕbens, Vｅlａｚqueｚ, Rembranｄt, etc、

Ｉn arｃhitｅｃtuｒe,it refeｒｒｅd ｔo archｉｔeｃtｕｒe of thｅｐeriod with ｉts proliｆeratｉ

ｏn oｆorｎａment、Lateｒｔｈe term “baroqｕｅ” waｓaｐplｉeｄto pａintinｇｓand mｕsic、Ｉｎmusic，the nｅw art representedａｔrａｎsｆorｍatioｎｏf ｉtｓelｅｍents into a sw ｅlｌinｇ，eｍotioｎal ｓtyle、

Divisioｎｓiｘ：the Agｅof Enlightｅnmｅnｔ

启蒙运动

1.Wｈen anｄｗｈeｒe did tｈe Eｎlightｅｎmeｎt take place?

ＴhｅＥnlightenmeｎt waｓaｎinｔelleｃtuaｌｍｏvemenｔｏｒiｇinatｉng iｎＦrancｅ, ｗhic ｈatｔracted widespreａd supporｔａmong thｅｒuling and intｅlｌｅctual cｌasses of Euｒｏpe aｎd Ｎoｒth Ａmerica iｎthe second ｈalf of thｅ18ｔhｃeｎtury、

2.Why the Ｅnｌightenｍｅnt ｉｓaｌｓo calleｄ“thｅAge oｆReason”？

The Enlightenｍｅnt chaｒacterizeｓthe eｆforts by certaiｎEuｒｏpeａｎｗrｉterｓｔo uｓe ｃritｉｃalｒeasoｎｔo free mindｓfｒoｍprｅjｕdice, unｅxamｉned ａutｈoritｙanｄoppression bｙChurｃｈｏrＳtate、Therefore it iｓcallｅｄthe Agｅof Reａsｏn、

3.Whａt werｅＬocｋe aｎd Neｗton’ｓｉｎｆｌｕｅnce on ｔhe Enlｉghtenment？

Locke aｎd Newtｏｎwerｅthe twｏmｏst ｉmportant foreruｎners of the Ｅnligｈtｅnment in ｔhｅ17ｔhｃｅｎtｕｒy、Ｌｏcke’s materialｉstｔheorｙattrｉbｕted thｅoｒigiｎif ｉｄeas tｏse ｎsaｔiｏns ｉｎscribed on the blanｋslaｔe ｏf mｉnｄ、Newtoｎ’s theｏｒy of ｇｒavitaｔio ｎfuｒtheｒｄemｏnstrａteｄto the woｒld that ｔhe ｕｎｉverse waｓgｏvｅrｎed bｙｌaｗs ｔhaｔcould ｂe ｕnderstood bｙhｕman mind、Ｔhｅiｒｔheorｉes fosterｅｄtｈｅｂelief in n ａtural lａw and uｎiveｒｓal oｒder ａnd ｅstablisｈeｄｃonfideｎcｅin human ｒeason、

4.Whｏwere tｈｅｐｈilosｏpｈeｓ？

Ｔhｅphilosophｅs rｅfｅr to thesｅwell —ｋnoｗｎＦｒｅｎｃh phｉlosophers in he 1８tｈcentｕry: Mｏntesqｕieu, V oltaｉｒe and Ｒouｓｓeau、Thｅｙpopｕlariｚed aｎd ｐropagated ne ｗｉdeaｓfor the genｅrａl rｅading ｐｕblic and were ｔhe majoｒfｏrcｅof the Enlighｔeｎｍｅnｔ、

5.Who ｗrote ThｅＳｐirit of ｔhe lawｓ?

Ｍontｅｓｑｕieu wｒｏte ＴhｅSpiｒit of the lawｓ、

6.Whａtｋｉnｄof bｏok is Candｉde？

Ｃａｎdide iｓthe mosｔfamous of Vｏｌｔａire’s ｎovｅl、Ｉｔis a ｓaｔｉre oｎｔhe pr ｅｖiｏｕｓaｄveｎｔure novｅlsｏf tｈe ａgｅ, ａｎattack upon tｈe claims of unｌimited opｔｉmism、Ｉt is the storｙof a na?ve anｄｉnnoｃｅｎt young ｍanｗho ｂees gｒadｕally ｄiｓiｌlusionｅd、

7.In whiｃh bｏok did Montｅsquieu discｕss tｈe sｅparatｉon of ｐowerｓ？

ＢoｔｈＭontesquieu ａｎd Rouｓｓeaｕｔouchｅd upon ｔhｅseparatｉon of powers, Montｅsquiｅu in hｉｓThe Spirit oｆtheＬawｓand Rousｓeａu in hisＴｈe Soｃｉal Contrａct、8.Ｗhat ｉs Ｄｉｄｅrot famous for?

Ｄidｅrotｉs tｈe bｅst knoｗn as thｅeditor ｏf tｈe Encyclopédie、

9.Ｗas Pｏpe a famoｕｓprosｅwriter? Whｉch mｏvement ｏｆａrt and litｅrature wａs

he kｎｏｗn to rｅｐreｓent?

Popｅｗas not a famｏus prose writｅｒｂut a greaｔｐoｅt、Ｈe ｒepreｓented tｈe rationali ｓtｉc neocｌａssiｃal moveｍentｉn ｌｉtｅｒaｔure andｈａs oftenｂeen callｅd the sｐokｅｓｍaｎiｎverse of tｈe Aｇｅof Reasoｎ,

10.Wｈｏis the author of Ｇulliveｒ’sＴｒavels? Ｗｈat is tｈｅsｔorｙabｏut?

JoｎathａｎSｗift is ｔhｅauｔｈor ｏｆGulliveｒ’s Traｖels、It is a ｓｏcｉal and pｏlｉtical ｐroｓeｓatire，iｎｔhe fｏｒm oｆa booｋoｆtｒavels、It tｅlls ｔhe four ｖoyages ｂy Gulliｖｅr, an hｏnest, ｂｌuｎt Englｉsh ship’s cａptａiｎ，ｔo Lilliput(ａlａndｏf Pｙgmｉｅs), Brobdingnag （a land of gｉanｔs）, the flｙｉｎｇiｓlanｄof Laｐuta, and finaｌly ｔo the lan ｄoｆthe Hｏｕyhｎhnms ，ａｒacｅof suｐｒemｅly intelligent ｈorseｓ, who are seｒｖｅｄby thｅYahoｏs, rｅasonless and consｃienceless beasts ｉn the shape of men、

11.Whｉｃｈbook（s) was Dｅfoe chiefly kｎoｗｎｆｏr?

Ｄefｏe ｗasｃhieflｙknｏwn for ｈiｓｎoｖel Rｏｂinson Crｕsoe、

12.What wａs Fｉeldiｎg’ｓｍajor contriｂｕtｉｏn ｔo Englｉsh ｌiｔerａｔure?Naｍe ｏ

ne ｏf his ｎoｖelｓ、

Heｎry Fiｅldiｎｇ’s mａjｏr ｃontrｉｂuｔionｔｏEnglisｈliteraｔｕre wａs hｉsｃreaｔiｏn anｄｄevelopment ｏf modeｒn noｖel—a new aｒｔfrom which iｓｒeaｌiｓtｉc,iｃ, uｎsｅntｉmeｎtal, sｈｏｗing contemporａｒy life ａnd manneｒs、He waｓalso thｅfirsｔpeｒson ｔｏapproach the genrｅwith ａｆulｌy wｏｒｋed-out theory of tｈe ｎovel l、The HisｔｏrｙoｆTom Joneｓ, aＦｏundliｎg ｉs one of ｈis noｖels、

13.Ｗhaｔｉs an eｐiｓtolary noveｌ?

Aｎepistolary novｅｌis a novel in ｗhｉch ｔｈe stories ａre toｌd in a seriｅs of lｅtteｒs、14.Wｈａtｉs Dr、Jｏｈnｓon weｌl knowｎｆor?

Ｄr、Joｈnsoｎis well kｎown ｆor beｉng tｈe editoｒof ＡDiｃｔioｎary of theＥｎglｉsh Langｕaｇe,ｔhｅfirｓｔgreat Eｎgliｓhｄictｉonａry、

15.What wereｔhe two perｉｏdiｃaｌto wｈicｈＡddisｏn and Stｅeｌe coｎtributed

essays？

The tｗoｐeriodｉｃaｌs to whｉｃｈAdｄison ａnd Steeｌe contrｉbuted essayｓwere The Ｔａltｅr and Tｈe Spｅcｔaｔoｒ、

16.WhiｃｈessayｗａｓＬｅｓsｉng’s ｍａjor contribｕtion tｏaｅsｔhetic theory?

Lessｉng’s ｍajor contrｉbutioｎto aestheｔｉc thｅory wａs hｉs essay Laocoｏn、

17.Are Faust and The Sorrows of Young Wｅrtherｎoveｌｓ? Ｗho wroｔｅthem? Faustａｎd The Soｒｒows of Young Ｗｅrtherｗere bｏth wriｔteｎby Geoｔhe、Fausｔis a tｒagｅｄy chｉeｆly in verｓe、ThｅSorrowsｏf YounｇWｅｒtherｉs an eｐisｔolarｙｎovel、

18.Ｗhｉch pｌay by Scｈｉller iｓwidely knｏwｎｉn Chｉna?

Schｉllｅｒ’s plａy Ｃabal and Lovｅis wideｌy known in Cｈina，

19.Wｈo fiｒst ｐrｏposed the ｎebulａhyｐoｔhesis？

Kａｎt was the ｆｉrst one to pｒoｐｏsｅｔhｅnebulａr hypｏthesｉｓ、

20.Ｇive thｅfullｔitｌes of Ｋaｎt’s tｈree mosｔiｍｐｏrtant cｒiｔiｑues、

Kant’ｓtｈree moｓt important crｉｔiｑuｅs aｒｅ: Cｒitique of Pure Ｒeaｓon, Crｉtique of Practiｃal Reaｓon, ａndＣrｉｔique oｆJudgment、

21.Whaｔaｒe theｍaｊｏｒcｈaractｅrｉstiｃs oｆＲococｏＡｒt?

Rococo art is ｃharaｃterizes bｙｅlaｂｏrate ornａmｅntation imitating shellwｏrk ａｎｄｆoliage and iｔhａs a ｃuｒviｎg anｄeｌastiｃpatｔerｎ、Iｔｗaｓｌuxuｒiｏus, seｎｓual anｄdelｉcａte, ｃhａrａｃｔerizｉng tｈｅtaste of ａpleasｕｒe cｌaｓｓ、It was not a sty ｌe iｎfine ａｒts, buｔ a stｙｌｅin suｃｈminor arts as ｆurniture, tapesｔries，ｃｌｏcks ａnｄcｅｉlｉng chａndeｌieｒs、

22.Ｗhｏwere the threｅbeｓt—kｎown pｏｓeｒsｏf the“Viｅｎｎese School”? Do you k

ｎowａnｙof Mｏzart’s works?

Tｈe tｈree best－knｏwn pｏsers ｏｆthe “ＶｉennesｅSｃhoｏl” aｒe Haydn, Mｏzaｒt and Beet ｈoｖｅn、

Divisioｎｎｉne: Reａｌiｓm

现实主义

1.Wheｎanｄin whatｃoｕntｒy did ｒealiｓm movｅmｅnt aｒiｓe?

The Reaｌist movemenｔａｒose ｉn the 50s of ｔhｅ19th centｕrｙａnｄhad itｓorigｉn in Franｃe、

2.What is the cｈief dｉｆｆerence bｅtwｅｅｎＲomａnｔｉcismａndＲeaｌism?

①Iｎａrt ａnｄｌiterature ｒeａlｉsm camｅasａproｔeｓｔagainst the fａlsenesｓand ｓe ｎtimｅntａｌｉty ｗhich realists ｔｈｏught tｈｅy sａw ｉｎroｍaｎtic fｉction

②Ｉｆromantｉciｓmａｌlows fｕll pｌａy toｔhe imａｇiｎatｉoｎａnd strｅsseｓｌoｖe of beauｔy and inｔｅreｓｔin the ｐast，ｔhe central iｓsuｅs of lｉfe fｏr realｉｓts tenｄｔoｂe etｈiｃal ｏr isｓues oｆcondｕｃt

③And ｔheiｒｄeｍocｒａtic ａｔtiｔｕdｅtended to maｋe them ｖalｕｅthｅindivｉｄual vｅry hｉｇhly and ｔo ｒegard ｃhaｒactｅrｉzatiｏn asｔhｅcｅntｒe of thｅnovｅl、

④In this sensｅ,realismｍeans more than a liｔerary meｔhｏｄ; it defｉneｓa particular kind ｏf suｂject matter –ｔhe surface deｔａils，theｍoｎ—plａcｅacｔｉons aｎd ｔhe tｒaｇedies of ｔhe orｄinary pｅopｌe constitｕｔe the ｃhiｅfｍaｔter if rｅaliｓt moveｍｅnt、

⑤Ｉts lanｇuage was simple,cｌear, and diｒeｃt,wｈile tｈe tone waｓofteｎｉc, frｅquently satirｉc、

3.Ｗhａｔｗｅre the ｃonditions in western Eｕｒopｅin ｔhe１８４0ｓ?

In 1８48 thｅre was revolｕtｉon throｕghoｕｔEｕｒope、And ｏnce again the ｒevolution started in Franｃｅand ｗas folｌowｅｄby a seｒies of revolutｉon iｎothｅr paｒtｓｏf Euｒope、

4.Whｏwere the impoｒtant Frenｃh andＥnｇｌiｓh realｉsｔnovelists?Ｎame a few of

ｔhｅｉr woｒks、

⑴Ｔｈe iｍportant Franｃｅwrｉters anｄsomｅof theiｒworks:

Stendhａl: ThｅＲed ａｎｄｔｈe Black

Balｚａｃ: LｅPere Gorｉot，ＬａCｏusiｎe Bｅtte，Tｈe Human ｅdy

Flaubert:Ｍadame Boｖarｙ

Zola：LeｓRougeｎ-Ｍaｃquarts

Maupassant：The Nｅcklaｃe，ThｅPiece of Ｓtring

⑵Engliｓh realｉst nｏvelistsａｎd some of theirｗorkｓ:

Dickｅns: HarｄTiｍｅｓ, Black Houｓｅ, Dａvｉd Coｐpｅrfielｄ

Ｇｅorge Ｅliot: Tｈe Mｉll oｎtｈe Floss, Miｄｄlemarｃh

Ｔｈackｅray: VanitｙFａiｒ

Hardy:Ｊude the Obscurｅ，Tesｓｏｆthe D’Uｒbｅｒｙvilles，FａｒfroｍthｅＭaddinｇＣrown, The Ｒｅturn ｏf ｔhｅNａtiｖe

George BernardＳhａｗ：Heaｒｔbreak Hoｕｓｅ, Ｔhe Docｔor’s Ｄilemma, Majｏr Bａrbａrａ5.Who has beenｃalleｄ“tｈe Fｒｅnch Dickeｎｓ” and who “thｅEｎglish Baｌzaｃ”？Ｗ

hy?

ChaｒlｅｓＤｉckeｎｓhas ｂeｅn calｌed“the EｎgｌｉsｈBalzａc,” and Balｚac has beeｎｃａllｅｄ“ｔhe Ｆrｅnｃh Dickens、”Botｈareｒealiｓt wrｉters, both depict ｍａny ｗalｋs of

life in their nｏｖels and tｏucheｓon moｓt ｆieｌｄs ｏf knｏwlｅdgｅ、

6.Explain “Aｎovel ｉs aｍirrｏr walking alｏng ｔｈｅroad、”

Tｈis is Ｓｔｅｎdhal’s wｏｒds、Ｉt tｅｌｌs ｔhat tｈe realists wanted a trｕthｆuｌreｐresｅntatiｏn iｎthｅirｗorks of cｏｎtｅmｐｏrａry liｆe and mannｅrs、Thｅｙｔhoughｔoｆt ｈｅiｒmethod as obseｒｖａtioｎaｌaｎd ｏbjectｉve、

7.Can yoｕaｃcount for the ｇreaｔacｈievemｅｎt of Ｒｕｓｓian lｉｔeｒaｔｕre ｉn the

nineteeｎtｈｃenｔｕｒy?

Ｉt was no until tｈe eiｇhteentｈcｅｎｔury,wｈeｎPeter the Greａt caｒrieｄthｒoｕgh the reforms that Rｕsｓｉａｎｓreａlly ｃamｅiｎto ｃontacｔｗith the litｅｒａｔｕre of Western Europe、Bｅtweeｎ1７0０aｎｄ1815 Ｒｕｓsiａａbsorbed whａt ｓhe coｕld oｆth ｅｃlassｉｃal Rｅnａisｓaｎｃe,cｌａsｓiｃｉsm, neo-ｃlassiciｓｍ，ｅｔｃ、afｔｅｒ１81５mｏdeｒn Russｉａｎｌiｔｅraturｅｂegan ａt onｃe wｉthａn enｏｒmous poｗｅr ａnd fｕll oｆｖiｇour、Goｇoｌwasｂorn in 1821and Toｌstoy, iｎ1828、ｂeｓides theｍwaｓa host oｆoｔｈer ｗriteｒs、Ａt ｏnｅsteｐ, ｌiｔeraturｅin Rｕｓsiａraised itｓｅｌｆｆrｏm noｔhiｎgness to ｔhe cenｔre ｏf Ｒussian lifｅ、

Ｔhe ｂegｉｎｎｉngs ｏf modｅrn Ruｓｓian liｔeraｔｕｒe are to bｅtraced to tｈe Naｐｏleon ｉc wａrs、Napolｅon hａd ｔｒiｅd to inｖａｄe Moscow、Ｔhｅaｒmy waｓｄefeateｄnot ｂy the Ｒuｓｓian ａrmy bｕt by ｔｈeｕｎfavｏrabｌe ｃoｎditionｓ: colｄaｎｄhｕｎger、Later the Russian parｔiｃipateｄin tｈe batｔlｅof Watｅrloo ａnd mａｎy inteｌligent ｙoung Ｒussianｓspent ｅｎouｇh time in Franｃe to bee ａcquainted with tｈe ideａs of dｅmocracy、They beｃame “ｄanｇerouｓmｅn”ｗｈen they rｅturned tｏRuｓsiａ, where anyｏｎe wｈo should say anyｔhing agａiｎst the government was punishｅｄby ｓevere ｓenｔences ｔｏlaｂour in Siberia、Thｅrefｏｒeｔhe pｏlｉticaｌａnｄphilosoｐhical ａspirations of the Rus ｓiａn peoｐｌe ｅxpresｓed theｍseｌves in ｔｈe fｏｒｍｏf literature, ａnd ｌiｔerａtｕre ｂeｃａme tｈe voice ｏf the ｐeoplｅ、

8.Who amoｎg all the Eｕroｐｅan ｎoｖeliｓtｓｏf ｔｈｅｔwenｔieｔｈcentuｒy?

Doｓｔoyｅvskｙ、

9.Whａｔｉs the boｏk fｏr ｗhｉch Wｈitman is fａmouｓthｒoughout thｅwｏｒｌd? Leavｅs of Ｇrａss、

10.Who iｓregaｒdeｄａs ｔｈe father oｆAmｅrｉｃaｎliterature? What diｄHｅmiｎgｗ

aｙsay abouｔhim?

Maｒk Twaiｎwas regａｒded ａs tｈｅfather of Ａmerｉcan literature、Hｅmiｎgway thought hｉｇh ｌｙof hｉm,ａs he put it, “Ａｌl moderｎlｉｔeraｔure es from one boｏk by Mark Ｔwaｉn, callｅd Hucklebeｒry Finｎ…”

Diviｓion teｎ:Mｏdernｉｓm ａｎd Oｔｈｅr Tｒeｎdｓ

现代主义及其她

1.Wｈat aｒe the most salient chａｒacteｒｉstiｃsｏｆtｈｅmodernist moｖｅｍent？

①Moderｎｉsm haｓbeen cａlleｄ“ｔheｔradiｔion oｆｔhe new”、Ｉt was cｈarａcterｉzｅｄｂy a coｎｓciｏuｓrｅjｅctｉoｎof establishment ruleｓ, tradiｔionｓand cｏnvenｔiｏns、Itｓｔrove to refｌect 20th cｅntury’s socｉalａnd political ｃhａnges、It ｐｒｏvided frｅsh ｗays of ｌoｏkiｎg aｔmａn’s pｏsitiｏn and functｉon iｎthe ｕnｉveｒｓal、

②Ｍｏdeｒnism hasａlso been called thｅ“deｈｕmanizａtｉon ofａrt”、It pushｅs ｉntｏtｈe bａｃkgｒounｄｔradiｔionaｌhumａnｉsticｎoｔｉoｎs of thｅindiviｄual anｄsocｉeｔｙ、

Ｙet, it is ｎｏt divoｒced ｆrom ｔhｅpａst、Iｔｒeｓtateｓ, in new ｔeｒmｓ, the same quesｔｉonｓaboｕt exisｔence anｄhuman nａture fouｎd in ｆormｅr worｋs ｏｆａrｔ、

③Modernism has ａｌｓoｂee the synonyｍof rｅvolutｉon in ｆoｒm、Tｈｅｔerｍ“mｏder ｎｉsｍ” is rｅseｒｖedｆｏr more eｘpｅriｍenｔal and innovａtiveｍｏderｎwoｒks、

④Moｄeｒｎｉｓm ｉｓindebted mucｈtｏＦｒeud and ｍanｙoｔｈer tｈeorists、The moderｎtradiｔiｏｎｉsｐluralistic，ｍarked by different ｗａｙs, ｅxperimentaｌand ｔradiｔiｏnａl,ｉn wｈich iｔeｍbodｉes 2０tｈｃentury、

2.Iｎｗhat hｉstｏricａl context ｄｉｄｔhe Modeｒnist movement take place?

①ＴhｅWorld WａｒⅠtoｏｋｐlaｃe from １９1４to 1918、Ｔｅn million ｐｅopｌe werｅki ｌlｅｄｏr mｉssing aｎｄmaｎy ｍore were wounded dｕrｉng ｔhe war、Whｅn ｔhiｓmassi ｖe manslaugｈteｒwas gｏｉng on in moｓｔpartｓｏf Europe, ａsｏcｉaｌist Rｕssia was born iｎ１９17、Frｏm then on, thｅＲｕssian woｒking ｃｌass eｓtablisheｄthe wｏrld’ｓfiｒsｔdemoｃｒａtic ｇoveｒｎment of tｈe woｒｋers and peａｓant、

②Aftｅr ｔhｅWoｒld War, econoｍic criｓｉｓiｎaｌｌｔｈe ｉｍpｅriaｌist countrieｓdeepe ｎed、Ｅveryｗｈerｅprices ｗeｒe alｔｅｒedａnd internatｉｏｎaｌtｅnｓionｓｍounted、All aｓpects of Ｗｅsteｒｎculturｅ，incｌuding aｒt,litｅrature, ｔheaｔｒe,ｅducａtｉｏn and ｓcience ｗere shakｅn aｎd gｉｖen ｎew diｒectiｏn

③The World WarⅡ, the mostｄesｔｒuｃtiｖe ｗａr in hｉsｔorｙ, was foｕｇht betweｅn １939—1９45、Ｔhis time,ｔhｅwaｒwaｓnot ｃｏnfined to Euroｐean conｔineｎt、More thaｎ17ｍiｌliｏn ｍembers of ｔhｅarｍed ｆｏrces oｆthe ｖarious cｏunｔries were kilｌｅｄ、

④Tｈe ｗar tuｒｎeｄoｕt tｏbｅａvictｏrｙfor dｅｍocｒacy ｏver fａｓcisｍ; it strained ｔhe ｅｃonｏmiｃcapａｂilitiｅｓｏf the maｊｏr natiｏnｓaｎd lｅfｔmany countrieｓon the veｒgｅof coｌlapse、

3.WhｏwaｓFrｅud？Iｎwhaｔways diｄｈiｓtheoｒy infｌuence the moderｎistｓ? Modｅrnists were veｒy ｍuｃh ｉndeｂtｅd toＳigｍｕｎｄＦreuｄ、Hｅｗａｓtｈｅ“fａｔher” oｆpsｙchoａnalｙｓiｓ， a neｗsｃhｏoｌｏf psychoｌｏgy embｏdying revoｌｕｔion aｎd controversｉaｌviｅwｓof humａn behavｉor、His boｏkｓenｔitｌed Tｈe Ｉnｔｅrpretatiｏn ｏｆDreaｍｓ，Three Coｎtｒibutiｏnｓｔo the Sexual Theory and The Egｏand Id hａｄa pｒo ｆｏｕnd influｅnce upｏn thｅmodernｉsｔmovemenｔ、Iｎhｉs ｔｈeｏry，thｅｕnconｓciｏus is eｍphａｓizｅｄaｎd humaｎｓｅxualiｔy ｉs giｖen primｅimpｏrtanｃe iｎanalyｚin ｇhｕmａn behaｖior、His disｃovery openｅd uｐa ｎew dimeｎsion for the moｄｅrniｓts, who ｌaterｓtｒｏｖe ｔo exploｒe this nｅw “inner”realｉtｙｉn mａny of tｈeir workｓ、

4.Whｏis the aｕthｏr of ＴhｅWastｅland?

T、S、Eｌｉot is the author of Tｈe Wastｅｌａnd

5.Ｗho wｒｏtｅtｈｅnｏvel Remembranｃｅof Tｈinｇs Past？

MaｒceｌProuｓt wrｏte thｅｎoｖel Reｍembrａncｅof Tｈings Pａst、

6.Whiｃh ｂook(s）is Joyｃe ｆamous for?

Joyce ｉs ｆamoｕｓfor hiｓUlysses，Fｉnnｅgans Wake,Dublｉneｒs,and A porｔrait ofａArｔist aｓa YｏunｇＭａn.

7.What is tｈe Ｂloomｓbuｒy group?

Ｖirginia Woolf wａs a ｖery fａmｏuｓｗritｅr、Qｕｉte earlｙｉn ｈer career, heｒhoｕse ｉｎＢｌｏomsbuｒｙbecame a literary and aｒt ceｎtre、Ｔｈe ａrtiｓts，cｒitｉｃｓａｎd writers w ｈｏwere aｔtracted to it becａme ｋnoｗn as tｈｅBloomsbury grｏup、

8.What are tｈe mａｊor ｃharaｃｔeｒistics of Fauｌｋｎer’s ｎovelｓ？

①Faulkneｒwroｔe abｏuｔAmeｒiｃa’s south and used tｈe methoｄｏｆtｈe streａm ｏf consciousｎess aｎd muｌtipｌe—ｎarraｔｏｒs、

②Iｎhis nｏvｅｌs，he created a Ｍississｉppi munityｍｏdeled on ｈiｓown countｒy、Iｎthis muｎiｔｙ, he pｕt thｅcharacteｒs he oｂsｅrvｅｄ, using brｉlｌiant and plｉｃated literary tecｈniques ｔo tell thｅir storｉｅs、

③Hｅwroｔe of coｎｆliｃtｓ: the ｃoｎｆlicts of diｆferent generatｉons, of social ｃｌaｓses, of r ａｃeｓ，and of men、

④His phiｌosophy ｗas that the brotheｒｈood of man wｏuld trｉumph、

9.Wｈat maｋes oｕｔHemingway’s ｓtyｌｅｏf writing?

Hemｉngｗay is known fｏr ｈiｓmａstery of tｈe ａrt oｆmodeｒn narraｔｉｏn、He heｌped t ｏaｃplｉsh a rｅvoｌuｔioｎiｎｌｉteraｒy sｔyle and langｕagｅ、He ｔried to ｃｕt oｕt all w ｏrｄｓtｈat ｗerｅｎｏtｓｔｒiｃtly ｎｅcessａry、His ｓtylｅis chａracterized by sｈort and simple senteｎceｓwitｈverｙfew adｊectiｖes and ａｄｖeｒbs、Buｔｔhｅy aｒｅfull ｏ

f emｏtioｎ、

10.Whｏis the major figuｒe in 20tｈｃentury German liteｒａture?

Thomas Maｎn is the mａｊor fiｇuｒe iｎｔhe2０th century Ｇerman liｔeratｕre、

11.Whaｔplａce does Gorｋy ｈold in 20th century Russｉan liｔeｒaｔure?

Gorｋy wａs thｅfoｕnder ofｔheｌiterａry docｔrine ｏf sociａｌist ｒealisｍandｈaｓbeｅn regaｒdｅｄasｔhｅｇrｅａtesｔＲuｓｓｉan Literary fｉgure of the 20tｈcｅnｔｕr ｙ、Many of this worｋs are largely aｕtｏbiｏｇｒaphiｃal、Ｍｏtheｒ,ｉs nｏw conｓｉdeｒe ｄto a cｌassic oｆsocialiｓt realism、Tｈe trｉlogy cｏntaining Chｉlｄhood,My AppｒenｔiceｓhiｐanｄMy Ｕniversity ｄepicts aｐanoｒａma oｆRussｉaｎsｏcietｙｏf his timｅ、12.How ｄｏyou ｄescribe“Ａngry Yoｕｎg Men” in Englaｎd?

“Angｒy Yｏuｎg Mｅn”was aｔerｍrｅferrｉnｇto ａgｒouｐof Eｎglｉsh wｒitｅｒs who ｆoｕｎd theｙto ｂe social mｉsfiｔs、They feｌｔthey wｅre socｉａｌly stateless, even thｏughｔheyｗere univｅrsitｙgraduates、Thｅy were vｅry sensiｔive to thｅundｅsiraｂlｅthinｇs ｏf the socieｔｙ、The tｅｒｍ“AngrｙYｏunｇMeｎ”caｍe tｏｂe ｗｉdｅly used onlｙafter tｈe publicatｉon of JohｎOsbｏｒｎe’s play Look Back iｎAnger、

13.Who beｌｏnged tｏtｈｅBｅａｔGeneration？

Allｅn Ｇinsberg and JaｃｋKerouaｃbelonged tｏthe BeaｔGenｅratiｏｎ、

14.Wｈｏｗrｏte the pｏeｍＨowl？

Alｌen Ginsberg wroｔeｔhe poｅm Hｏwl、

15.Whaｔis ｎewａbout the Noveａu Rｏｍaｎ?

①Ｔｈe NeｗNovel payｓmuch atｔｅntｉｏn “to thｅties that exiｓt betwｅeｎobjects,gesｔ

urｅｓ,anｄsｉtuａtｉｏns，ａvoidｉng all psycholｏｇicａl ａnd idｅoloｇｉcaｌmｅntaｒｙon thｅaｃtionｓoｆｔhe chａraｃｔeｒs”、

②ThｅNeｗNovel tends to be objectｉve、Humａn ｃharaｃters aｒe on an eｑual footing wit

ｈｔhｉｎgs、Ｔhｉngs and tｈeiｒｉnteraｃtiｏｎsａｒe thｅｍａjoｒinterest ｏf thｅｓe noveｌｉstｓ、Plｏt，actiｏn, naｒratｉve, iｄeas and analysｉｓof charａcters ａre no lon ｇer importanｔ、They tｒy ｔo avoid taｋiｎｇsｉdｅsｗｈen theｙe to dｅｓcrｉption ｏf characters，mａking noｄistｉｎction beｔweeｎgood and ｂad or betweeｎiｍpoｒｔa ｎt anｄtrｉviａl、Their charactｅrs are often shaｐｅlｅss aｎd sｏmetimｅs even nameleｓs、16.What is the keｙconcepｔｏf Eｘiｓｔｅｎtｉalｉsm?

Tｈe kｅｙｃoncept ｏf Eｘisｔｅntialiｓm iｓthat tｈe maｎis nothing buｔwhat he makes of

himseｌf、Existence is believeｄto pｒeｃede and decｉde essenｃe、As an individuaｌａnd aｃti ｖe ｅxisｔenｃe, eａch ｍａn mｕst have tｈe ｆｒeedom oｆchoicｅ, and create hiｓｏwn existence、

17.What do Beckett and Ionｅscoｉntenｄto coｎvey ｔｈrouｇh tｈｅir plays?

They wａnｔed to coｎvey the idea of ｉrraｔiｏnalitｙｏf evｅｎｔs、

18.Ｗhaｔchａｒacteｒizes BｌａcｋＨumｏur? Whiｃh ｐaｒtｉcular bｏoｋreｐｒesentｓ

Black Humｏuｒ?

Blａｃk Humｏur is a teｒn dｅriｖed frｏm Bｌａckｅdｙ、Its ｏrｉginｃaｎbｅｔraced ｂacｋｔｏShakeｓｐeaｒe’s time、Ｂｕt nｏw the termｉs ｕsually ｕsｅd ｔo refer ｔo soｍe Ｗｅｓｔｅｒn, especｉalｌｙAmeｒican post-World WａrⅡwriｔers、Black Hｕmouｒｉs a k ｉnｄof desｐeｒａｔｅhｕｍour、It is the lauｇｈter at traｇｉｃthings、Ｉn his ｍeaｎｉn ｇlｅｓｓｗorld, man’s fate is decided by inprｅhｅｎsｉbｌe ｐowers、We can’t do anythiｎg a ｂout it, thｅrｅfore we mａｙaｓweｌl ｌaugh、Joseｐh Hｅllｅr’ｓNovｅl Catch-２２ｉs regarded as the maｊoｒwork of Ｂlａｃk Hunoｕr、

19.Who aｒe thｅｂesｔkｎown artisｔs aｎd ｍusicｉａns ｉn modern times? Whａt do you

knｏｗaboｕt mａsterpieceｓ?

Faｕｖｉｓm

Ｈenri Ｍatisse: The Joy of Ｌife and Ｈarmony in Ｒed

Ｅxpｒesｓionism

Emil Nolde：ＴhｅProphｅｔ,Christ ＡｍｏnｇＣhildren

Ｍax Becｋｍaｎn: Dreaｍ

Ｐaul Ｋlｅe：Twｉtteｒing Ｂirds

Wａsｓily Ｋandinsky: SｋetchⅠfor pｏsｉｔionⅦ

Ｃｕｂｉｓm

Pablo Ｐicasso:Demoiｓeｌles d’ Aｖｉgnon, Tｈe Musicｉａnｓ

Geoｒges Braｑue: Ｌe Ｃoｕrrier

Fururｉsｍ

ＵmbertｏBｏcｃioｎi：Ｔｈe Ｃity Ｒisｅs

Daｄａism

Mａrcel Duｃhａmp：The Ｂride

Surｒeａlism

Sａlvａｄｏr Ｄali: PｅrsisｔencｅofＭemoｒy

Musｉc

ＡｒnｏlｄＳchｏenｂerg:Violin Conｃerｔo，Oｐ、36,Ｐｉano Cｏnｃｅrtｏ，Op、42 Igor Stravinsｋｙ：The ＲｉｔｅoｆSpｒｉnｇ，The Fiｒｅbird

BelａＢartoｋ: Conｃertoｆor Ｏrcｈｅsｔｒa、