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Pandemic H1N1 1 2009
The most active areas of pandemic influenza transmission currently are in central and eastern Europe. Focal increases in rates during recent weeks were reported in at least two eastern European countries. A high intensity of respiratory diseases activity （1） concurrent circulation of pandemic influenza still （2） parts of southern and eastern Europe, （3） in Greece, Poland，and Ukraine.
In Western Europe，influenza （4 ）remains active and widespread, but overall disease activity has peaked. All influenza viruses in Western Europe were pandemic H1N1 2009, however, very small （5 ）of seasonal influenza viruses，covering less than l% of all influenza viruses （6 ），were reported in Russia. （7），limited available data indicate that active, high intensity transmission is occurring in Northern African countries （8 ）the Mediterranean coast.
In Central Asia，limited data （9） that influenza virus circulation remains active, but transmission may have recently peaked in some places. In West Asia，Israel，Iran，and Iraq also appear （10 ）their peak period of transmission within the past month，though （11 ）areas continue to have some active transmission and levels of respiratory disease activity have not yet returned to baseline levels. In East Asia，influenza transmission remains active but appears to be （12） overall. （13）increases in ILI2 were reported in Mongolia after weeks of declining activity following a large peak of activity over one month ago.
In North America，influenza transmission （14） widespread but has declined quickly in all countries. In the tropical regions of Central and South America and the Caribbean，influenza transmission remains geographically widespread but overall disease activity has been declining or remains unchanged in most parts，（15） focal increases in respiratory disease activity in a few countries.
词汇：
pandemic adj 在广大地区流行的(疾病) peak v达到顶点
seasonal adj季节的
transmission n.传播 occur vt.发生
currently adv. 时下地，当今地 Mediterranean adj. 地中海的，地中海附近(各国的) focal adj.焦点的，与焦点有关的
intensity n. 强度 Israel n.以色列
concurrent adj 同时存在的，同时发生的 Iran n.伊朗
Iraq n.伊拉克
circulation n.流传，流通 Mongolia n.蒙古国
Greece n.希腊 Caribbean n.加勒比海
Poland n. 波兰 geographically adv. 地理的
Ukraine n.乌克兰
注释：
1.H1N1：H1N1是一种病毒，是Orthomyxoviridae系列的一种病毒。它的宿主是鸟类和一些哺乳动物。
2.ILI：Influenza-like illness，流感样病例。它的定义是：体温 >=38℃，伴有咳嗽或咽喉疼痛等症状的急性呼吸道感染患者。
练习：
1.A of B with C for D in
2.A remains of B keeps C exists in D develops
3.A particularly B usually C exactly D completely
4.A transport B transmission C development D occurrence
5.A amounts B counts C calculations D numbers
6.A to find B finding C finds D found
7.A However B Nevertheless C But D In addition
8.A along B on C at D around
9.A advise B propose C suggest D recommend
10.A to pass B passing C to have passed D passed
11.A both B all C none D neither
12.A declining B reducing C below D under
13.A Little B Big C Slight D Great
l4.A reduces B remains C increases D prevents
15.A apart from B beside C besides D except for
答案与题解：
1.B with表示伴随，突出主语中心词intensity，“强度 "。
2.C虽然四个选项的时态以及单数第三人称变化都满足主语的要求，但从语义上讲，C 最合适，表示“仍然存在”，A项中虽然remains也可以表达同样的意思，但其后边的介词搭配有误，故答案为C。
3.A particularly “尤其是，特别是 "，用来指“同类中特别突出的一个”，usually “通常是”， exactly，“准确地，确切地"。根据上下文此处应该是特别指出南欧及东欧的几个具体国家，因此A为答案。
4.B 本文第一句话就点出了influenza transmission，这说明这两个词是一个词串，根据该文的上下文以及transmission的多次出现，B项为最佳选择。
5.D 虽然amounts和numbers都表示数量，但与amounts搭配的词通常是不可数名词，与可数名词搭配的应是number(s)，文中的搭配词是viruses，所以答案为D。另外，count 作名词指的是an act of counting，“计算 "，calculation也是指an act of caculating，即“计算的动作或行为"。
6.D此处的选项应是作viruses的定语，find和viruses之间的关系是被动关系，因此应选择过去分词。
7.D 此处前后句是递进关系。A，B以及C都是表示转折，D项表示递进。
8.A along the Mediterranean coast是指地中海沿岸地区。
9.C 此处suggest是“说明”的意思，另外三个选项均只有“建议”的意思。
10.C appear表示“似乎”，后边动词应跟不定式形式，因此处表示“似乎流感高峰已经过去 "，因此要用不定式的完成式。
11.A此处指的是Central Asia和West Asia两个地区，因此用both。
12.A appear to be declining，表示似乎在下降，reduce是及物动词，后边需要有宾语，另外below和under都是介词，不适合此处的要求。
13.C 根据上下文，此处应该是指小幅增加，而不是大量增加，而little只能修饰不可数名词，所以答案就是C了。
14.B从上下文的意思和搭配来讲，选项B为正确答案。该处所在句子表示：在北美，虽然流感传播仍然很广泛，但下降速度快。
15.D except for表示“若不是……，除了……以外”
Be Alert to1 Antimicrobial Resistance
The ability of micro-organisms to find ways to evade the action of the drugs used to cure the infections they cause is increasingly recognized as a global public health issue. Some bacteria have developed mechanisms which make them resistant to many of the antibiotics normally used for their treatment(multi-drug resistant bacteria)，so pose particular difficulties，as there may be few or no alternative options for therapy. They constitute a growing and global public health problem. WHO suggests that countries should be prepared to implement hospital infection control measures to 1imit the spread of multi-drug resistant strains and to reinforce national policy on prudent use of antibiotics，reducing the generation of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
An article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases2 on 11 August 2010 identified a new gene that enables some types of bacteria to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics. The article has drawn attention to the issue of AMR3(antimicrobial resistance)，and，in particular，has raised, awareness of infections caused by multi-drug resistant bacteria.
While multi-drug resistant bacteria are not new and will continue to appear，this development requires monitoring and further study to understand the extent and modes of transmission，and to define the most effective measures for control.
Those called upon to be alert to the problem of antimicrobial resistance and take appropriate action include consumers，managers of hospitals，patients，as well as national governments. the pharmaceutical industry，and international agencies.
WHO strongly recommends that governments focus control and prevention efforts in the following areas like surveillance for antimicrobial resistance; rational antibiotic use，including education of healthcare workers and the public in the appropriate use of antibiotics：introducing or
enforcing legislation related to stopping the selling of antibiotics without prescription; and strict adherence to infection prevention and control measures. including the use of hand-washing measures，particularly in healthcare facilities.
Successful control of multidrug-resistant microorganisms has been documented in many countries，and the existing and well-known infection prevention and control measures can effectively reduce transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms if systematically implemented.
WHO will continue to support countries to develop relevant policies，and to coordinate international efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance. Antimicrobial resistance will be the theme of WHO's World Health Day 2011.
词汇：
Evade vt.逃避，避开 prudent adj.慎重的，谨慎的
Pose vt.提出 monitor vt.监控
alternative adj.可供选择的(途径或事物) surveillance n.监视，监管
rational adj.合理的，有理性的
implement vt.实现，实施 adherence n.坚持，固守
strain n.种类 document vt.证明，支持
reinforce vt.加强力量 relevant adj.相关的
注释：
1.be alert to：对……警觉，注意
2.The Lancet Infectious Diseases：《柳叶刀一传染病》期刊
3.antimicrobial resistance(AMR)：抗菌药物耐药性
练习：
1.Why is the use of antibiotics arousing globally increasing interest?
A. The misuse of the antibiotics has caused stronger bacteria resistance and no new drugs against the bacteria are available at present.
B The micro-organisms develop much faster than the past，so the researchers are more interested.
C The antibiotics for multi-drug resistant bacteria are highly priced and there will be a big market for the drug industry.
D The antibiotics has been found more powerful for the treatment of the multi-drug resistant bacteria.
2.Which of the following is true of the article published in The Lancet Infectious Diseases?
A The issue of AMR led the scientists to be alert to the new human gene.
B A new drug will be soon available for any multi-drug resistant bacteria.
C A new strain has been found to be highly resistant to almost all antibiotics.
D AMR aroused the awareness of the scientists to the infections caused by the antibiotics.
3. Who of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage to take cautious and proper action about the AMR?
A Those who use antibiotics.
B Those who sell antibiotics.
C Those who produce antibiotics.
D Those who study in universities.
4.All the following recommendations to the governments from WHO is true EXCEPT
A education to the users of antibiotics.
B control on the use of antibiotics in health facilities.
C introduction of new regulations on the sale of antibiotics.
D limit on the hospitals to store more antibiotic drugs than they Can use.
5.What can you infer from the passage?
A WHO can only recommend the governments to control and prevent the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms.
B Even with the new strains against the existing antibiotics，the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms is still under control.
C Without the support from WHO，no country can be safe in the war against the transmission of multi-drug resistant organisms.
D WHO will spare no effort in antimicrobial resistance in 2010 and will set a special day for it in 2011.
答案与题解：
1.A文中第一段指出，有些致病菌对现有的抗生素产生了一定的耐药性，而目前有
效的替代药物还没有出现，这是一个棘手的问题，因此引起了全球关注。因此，答案为A。
2.C 文中第二段说明，杂志中提到发现了一种几乎对所有抗生素都具有抵抗性的新的细菌，这一发现引起了世人对AMR，尤其是对耐药菌感染的关注。因此，答案为C。
3.D 文中提到应对AMR特别关注的人群包括：消费者，医院管理人员，病人，政府，药品生产企业以及一些国际机构，文中没有提到大学机构。因此，答案为D。
4.D WHO提出的建议包括：对AMR进行监管，合理使用抗生素，教育公众及医务人员要正确使用抗生素，立法限制非处方购买抗生素以及对感染采用预防和控制措施，没有提到限制医院储备抗生素。因此，答案为D。
5.B 虽然目前还没有发现更有效的新抗生素，但文中提到在许多国家对耐药性微生物的控制取得了很大成功，而且目前的预防手段仍然能够有效减少耐药微生物的传播。因此，答案为B
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