高考重要填空逐空特训(四)和Ksp应用有关的填空特训
(四)和K sp 应用有关的填空特训
1．某温度下，Ca(OH)2、CaWO 4的相关数据见下表
将钨酸钠溶液加入石灰乳中，发生反应的离子方程式为 WO 2－
4(aq)＋Ca(OH)2(s) CaWO 4(s)＋2OH －
(aq)
该温度下此反应的平衡常数为________。 答案 100
解析 已知CaWO 4(s) WO 2－
4(aq)＋Ca 2＋
(aq)，
K sp (CaWO 4)＝c (WO 2－
4)×c (Ca 2＋
)＝1×10－
4×1×10－
6＝1×10
－10
；
Ca(OH)2(s) 2OH －
(aq)＋Ca 2＋
(aq)，
K sp [(Ca(OH)2)]＝c 2(OH －
)×c (Ca 2＋
)＝(1×10－
2)2×1×10－
4＝1×10－
8；
则WO 2－
4(aq)＋Ca(OH)2(s) CaWO 4(s)＋2OH －
(aq)该温度下此反应的平衡常数
＝K sp [(Ca(OH)2)]÷K sp (CaWO 4)＝(1×10－
8)÷(1×10
－10
)＝100。
2．已知常温下，H 2S 的电离常数：K 1＝1.3×10－7，K 2＝7.1×10
－15
，则0.1mol·L －
1H 2S 溶液
的pH 约为________(取近似整数值)；向浓度均为0.001mol·L
－1
的AgNO 3和Hg(NO 3)2混合
溶液中通入H 2S 气体，开始生成沉淀的c (S 2－
)为________。(已知：K sp (Ag 2S)＝6.3×10－50
，
K sp (HgS)＝1.6×10－52
)
答案 4 1.6×10
－49
mol·L －
1
解析 已知常温下，H 2S 的电离常数：K 1＝1.3×10－
7，K 2＝7.1×10
－15
，则0.1mol·L －
1H 2S
溶液中氢离子浓度约是 1.3×10－
7×0.1≈10－
4，因此pH 约为4；根据溶度积常数K sp (Ag 2S)＝6.3×10
－50
，K sp (HgS)＝1.6×10
－52
可知首先产生HgS 沉淀，此时溶液中c (S 2－
)＝
1.6×10
－52
0.001
mol·L －
1＝1.6×10－49
mol·L －
1。
3．用惰性电极电解浓度较大的CuCl 2溶液，阳极的电极反应式为________________，当电解到一定程度，阴极附近出现蓝色Cu(OH)2絮状物。常温下，经测定阴极附近溶液的pH ＝m ，此时阴极附近c (Cu 2＋
)＝______________mol·L －
1 (已知：Cu(OH)2的K sp ＝2.2×10
－20
)。
答案 2Cl －
－2e －
===Cl 2↑ 2.2×10(8
－2m )
解析 用惰性电极电解浓度较大的CuCl 2溶液，阳极发生氧化反应，其电极反应式为2Cl
－
－2e －
===Cl 2↑；K sp ＝c 2
(OH －
)×c (Cu
2＋
)，c (Cu
2＋
)＝2.2×10－
20(10m －14)
2mol·L －1＝2.2×10(8－
2m)mol·L－1。
4．镁－H2O2酸性燃料电池的反应原理为Mg＋H2O2＋2H＋===Mg2＋＋2H2O, 则正极反应式：________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________。
常温下，若起始电解质溶液pH＝1，则pH＝2时，溶液中Mg2＋浓度为________。当溶液pH ＝6时，________(填“有”或“没有”)Mg(OH)2沉淀析出(已知K sp[Mg(OH)2]＝5.6×10－12)。答案H2O2＋2H＋＋2e－===2H2O0.045mol·L－1没有
解析镁－H2O2酸性燃料电池的反应原理为Mg＋H2O2＋2H＋===Mg2＋＋2H2O，正极上是过氧化氢得到电子生成水的反应，正极反应式H2O2＋2H＋＋2e－===2H2O；若起始电解质溶液pH＝1，则pH＝2时溶液中，氢离子浓度减小0.1mol·L－1－0.01mol·L－1＝0.09mol·L－1，依据反应方程式得到Mg2＋浓度＝0.045mol·L－1；K sp[Mg(OH)2]＝5.6×10－12，当溶液pH＝6时，c(OH －)＝10－8mol·L－1，则Q
c
＝c(Mg2＋)×c2(OH－)＝0.045×10－16＝4.5×10－18＜K sp[Mg(OH)2]，说明无氢氧化镁沉淀生成。
5．(1)食盐精制时所加的四种试剂：纯碱、氯化钡、盐酸和烧碱，是为了除去粗盐水中含有的________等杂质离子，需将粗盐溶解后，按顺序加入药品进行沉淀、过滤等。加入药品的顺序可以是________________。
(2)加入足量纯碱时，会有部分BaSO4转化成BaCO3。若 1.0LBaSO4的悬浊液中含0.010molBaSO4固体，需加入________molNa2CO3才能将BaSO4完全转化为BaCO3。(已知K sp(BaSO4)＝1.1×10－10，K sp(BaCO3)＝5.5×10－9)
答案(1)Ca2＋、Mg2＋、SO2－4烧碱、氯化钡、碳酸钠、盐酸(可写化学式，顺序合理即可) (2)0.51
解析(1)NaOH是为了除去Mg2＋，氯化钡是为了除去SO2－4，纯碱是为了除去Ca2＋和过量的Ba2＋，稀盐酸是为了除去OH－和CO2－3，食盐精制时所加四种试剂是为了除去粗盐水中含有的Ca2＋、Mg2＋、SO2－4等杂质离子；除去粗盐中的Mg2＋，使用的除杂试剂是过量的NaOH 溶液；除去SO2－4使用的是过量的BaCl2；除去Ca2＋和过量的Ba2＋使用的是Na2CO3，由于Na2CO3的目的是除去Ca2＋和过量的Ba2＋，故Na2CO3的加入必须在BaCl2之后，待沉淀完全后，过滤除去生成的沉淀，此时溶液中的杂质离子是OH－和CO2－3，故加入过量的盐酸即可除去，加入药品的顺序可以是烧碱、氯化钡、碳酸钠、盐酸或氯化钡、烧碱、碳酸钠、盐酸或氯化钡、碳酸钠、烧碱、盐酸。(2)溶液中SO2－4的浓度为0.01mol·L－1，根据CO2－3＋
BaSO4===BaCO3＋SO2－4当开始有BaCO3沉淀时，K＝c(SO2－4)
c(CO2－3)
＝
K sp(BaSO4)
K sp(BaCO3)
＝
1.1×10－10
5.5×10－9
＝
0.02，则c(CO2－3)＝0.5mol·L－1，此时溶液中Na2CO3的物质的量为0.5mol·L－1×1L＝0.5mol，转化的BaSO4为0.01mol，需要0.5mol＋0.01mol＝0.51molNa2CO3才能将BaSO4完全转化为BaCO3。
6．利用喷雾干燥法脱硫工艺是除去SO 2的常见方法，先将含SO 2的废气溶于水，再用饱和石灰浆吸收，具体步骤如下：
SO 2(g)＋H 2O(l) H 2SO 3(l) H ＋
(aq)＋HSO －
3 (aq) Ⅰ HSO －
3(aq) H ＋
(aq)＋SO 2－
3(aq) Ⅱ
Ca(OH)2(s) Ca 2＋
(aq)＋2OH －
(aq) Ⅲ
Ca 2＋
(aq)＋SO 2－
3(aq) CaSO 3(s) Ⅳ
该温度下，测定吸收后液体中c (Ca 2＋
)一直保持为0.70mol·L －
1，
已知K sp (CaSO 3)＝1.4×10－
7，则吸收后溶液中的SO 2－
3的浓度为________。
答案 2×10－
7mol·L －
1
解析 根据硫酸钙的溶度积常数表达式K sp (CaSO 3)＝c (Ca 2＋
)·c (SO 2－
3)可知，c (SO 2－
3)＝
K sp (CaSO 3)c (Ca 2＋
)
＝1.4×10－7
0.7mol·L －1＝2.0×10－7mol·L －
1。 7．将氢氧化钙加入钨酸钠碱性溶液中可得到钨酸钙(CaWO 4)，已知温度为T 时K sp (CaWO 4) ＝1×10
－10
，K sp [Ca(OH)2]＝4×10－
7，当溶液中WO 2－
4恰好沉淀完全(离子浓度等于10－
5
mol·
L －1
)时，溶液中c (WO 2－
4)
c (OH －)
等于________________。
答案 5×10－
5
解析 当溶液中WO 2－
4恰好沉淀完全，
其离子浓度等于10－
5mol·L －
1，根据K sp (CaWO 4)＝c (Ca 2＋
)×c (WO 2－
4)＝1×10
－10
，则溶液中c (Ca 2＋
)＝1×10－
5mol·L －
1，再根据K sp [Ca(OH)2]＝c (Ca 2
＋
)×c 2
(OH －)＝4×10－7
，可知c (OH －)＝0.2 mol·L
－1
，则溶液中c (WO 2－
4)
c (OH －)
＝10－
50.2＝5×10－5
。
8．常温下，K sp [Fe(OH)2]＝1.64×10
－14
，则求得反应：Fe 2＋
＋2H 2O Fe(OH)2＋2H ＋
的平衡
常数为________________(保留1位小数)。 答案 6.1×10
－15
解析 Fe 2＋
＋2H 2O Fe(OH)2＋2H ＋
的平衡常数K ＝c 2(H ＋
)c (Fe 2＋)＝c 2(H ＋
)c 2(OH －
)c (Fe 2＋)c 2(OH －)＝(1×10－
14)2
1.64×10－
14≈6.1×10
－15
。
9．甲烷重整可选氧化物NiO －Al 2O 3作为催化剂。工业上常用Ni(NO 3)2、Al(NO 3)3混合液加入氨水调节pH ＝12(常温)，然后将浊液高压恒温放置及煅烧等操作制备。加入氨水调节pH ＝12时，c (Ni 2＋
)为________。已知：K sp [Ni(OH)2]＝5×10
－16
。
答案 5×10
－12
mol·L －1
解析 pH ＝12，c (OH －
)＝0.01mol·L －
1， K sp [Ni(OH)2]＝5×10
－16
，c (Ni 2＋
)＝5×10－
16(10－2)
2mol·
L －1＝5×10－12mol·L －
1。
10．一定温度下，K sp[Mg3(PO4)2]＝6.0×10－29，K sp[Ca3(PO4)2]＝6.0×10－26。向浓度均为0.20mol·L－1的MgCl2和CaCl2混合溶液中逐滴加入Na3PO3，先生成________________沉淀(填化学式)；当测得溶液其中一种金属阳离子沉淀完全(浓度小于10－5mol·L－1)时，溶液中的另一种金属阳离子的物质的量浓度c＝________mol·L－1。
答案Mg3(PO4)210－4
解析难溶物溶度积常数小的先沉淀，根据溶度积常数相对大小知，Mg3(PO4)2先生成沉淀，当溶液中c(Mg2＋)＝10－5mol·L－1时，认为镁离子完全沉淀，则溶液中的
c2(PO3－4)＝K sp[Mg3(PO4)2]
c3(Mg2＋)
＝
6.0×10－29
(10－5)3
＝6.0×10－14，所以c(Ca2＋)＝
36×10－26
6×10－14
mol·L－1＝
10－4mol·L－1。
(完整版)高中英语语法填空专题训练和答案
语法填空专项训练 1 Before the 17th century, most of the native English speakers lived in England. After the 17th century, British people began to move to other ___66___ (country). Gradually, English was spoken there. At present ___67___ (many) people speak English as their first, second or a foreign language than ever before. ___68___ (luck), native English speakers can understand each other even if they don’t speak the same kind of English. English ___69___ (change) and developed when cultures met and communicated with each other over the past centuries. The English ___70___ (speak) in England between about AD450 and 1150 was very different ___71___ the modern English we speak today. It was the new settlers that enriched the English language and ___72___ (especial) its vocabulary. The English language was settled by the 19th century ___73___ two big changes in English spelling happened. English now is also spoken as a foreign ___74___second language in South Asia. China may have the ___75___ (large) number of English learners. 66.【答案】countries 【解析】考查名词。country是可数名词，此处由other修饰用复数形式，指其他的国家。故填countries. 67. 【答案】more 【解析】考查比较级。根据句中的than ever before可知含有和以前比较的意思，要用比较级表示更多的人，故填more. 68. 【答案】Luckily 【解析】考查副词。此处单独使用作状语要用副词形式，指“幸运的是”，故填Luckily. 69. 【答案】has changed 【解析】考查时态。根据句意和时间状语over the past centuries可知与现在完成时连用，主语是单数，故填has changed. 70. 【答案】spoken 【解析】考查过去分词。English和动词speak是被动关系，此处是过去分词作定语，故填spoken.
高考英语语法填空专题训练29篇(1)
高考语法填空专题训练 一 第二节语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，满分15分) Once there lived a rich man 31 wanted to do something for the people of his town. 32 first he wanted to find out whether they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town, he placed 33 very large stone. Then he 34 (hide ) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow. “Who put this stone in the centre of the road?” said the old man, but he did not try to remove the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way. 35 man came along and did the same thing; then another came ,and another. All of them complained about the stone but not tried to remove 36 . Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, 37 (say) to himself: “The night 38 (be) very dark. Some neighbors will come along later in the dark and will fall against the stone.” Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his 39 (strong) to move it.
溶度积的计算
溶度积的计算 （1）已知溶度积求离子浓度： 例1、已知室温下PbI2的溶度积为7.1×10-9，求在c(I-)=0.1mol·L-1的PbI2饱和溶液中, Pb2+的浓度最大可达到多少? （2）已知溶度积求溶解度： 例2、已知298K 时ＡgCl 的K sp = 1.8×10-10，求其溶解度S （3）已知溶解度求溶度积 例3、已知AgCl 298 K 时在水中溶解度为1.92×10-4g，计算其K sp。 （4）利用溶度积判断离子共存： 例4、已知298K时，MgCO3的K sp = 6.82×10-6，溶液中c(Mg2+)=0.0001mol·L-1，c(CO32-) = 0.0001mol·L-1，此时Mg2+和CO32-能否共存？
（5）利用溶度积判断沉淀平衡移动方向： 已知：K SP（AgCl）＝1.8 ×10－10K SP（AgI）＝8.3 ×10－17 往AgCl固体中加入蒸馏水，使其达到溶解平衡， （1）求溶液中c（Ag+）有多大？ （2）再向该溶液加入KI，使I-浓度达到0.1mol/L,请判断有没有AgI生成？ （6）溶度积与PH： 例5.25℃时，Ksp [Mg(OH)2]= 5.6×10-12, 求Mg(OH)2的饱和溶液中的c(Mg2+)和PH值；若往此饱和溶液中滴入无色酚酞则溶液呈什么颜色？ 练习1：在100mL 0.01mol/LKCl 溶液中，加入1mL 0.01mol/L AgNO3溶液，有沉淀(已知AgCl K SP=1.8×10-10)？Ag+沉淀是否完全?（化学上通常认为残留在溶液中的离子浓度小于1×10-5mol/L，沉淀就达完全） 练习2：25℃时Ksp [Fe(OH)2]= 4.9×10-17，Ksp [Al(OH)3]= 1.3×10-33,比较Fe(OH)2、Al(OH)3饱和溶液中溶解度的大小.
(完整版)高三英语语法填空专项训练(含答案解析)
高三英语专项训练----语法填空 （1）(Topic: ) Once there lived a rich man who wanted to do something for the people of his town. But first he wanted to find out 16 _______ they deserved his help. In the centre of the main road into the town，he placed 17 ___ very large stone. Then he 18____ (hide) behind a tree and waited. Soon an old man came along with his cow.“Who put this stone in the centre of the road?” said the old man, 19____ he did not try to remove the stone. Instead, with some difficulty he passed around the stone and continued on his way.20 ______ man came along and did the same thing; then another came，and another. All of them complained about the stone but did not tried to remove 21______. Late in the afternoon a young man came along. He saw the stone, 22 _______ (say) to himself: “The night will be very dark. Some neighbors will come along later 23 _____ the dark and will fall against the stone.” Then he began to move the stone. He pushed and pulled with all his 24 ________ (strong) to move it. How great was his surprise at last! 25 ________ the stone，he found a bag of money. （2）(Topic: ) The best gift I ever received is the parents that were given to me. I could not have picked out 16 _______ (good) parents myself. My mom is smart，funny，and very artistic. She loves painting and encouraging other people to paint as well. She owns 17______ own book and art store. And at night she teaches adult 18 ________ (educate). She helps kids 19 _________ have dropped out of high school 20 _________ (get) their diploma. She always has time for me and my brothers. She hardly ever gets mad 21 ______ us and loves doing new things with us，22 _____ going to a new museum or going out onto the beach in the middle of the winter and taking pictures at the beach in the snow. My dad knows 23 _____ to fix anything and loves to play musical instruments. He helps me with my science projects and other school projects. He works hard to make money for our family and hardly ever complains. He loves skating with me and 24______ (build) us a half pipe and other cool things. So I have to say that 25 _______ gift I’m most grateful for is the one the God gave me—my parents. （3）(Topic: ) Sometimes Chinese English teachers are puzzled by such questions，“Have you got any skills in reading comprehension?” Actually，many of the teachers can’t give students 16 ___ efficient way to deal with reading. Anyway，17 _____ often simply say，“Read more and practise more，and you 18 ______ (get) more experience in reading comprehension.” Frankly, these teachers’ good 19_________ (suggest) are only helpful to arouse students’ interest in reading 20 ____ not helpful to deal wit h the questions in the examinations of reading comprehension. Personally，I think the skill for reading comprehension should be based 21 ______ the knowledge of English writing. Since the English passages are written under some rules or principles，the science of reading 22 ______understanding may have a close relationship with writing.
高考语法填空题分类训练【高考必备】
高考语法填空题分类训练【高考必备】 纯空格题（无提示词） 1. 空格后是名词或名词词组 ?填冠词、定冠词或物主代词： 练习： 1) It happened in ________ spring of 1992. 2) I write to my parents once ________ month. 3) The gentleman is ________ expert in language teaching. 4) On ________ second day he will have discussions with our officials in the morning. 5) ________ book on that shelf is an interesting one about history. 6) It is pleasant to play a game of tennis on ________ summer afternoon. 7) In that country, less than 10% of ________ population are farmers. 8) The boy promised ________ mother never to lie to her again. 9) I don’t trust ________ own judgment. 10) A bird is known by ________ note, and a man by his talk. ?填and, or, but：
例：In much of Asia, especially the so-called “rice bowl”cultures chopsticks.（2016高考全国卷III） 练习： 1) He won’t eat meat ________ fish. 2) Nothing is certain ________ death and taxes. 3) Snakes ________ lizards are cold-blooded animals. 4) She spends hours ________ hours on the phone. 5) If the product doesn't work, you are given the choice of a refund ________ a replacement. ?填介词： d been observing.（2018高考全国卷III） 练习： 1) Japan is equal ________ France in size. 2) Our country is rich ________ minerals. 3) We should be strict ________ all our work. 4) He is known ________ a successful lawyer. 5) Smoking will do harm ________ people’s health. 6) ________ the sight of the policeman, the thief ran off. 7) She put some salt in her cup of tea ________ mistake. 8) We’re having a collection ________ Tom’s retirement present.
2018年浙江省中考数学总复习选择填空限时训练(5)含答案
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难溶电解质的溶解平衡——Ksp计算教学设计
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高中英语语法填空练习20篇含答案
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全国卷高考英语语法填空专项训练精选
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高考语法填空专题训练有答案
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