英语语法专题复习讲义

英语语法专题复习讲义

一、名词

【要点点拨】

一.可数名词的复数构成规则:

1.规则变化:加-s, -es; 辅音字母加y结尾的去y加ies;把f/ fe变成ves;

(1)keys three Henrys; stomachs; safes; beliefs; proofs; roofs; gulfs; chiefs; heroes; potatoes; tomatoes; Negroes; dingoes

(2) 缩写,数字,字母等在后面加s或’s都可,如: some VIPs (VIP’s); in his 50s / 50’s; in the 1990s / 1990’s; There are two t’s in the word “letter”.

2.不规则变化:

(1)men children feet, teeth, geese, mice; oxen等;

(2)单复数形式相同:sheep; deer; fish; means; works(工厂); Chinese; Japanese; Swiss; (teas, fruits, fishes, metals等表示种类);

(3)只有复数形式:trousers, glasses(眼镜);remains(遗体/物);clothes; ashes; contents(目录); goods; customs(海关); arms(武器);

(4)复合名词的复数形式: shoe shops; lookers-on; grown-ups; passers-by; daughters-in-law

(5)表示某国人的复数形式:A:单复一样:(Chinese / Japanese) B: 把man变成men : Englishmen; Frenchmen; C:其它加s (包括Germans, humans)

一、不可数名词

1.量的表示：用some / a little / much等表示数量的词（组）及单位名词（量词），用得较多的有piece, article, bottle, head, loaf, bar等：a piece of advice / bread / news / information / equipment / chalk / cloth / clothing / music / work / furniture / paper / wood / baggage; a loaf of bread; a bar of chocolate two head of cattle

2.不可数名词具体化： These games are great successes; The party was a great success.

二、名词的所有格：

1.表示有生命的名词后加’s, 如一样东西为几人共有，则在最后一个名词后加’s: Jack and Tom’s room(两人共有的房间); Jack’s and Tom’s rooms（两人各自的房间）；表示无生命的名词的所有格用of表示：the windows of the room;

(但表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体、机构等无生命的名词后也可加’s: China’s industry; today’s paper; ten minutes’ walk)

2.表示“某人家里”“某店铺”等的名词所有格后省略所修饰的名词：at my aunt’s (house); at the doctor’s (office); go to the chemist’s (shop);

3.双重所有格：a / an / this / that / these / those / some / any / a few / no / every / several / such / another / which 等+名词+of +…..’s / 名词性物主代词（表示“部分”的概念或表示某种感情色彩，如：赞赏、讨厌等）；

比较：

她母亲的一个朋友（强调她母亲的朋友中的一位，为双重所有格）

她母亲的朋友（强调两人间的关系，为of所有格）

picture of his brother’s(他弟弟的所拥有的照片中的一张，照片上不一定是他本人)

（他弟弟本人的一张照片，照片上就是他本人）

三、名词作定语修饰名词：前一个名词表示后一个名词的特点、性质及用途；

(1)一般前面的名词用单数形式，复数加在后面主体名词上：shoe shop(s); story book(s); coffee cup(s); physics teacher(s); 个别名词修饰另外一个名词用复数形式：sales manager; sports meet; 由man / woman与另一个名词构成复合名词两者都变复数：men/ women doctors;

(2)比较名词作定语及形容词作定语的不同意义：

a dust bag ( a bag for dust) 装灰尘的袋子/ a dusty bag布满灰尘的袋子 a chemical change化学变化(具有化学性质的变化)/ a chemistry teacher( a teacher of chemistry)一个化学老师

a gold watch 一只金表(表材质)/ a golden watch一只金黄色的表

五.英语中”很多”的表达:

:quite a few / a great many (of) / many / a (large / small) number of

只修饰不可数名词: a great deal of / a great amount of ( great amounts of)

既可修饰可数也可修饰不可数名词:plenty of / a lot of ( lots of ) / a (large) quantity of / large quantities of

1. No regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to stick to the _____of his advertisement.

A. standard

B. level

C. message

D. promise

2. -----What do you think of his composition?

------Much better, but ther e’s still some ______for improvement.

A. space

B. room

C. area

D. place

3. Sometimes doctors make higher ______ for their work than they should.

A. bills

B. charges

C. costs

D. prices

4. The ______of a big snake made her frightened, so she sat there still.

A. sight

B. look

C. view

D. scene

5. No ______ she fell ill, considering that she had been overworking for years.

A. problem

B. way

C. wonder

D. matter

6. -----How is it that you lost your way?

------When I came to the crossroads, I went the wrong ________.

A. way

B. direction

C. distance

D. path

7. Little Tom asked me for small _________ for his _________, so I gave him ________.

A. change; ten pennies; ten pence

B. changes; ten pennies; ten pence

C. change; ten pence; ten pennies

D. changes; ten pence; ten pennies

8. Will you please tell me _______you are talking about?

A. which Zhang Yimou’s film

B. which film of Zhang Yimou

C. which film of Zhang Yimou’s

D. zhang Yimou’s which f ilm

9. The baby broke a _______which is made of _____just now.

A. tea cup; glass

B. cup of tea; glass

C. tea’s cup; glasses

D. tea cup; glasses

10. Look, Mother has just bought three _______ and _______.

A. fruit; lots of vegetables

B. fruits; a number of vegetables

C. fruit; a great many of the vegetables

D. fruits; a great amount of vegetables

11. If you get the job you’ll have to make business ______every now and then.

A. journeys

B. trips

C. travels

D. voyages

12. I listened to his lecture about biology but I missed the key ______.

A. messages

B. sense

C. notes

D. points

13. He is always full of ______as though he never knew tiredness.

A. strength

B. force

C. power

D. energy

14. There has been a great _______ in the number of cars in our city in the past five years.

A. increase

B. improvement

C. result

D. effect

15. I don’t think it’s my ______ that the TV doesn’t work. I just turned it off.

A. mistake

B. fault

C. duty

D. error

16. ------W hat’s the ______ of this pair of shoes?

------500 yuan.

------Oh, it’s really too expensive.

-------But it’s comfortable, so I think it’s good _______ for money.

A. cost; value

B. price; value

C. price; cost

D. cost; price

17. How did you like the ________of the interpreter(口译员)at the conference on TV?

A. performance

B. achievement

C. material

D. words

18. She is not in good _______for such heavy work.

A. state

B. condition

C. position

D. situation

19. It’s bad _______ for a man to smoke in public places where smoking is not allowed.

A. manners

B. action

C. movement

D. manner

20. Johnson is an honest businessman. Our company and his has had a lot of _______ in the past few years.

A. agreements

B. sales

C. deals

D. bargains

主谓一致

【要点点拨】

英语句子中谓语动词的数必须与主语的人称和数取得一致，这就叫做主谓一致。解决主谓一致主要遵循三个原则：语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则。

1：either neither each one the other another anybody anyone anything somebody someone something everythingeverybody everyoneno one nothingnobody 做主语时，谓语一般用单数。

Neither of the two sentences is correct

Everything around us is matter

(注意：none neither, allany作主语时，谓语可用单数，也可用复数，具体取决于说话人的意思。)

None of them owns/own a car

Neither of the boys are / is interested in geography.

All are here. And all that can be done has been done.

2 ：表示“时间、距离、金额、重量、面积、体积、容积”等度量的名词做主语时，谓语用单数。

Five minutes is enough

Four hundred francs is a lot of money

3：each …and each …，every …and everyno …and nomany a …and many a …等结构由于强调个体行为，因此谓语动词使用单数。

Each boy and each girl has got a new English-Chinese dictionary.

No sound and no voice is heard for a long time.

4：从句、不定式、动名词或短语作主语时谓语动词使用单数形式。

To say something is one thing to do it is another（to say something to do 是不定式）

“How do you do?” is not a question but a greeting（How do you do?是句子，作主语）

(注意：what 引导主语从句时应注意其所指的具体内容来确定谓语的单复数。)

What we need is more timewhile what they need are more doctors and medicines.

5：one and a half 后面带名词的复数，谓语动词常用单数。

One and half bananas is left on the table

6：用and 连接的两个名词表示单一概念时谓语动词使用单数。

The headmaster and Party secretary is going abroad next month.

Bread and butter is my usual breakfast.

7 ：有些名词呈复数形式，但并不表示复数概念。

The news is disappointing that a chemical works is to be built in the west of the city.

8：名词由and 或both …and 连接主语时，谓语动词使用复数形式。

Both coffee and beer are on sale in the shop

9：people public police cattle 做主语时，谓语动词习惯上使用复数。

The police have caught the murderer. And people are talking about the news.

考点10：表示成双、成套的名词作主语时，谓语动词使用复数。

Your trousers are too long, but these shoes fit you quite well.

但有a pair of 连接时，谓语动词使用单数。

A pair of gloves is a nice present for her.

11: 不可数名词作主语，但前面有表示数量的复数名词修饰时，谓语动词用复数。

Three million tons of oil are exploited every year in the oil field.

12: 在or either ---or --- neither--- nor ---not only --- but also --- not --- but --- there be 等结构中，采取就近原则，即谓语动词使用单数还是复数取决于最靠近的主语的单复数。

Either the teacher or the students are to blame.

Not only the students but also their teacher is enjoying the film.

考点13 :

下列结构用于引起一个附加的成分，谓语动词的形式应不受附加成分的影响而于前面的主语取得一致: as well as rather than like except besides with along with including such --- as---;

No one but Jack and Mary knows about it.

I as well as they am ready to help you.

考点14：some of plenty of a lot of most of the rest of all(of ) half (of );分数或百分之+of +名词做主语时，以名词的单复数为准。

A lot of students are waiting outside. And lots of the time has been wasted.

More than 70% of the eart h’s surface is covered by water.

Ten percent of the apples are bad.

The rest of the story needs no telling.

He stayed at home and the rest of the boys were out at play.

15：由a kind of this kind of many kinds of 和名词+ of this kind 等以及与kind 意思相近的type sort 等构成的类似的短语做主语时，谓语动词与of 前的名词取得一致。

This kind of apple sells well in China.

Apples of this kind are highly priced.

16：more than 开头的句子，看其后面的名词。

More than one answer is written on the blackboard.

More than two hundred soldiers were killed in the battle.

17: 定语从句中谓语动词的形式与先行词一致，但one of +复数名词+who/ that 引导的定语从句的谓语动词的形式看one 的前面是否有the (only )等修饰语，有为单数，无为复数。

This is one of the best books that have appeared this year.

She is the only one of those women who doesn’t know a thing about knitting(编织)

18: population; company class team family group nation world government 等词做主语时，如果强调整体，谓语动词使用单数；如果强调组成成员，谓语动词使用复数。

Our family has a reunion every year.

His family are waiting for him.

19 ：the +形容词，表示一类人，谓语动词用复数;若指单数，则用单数谓语动词。

The rich are for the plan but the poor are against it

The true is to be distinguished from the false.

真实应与假相区别。(the true / the false表单数概念)

20：a number of + 复数名词结构应用复数动词。the number of + 复数名词结构应用单数动词。如：

A number of people were killed and injured in the explosion.

The number of people who were killed in the tsunami(海啸) has grown to 160,000.

注：“many a + 单数可数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。

【各个击破】

1.——Have you heard that Tian Liang, along with his parents, _______ to Canada?

——Really? No wonde r I haven’t seen him t hese days.

A. has been

B. has gone

C. have been

D. have gone

2. Over three-quarter of the city _______ destroyed in the Iraq War

A.is

B. are

C. were

D. was

3. This kind of stories ________ instructive while stories of that kind ________ harmful to children

A.is seems

B. are seem

C. is seem

D. are seems

4. Everybody in our hometown men and women young and old ________ sports and games

A.are fond of

B. joins

C. enjoys

D. go in for

5. The Whites’ family which _______ rather a lar ge one ________ very fond of their house

A.were were

B. was were

C. were; was

D. was was

6. Not his son but his two daughters ________ to Canada never to be seen again

A. has gone

B. have gone

C. has been

D. have been

7. When the injured _______ to the hospital, they came to ________.

A.was rushed life

B. were rushed life

C. rushed lives

D. were rushed lives

8. Despite much research there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that _______ not fully understood

A. are

B. were

C. is

D. was

9. _________ visitors to Hong Kong were asked by newspaper reporters what their impressions of the people were.

A.The number of

B. A numbers of

C. Numbers of

D. Any numbers of

10. Though small the ant is as much as a creature as _________ all other animals on earth

A.are

B. is

C. do

D. have

11. Between the two rows of trees _______ the teaching building

A. have

B. has

C. stands

D. are

12. Every possible means _________ tried but without much result

A.have been

B. had

C. has

D. has been

13. The rest of the story ________ no telling Half of the students _______ no interest in it

A.need has

B. needs have

C. needs has

D. need have

14. John and Mary, ___ sure to come to our party this evening.

A. be

B. are

C. is

D. to be

15. This is the only one of the books on the subject ________ ever been written in English

A.that has

B. which have

C. that have

D. which is

16. Every boy and every girl as well as some teachers who ____ to visit the museum____ asked to be at the school gate before 6:30 in the morning.

A.are, are

B. is is

C. are, is

D. is are

17. A great many people_______ present at the meeting But many a man ________ late for the meeting because of the traffic jam

A. are; are

B. is; is

C. were; was

D. was are

18. He is the only one of the children who often ________ ill of others behind their backs

A.have spoken

B. were speaking

C. speaks

D. speak

19. It’s I who ________ the Christmas gift to yo u

A. has sent

B. have sent

C. is going to fetch

D. are going to fetch

20. What were your problems a year ago _______ mine now

A. has become

B. have become

C. becomes

D. became

二、介词

【要点点拨】

复习时要把握三点：

A. 要注意理解情景意义：同一介词可表达多种意义，同一场合意义不同则介词不同。

He hasn’t come for a month(for 持续时间)

The day is warm for April（for 就……而言）

B. 要突破几个关键介词in on at with by from of to for

1 表示时间的：at; in on since from to after within during throughout towards over by till

2 表示穿越的:through across over

3．表示地理位置的：in on; to

4．表示原因、目的的：forwith from

5. 表示关于的:about concerning regarding with regard to as foras to

6. 表示根据：on according to

7. in the corneron the corner at the corner 的区别

8．between 和among

9．besidesexcept butexcept for

10．in 和with

C. 要注意介词搭配，集中归纳，反复练习。

1. 固定与to 构成搭配的名词：key answer visit apology introductionnote etc.

2. 与on 有关的：mercy congratulations

3. 与at有关的：angry good bad clever terrified surprised

4. 与of 有关的：afraid sure full tired fond proud worthy certain

5. 与with 有关的：angry strict careful busy poplar

6. 与to 有关的：next, good polite kind cruel rude known anxious married close near similar, due

7. 与for 有关的：sorry good free fit unfit eager, anxious hungry

8. 与from 有关的：far different free, safe absent tired

【各个击破】

1. ---What do you want _______ those old boxes ?

--- To put things in when I move to the new flat

A. by

B. for

C. of

D. with

2. Luckily the bullet narrowly missed the captain ________ an inch

A. by

B. at

C. to

D. from

3. The train leaves at 6:00pm, so I have to be at the station _______ 5:30 pm.

A. until

B. after

C. by

D. around

4. The little boy was quite alone in the world ________ an aunt in the United States

A. except for

B. except

C. besides

D. except that

5.________ his great surprise his shop was robbed ________ computers

A. To of

B. For of

C. From with

D. To with

6. We offered him our congratulations _________ his passing the driving test

A. at

B. for

C. of

D. on

7. Einstein’s special theory of relativity is quite _______ me

A. for

B. beyond

C. to

D. against

8. How much did you pay ________ the tickets ________ tonight’s New Year Concert?

A. for; for

B. for to

C. for of

D. to for

9. He has been caught ________ the rain and is wet ________ skin

A. by to

B. in to

C. in through

D. with in

10. ---How long have you been like this?

---_______ last Friday

A. From

B. Since

C. In

D. After

11. Besides being able to walk on for three days without drinking camels can also live for a long time ________ small quantities of food

A. with

B. on

C. by

D. without

12. I’m sorry it’s ________ my power to make a final decision on the project

A. over

B. above

C. off

D. beyond

13. ---Did you lose the match ?

---Yes we lost the match _______ one goal

A. by

B. at

C. with

D. only

14. The study you have been making ________ the living things in the ocean is an instructive job

A. to

B. for

C. of

D. from

15. I felt it rather difficult to take a stand ________ the opinion of the majority

A. to

B. by

C. in

D. against

16. ---Your daughter is tall enough ________ her age.

---Yes. I was much ________ when I was her age.

A. for taller

B. at taller

C. at shorter

D. for shorter

17.---When will the game begin ?

---It will begin later than usual _______ ten minutes

A. in

B. on

C. by

D. at

18.---Is your grandma still with you ?

--- No She still prefers to live in the countryside _________ all its disadvantages

A. for

B. except

C. with

D. to

19.Let’s keep in touch You can reach me ________ this number

A. at

B. on

C. from

D. in

20.---Miss Li Jack is ill so he can’t come to school

---Then we’ll begin our class _________ him

A. except for

B. apart from

C. except

D. without

21.---It’s so noisy upstairsPeter better go and see what they have been up ________.

---OK

A. to

B. in

C. with

D. for

22.---What’s your fa vorite sport?

---Jogging I run _________ the river every morning

A. around

B. on

C. along

D. in

23._________ running learning English needs will

A. As with

B. As to

C. As for

D. As if

24.________ left before the deadline it doesn’t seem likely that he will finish the job

A. Though such a short time

B. Because such a short time

C. With such a short time

D. As such a short time

25. He reminded me _______ the time _______ the meeting

A. at at B of; of C. in in D. at in

26. The sun will rise ________ about a quarter of an hour

A. on

B. in

C. after

D. at

27. Liu Xiang’s parents were overjoyed and burst ______ tears _______ the news of their son’s victory in the Olympic Games

A. into at

B. out for

C. forth on

D. to after

28. Hellen used to be a shy girl but she has grown _______ it now.

A. without

B. over

C. away

D. out of

29.This is the Audi car __________ she came here

A. by which

B. by that

C. in which

D. with which

30. My house is ________ a stone’s throw from school so I often go to school _______ foot

A. within on

B. to by

C. on on

D. of with

31. We went on a picnic ________ the heavy rain

A. although

B. in spite of

C. because of

D. for

32. ---Can I borrow some money from you ?

--- You’re already in debt _________ me for sixty dollars

A. to

B. for

C. from

D. by

33.His best -known work that is ________ all praise can be seen in the museum

A. without

B. beyond

C. with

D. within

34.He likes his coffee with sugar I like mine ________.

A. not

B. of no

C. none

D. without

35. Without a thorough grasp ________biology a student cannot hope to study medicine

A. in

B. for

C. of

D. with

36.We decided to climb the mountain but _______ second thought realized that it was too dangerous

A. after

B. on

C. in

D. at

37._________ success I don’t mean what is usually thought of when that word is used

A. In

B. By

C. With

D. For

38.Mr. Smith apologized _________ the children ________ the lady ________ what they had done

A. for to to

B. for to for

C. to to for

D. to for for

39.We live _______ a small river that flows ________ the Thames

A. in into

B. on into

C. at onto

D. in; onto

40.________ curiosity I went to the customer service counter and asked why

A.Beyond

B. Besides

C. Apart from

D. Out of

41. Mr. Johnson goes to work very early in the morning and goes on working until late in the afternoon _________ a break at midday

A. with

B. for

C. as

D. through

42.The manned spacecraft “Shenhou V”,________ China greets the 21st century marks new progress in the century’s space program.

A.for which

B. from which

C. in which

D. with which

43. He might have been killed ________ the arrival of the police

A.except for

B. apart from

C. but for

D. in spite of

44. Isn’t _________ rude ______ him to talk to his mother like that ?

A. that for

B. that of

C. it for

D. it of

45.Theory is based on practice and ______ turn serves practice

A. on

B. in

C. by

D. at

三、代词

【要点点拨】

1、在定语从句中，当先行词是代词he / she / those / anyone等时，从句的引导词指人时用

who, 指物时用that。

e.g. Those who know the answer can go on with the other exercises.

He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.

Anything that benefits the people will be accepted.

2、all ( both, every, each)…… not = not all ( both, every, each) 构成部分否定，他们的全部否定分别是：none,

neither, no one ( nothing)

e.g. Not all the students could understand his explanation.

Each child can not go to school in the mountain village.

3、含有else的所有格有以下几种表示法：somebody else’s, anybody else’s, nobody else’s who else’s = whose else

4、定代词作主语，代词可用：it（指物）、he（指人）、they（指人、物）

e.g. Everyone knows how to d o it, doesn’t he/ don’t they?

4、all

作主语时的数：代替可数名词，是复数；代替不可数名词，是单数；作“所…的一切”解释时，不可数，动词用单数。

5、身代词：by oneself: 亲自、独自、自动地；of oneself: 自动地；be oneself: 身体好help oneself (to…):

自助、自己拿……； in itself: 本质上、就其本身而言。

e.g. The man is too old to live by himsel

f. / The door closed of itself.

I’m not quite myself today. / The question in itself is not very difficult.

6. 用人称代词简略回答时，要用人称代词的宾格。

e.g. ---- Who is knocking at the door? ---- Me, Tom.

Me to play Pingpong with him?

7. The rest、The remainder作主语时，谓语动词取决于它们所替代的名词。

e.g. I have read half of the book. The rest is to be finished in a week.

Several people were saved, but the remainder were still inside the burning house.

区别以下几组词：

1、none, nothing, no one(nobody)

none：（指三个以上之中）没有任何（人、物），常用来否定回答以How many/ How much…?

引起的疑问句。可以后接介词短语of…；作主语时，谓语动词既可用单数也可以用复数。

e.g. ---- How many sheep did you see on the hill? ---- None.

---- Please give me some ink. ---- Sorry, there is none(no ink) left.

None of the students could answer the question, which made the teacher disappointed nothing：（视为单数）没什么，无事

e.g. After the fire, nothing was left on the hills.

Nothing did he say and he went home silently.

no one= nobody：没有一个人，只能指人，是单数，常用来否定回答Who…?的疑问句，后面不可接of介词短语。

e.g. ---- Who broke the window? ---- No one. It broke of itsel

f.

2、it / they， one / ones， the one / the onesthat / those

it / they：用来指前面所提及的名词本身，起替代作用，避免重复；

e.g. He bought a pen. It cost him 50 yuan. / He has two brothers. They are both workers.

one / ones：用来指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个，是泛指; 还可以泛指人。

e.g. ---- Do you have a camera? ---- No, but my father has one.

A chair made of iron is usually heavier than one made of wood.

One can not be too careful when crossing the road.

the one / the ones：用来特指前面所提及的可数名词中的一个或几个。

e.g. ---- I’m looking for a pen. ---- How do you like the one in the box?

---- Who are the boys? ---- You mean the ones playing basketball?

that / those：“that” 用来替代前面出现过的可数名词单数= the one或不可数名词，以避免重复；“those”

用来替代前面出现过的可数名词复数= the ones，以避免重复。

e.g. The price of a pen is often higher than that of a pencil.

The weather in Beijing is colder than that in Shanghai.

The students in Class Two are more hard-working than those(the ones) in Class One.

3、some / any, everybody / anybody

习惯上，some和everybody用于肯定句，any和 anybody用于疑问、否定句。

但当some用于疑问句时，表示对所涉及的名词持肯定态度，everybody用于疑问句时，译为“大家、每个人”。 e.g. Is everybody pleased with the show?

试比较：Do you have any water? (对water持怀疑态度)

---- Do you like some more water? ---- No, thanks. (对water持肯定态度)

any和anybody也可以用于肯定句。当它们用于肯定句时，有很强的强调口气。

e.g. ---- When shall we meet again? ---- Any time you like.

Anybody here knows how to treat a stranger.

4、who / whoever what / whatever which / whichever, whom / whomever

who / what / which/ whom是疑问词，引起的句子具有疑问色彩；whoever / whatever / whichever /whomever 是代词，并不引起疑问句，而用来引导名词性从句或让步状语从句。

e.g. Who will teach us English is still unknown.

Whoever did it will be punished. / Whoever did it, he will be punished.

What would you do if you had that sum of money? / Whatever you do, do it well.

5、other / others; the other / the others another

other：作代词时，一般不单独使用，而必须与any, some, no 等连用。

e.g. He is no other but Tom. / These are all we have, we have no other(s).

others：常与some连用，表示：一些……其它的……。

e.g. Some people like fishing, some like boating, others skating.

the other: 与one连用，构成词组：one…the other：指两者中“一个……另一个……”

the others: 指在一定范围中的“其余的”。

e.g. In our class some students are good at maths, some are good at Chinese, the others are good at physics.

another:

是形容词，“另一个、在一个”，一般作定语，既可以修饰单数名词，又可以修饰复数名词，还可

以修饰数词。

e.g. We stayed in New York for another three weeks. / Please have another apple.

当another修饰单数名词时，在上下文意思明确的情况下，可以把名词省略，这时another起代词作

用。

e.g. After eating an apple, I had another (one).

6、all both each every either

all：指三者或三者以上的所有，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。

both：指“两者都”，可以作形容词修饰名词复数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。

each：“每一个”，一般指两者中的每一个，也可指许多中的每一个；可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词，可作主语、宾语或同位语；后可接of介词短语。

e.g. There are trees on each side / both sides of the river.

Each of us has a chance to go to university.

We each have a dictionary.

every：指三者或三者以上中的每一个，是形容词，只能作定语，后面不能接of介词短语。

either：指“两者中一个”或“两者中无论哪一个”，可以作形容词修饰名词单数，作代词作主语、宾语；后可接of介词短语。

e.g. If you keep still, you can sit on either end of the boat.

I don’t like either of the m. Do you have any other blouse?

【各个击破】

1. ---- Do you want tea or coffee?

---- _____ I really don’t mind.

A. Both

B. None

C. Either

D. Neither

2. I read about it in some book or other, does it matter ______ it was?

A. where

B. what

C. how

D. which

3. ---- You’re always working. Come on, let’s go shopping.

---- _______ you ever want to do is going shopping.

A. Anything

B. Something

C. All

D. That

4. The boss decided to dismiss two workers: ________

A. you and Tom

B. I and you

C. Mary and I

D. she and you

5. I don’t care for ______ of the hats. Would you show me a third one?

A. all

B. none

C. either

D. both

6. I now do not accept ______ that is offered to me, I only choose those useful.

A. anything

B. any

C. whatever

D. everything

7. A school is an exciting place, ____ in which new talents are being discovered every day.

A. and

B. that

C. there

D. one

8. ---- How much vinegar did you put in the salad?

---- I’m sorry to say, _______. I forgot.

A. no

B. nothing

C. no one

D. none

9. ---- Is this umbrella yours?

---- No, mine is here. It must be ________.

A. someone’s

B. someone’s else

C. someone else’s

D. someone’s else’s

10.Our feelings were ___________

A. the same as they

B. same as theirs

C. same as they

D. the same as theirs

11. You can reach the town ______ road you take.

A. whatever

B. what

C. whichever

D. which

12. ______ who wish to go swimming may sign up here.

A. Any person

B. Those

C. Anyone

D. These

13. Now that the new machines have been bought, _____ will you do with the old _____ ?

A. how ones

B. how one

C. what one

D. what ones

14. The thieves ran away separately, _____ carrying a bag.

A. all

B. each

C. every

D. either

15. ---- Did anybody ask for me during my absence?

---- Yes, ______ called Black asked to see you.

A. he

B. it

C. one

D. that

四、冠词

【要点点拨】

一．不定冠词中的主要用法：

1.表“一个”“每一个”（=per）“某一个”（=a certain / some）,如: eight hours a day; a Mr. Smith

2.a / an +抽象名词表示具体的人或物（如：a pleasure / success / failure/ comfort / shame等）;

a / an +某些物质名词表示 “一阵” “一份”等,如: a heavy rain;

3. a / an +有些名词= the same+ n. 如: The students standing there are of an age (= of the same age.)

二．定冠词的主要用法:

（一）1.特定的或上文提到的人或物(包括特指的不可数名词);

2.一些习惯用语及固定词组中;

（二）1.世界上独一无二的物,或表示方位及发明物前: the universe; the sun; the moon; He invented the wheel;

2.乐器名词前: play the violin;

3.表计量单位的名词前,表示”按……”: by the dozen / yard / hour;

4.与形容词或分词连用表示某一类人或事(或某国家的人): the old / sick / Chinese;

（三）1.用于姓的复数形式前表示夫妇两人或某一家人: the Browns

2.年代的名词前表示”某十年代” : in the 1990s

（四）1.在表示江河,海洋,山脉,群岛,海峡,海湾等名词前：the Yellow Sea; the English Channel; the Rocky Mountains;

2.在由普通名词构成的表示机构、国家、建筑、历史朝代、三军、报刊,、杂志等名词前：the Song

Dynasty the World Trade Center; the People’s Daily; the Times;

（五）1.用在序数词及形容词最高级前(但:my first visit to the Great Wall)

2.对两人/物间进行比较表示特定的一个时(the+比较级): He is the taller of the twins;

3.句型”the+比较级……,the+比较级”中:The higher you stand, the farther you’ll see.

三．不用冠词的场合:

（一）1.抽象和物质名词前(除非表示特定时);

2.星期,季节,月份的名词前(比较:in winter / in the winter of 2000 on Sunday / on a Sunday in May);

3.三餐饭前(比较:have lunch / have a big lunch);

4.球类或棋类名词前(play cards / chess);

5.表示学科的名词前;

6.by+交通工具的名词前(by car =in a car);

7.表示节假日的名词前(但:the Mid-Autumn Festival或可说成Mid-Autumn Day);

（二）1.在称呼语前及表示人的职位,头衔,身份的名词在句中作表语,补足语及同位语时(在as后也常省略);

2.指家中雇佣的cook, nurse, teacher等时不用冠词并且大写:He was made monitor of our class; What’s the

matter, Grandpa?

（三）1.动词turn后的名词前不用冠词（但become后接可数名词单数时要加冠词）: turn doctor=become a doctor;

2.word表示 “消息” “诺言”时不用冠词: leave word / keep one’s word / a man of his word;

3.man表示 “人类”时不用冠词;

4.连词as(虽然)引导倒装句中的名词前不用冠词;

（四）在一些表示街名,广场名,公园名,大学名,国名,人名等专有名词前:Nanjing Road; Tian An Men Square;

Hyde Park (但:the People’s Park); Yale University ( the University of Yale)

（五）下列短语中有无冠词意义大不一样:

at (the) table; in (the) prison; at (the) sea; by (the) sea by (the) hand; go to (the) hospital; on (the) earth; out of (the) question; by (the) day; in (the) front of (the) three of us; the / a number of; have a word/ words with sb.;

a singer and (a) dancer a knife and (a)fork a / the second time a / the most beautiful city

四．冠词的位置:

1.all / both / half / many / double / such / what / quite+ 冠词+(形容词)+名词:

half the books many a student such a fine day; What a lovely present! quite a big meal

2.as / so / how / too+形容词+冠词+名词: so fine a day; too difficult a problem; as clever a boy as you

【各个击破】

1.-----Jack, there’s ______ Mrs. Smith on ______phone for you.

------I’m in the bath.

A. a; the

B. the; a

C. a; /

D. the;/

2. Tell her not to stay in _____hotel next time she comes here. I can find _____bed for he r in my flat. Now I’m sleepy and I want to head for_______ bed

A. the; / /

B. a; / a

C. the; a /

D. the; a the

3. After I left _______university, I turned _______ lawyer.

A. an; a

B. a; a

C. / /

D. the; the

4. ------What about ______lecture this morning?

------Oh, it was too difficult ________ lecture for me.

A. the; the

B. a; a

C. a; the

D. the; a

5. The manager decided to put _____plan into ______ practice because he thought it was ______most practical one.