机械毕业设计英文外文翻译403驱动桥和差速器
附录A 英文文献
Drive axle/differential
All vehicles have some type of drive axle/differential assembly incorporated into the driveline. Whether it is front, rear or four wheel drive, differentials are necessary for the smooth application of engine power to the road.
Powerflow
The drive axle must transmit power through a 90°angle. The flow of power in conventional front engine/rear wheel drive vehicles moves from the engine to the drive axle in approximately a straight line. However, at the drive axle, the power must be turned at right angles (from the line of the driveshaft) and directed to the drive wheels.
This is accomplished by a pinion drive gear, which turns a circular ring gear. The ring gear is attached to a differential housing, containing a set of smaller gears that are splined to the inner end of each axle shaft. As the housing is rotated, the internal differential gears turn the axle shafts, which are also attached to the drive wheels.
Fig 1 Drive axle
Rear-wheel drive
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are mostly trucks, very large sedans and many sports car and coupe models. The typical rear wheel drive vehicle uses a front mounted engine and transmission assemblies with a driveshaft coupling the transmission to the rear drive axle. Drive in through the layout of the bridge, the bridge drive shaft arranged vertically in the same vertical plane, and not the drive axle shaft, respectively, in their own sub-actuator with a direct connection, but the actuator is located at the front or the back of the adjacent shaft
of the two bridges is arranged in series. Vehicle before and after the two ends of the driving force of the drive axle, is the sub-actuator and the transmission through the middle of the bridge. The advantage is not only a reduction of the number of drive shaft, and raise the driving axle of the common parts of each other, and to simplify the structure, reduces the volume and quality.
Fig 2 Rear-wheel-drive axle
Some vehicles do not follow this typical example. Such as the older Porsche or Volkswagen vehicles which were rear engine, rear drive. These vehicles use a rear mounted transaxle with halfshafts connected to the drive wheels. Also, some vehicles
were produced with a front engine, rear transaxle setup with a driveshaft connecting the engine to the transaxle, and halfshafts linking the transaxle to the drive wheels.
Differential operation
In order to remove the wheel around in the kinematics due to the lack of co-ordination about the wheel diameter arising from a different or the same rolling radius of wheel travel required, inter-wheel motor vehicles are equipped with about differential, the latter to ensure that the car driver Bridge on both sides of the wheel when in range with a trip to the characteristics of rotating at different speeds to meet the requirements of the vehicle kinematics.
Fig 3 Principle of differential
The accompanying illustration has been provided to help understand how this occurs.
1.The drive pinion, which is turned by the driveshaft, turns the ring gear.
2.The ring gear, which is attached to the differential case, turns the case.
3.The pinion shaft, located in a bore in the differential case, is at right angles to the axle shafts and turns with the case.
4.The differential pinion (drive) gears are mounted on the pinion shaft and rotate with the shaft .
5.Differential side gears (driven gears) are meshed with the pinion gears and turn with the differential housing and ring gear as a unit.
6.The side gears are splined to the inner ends of the axle shafts and rotate the shafts as the housing turns.
7.When both wheels have equal traction, the pinion gears do not rotate on the pinion shaft, since the input force of the pinion gears is divided equally between the two side gears.
8.When it is necessary to turn a corner, the differential gearing becomes effective and allows the axle shafts to rotate at different speeds .
Open-wheel differential on each general use the same amount of torque. To determine the size of the wheel torque to bear two factors: equipment and friction. In dry conditions, when a lot of friction, the wheel bearing torque by engine size and gear restrictions are hours in the friction (such as driving on ice), is restricted to a maximum torque, so that vehicles will not spin round. So even if the car can produce more torque, but also need to have sufficient traction to transfer torque to the ground. If you increase the throttle after the wheels slip, it will only make the wheels spin faster.
Fig 4 Conventional differential
Limited-slip and locking differential operation
Fig 5 Limited-slip differential
Differential settlement of a car in the uneven road surface and steering wheel-driven speed at about the different requirements; but is followed by the existence of differential in the side car wheel skid can not be effective when the power transmission, that is, the wheel slip can not produce the driving force, rather than spin the wheel and does not have enough torque. Good non-slip differential settlement of the car wheels skid on the side of the power transmission when the issue, that is, locking differential, so that no longer serve a useful differential right and left sides of the wheel can be the same torque.
Limited-slip and locking differential operation can be divided into two major categories：
(1) mandatory locking type in ordinary differential locking enforcement agencies to increase, when the side of the wheel skid occurs, the driver can be electric, pneumatic or mechanical means to manipulate the locking body meshing sets of DIP Shell will be with the axle differential lock into one, thus the temporary loss of differential role. Relatively simple structure in this way, but it must be operated by the driver, and good roads to stop locking and restore the role of differential.
(2) self-locking differential installed in the oil viscosity or friction clutch coupling, when the side of the wheel skid occurs when both sides of the axle speed difference there, coupling or clutch friction resistance on the automatic, to make certain the other side of the wheel drive torque and the car continued to travel. When there is no speed difference on both sides of the wheel, the frictional resistance disappeared, the role of automatic restoration of differentials. More complicated structure in this way, but do not require drivers to operate. Has been increasingly applied in the car. About non-slip differential, not
only used for the differential between the wheels, but also for all-wheel drive vehicle inter-axle differential/.
Gear ratio
The drive axle of a vehicle is said to have a certain axle ratio. This number (usually a whole number and a decimal fraction) is actually a comparison of the number of gear teeth on the ring gear and the pinion gear. For example, a 4.11 rear means that theoretically, there are 4.11 teeth on the ring gear for each tooth on the pinion gear or, put another way, the driveshaft must turn 4.11 times to turn the wheels once. The role of the final drive is to reduce the speed from the drive shaft, thereby increasing the torque. Lord of the reduction ratio reducer, a driving force for car performance and fuel economy have a greater impact. In general, the more reduction ratio the greater the acceleration and climbing ability, and relatively poor fuel economy. However, if it is too large, it can not play the full power of the engine to achieve the proper speed. The main reduction ratio is more Smaller ，the speed is higher, fuel economy is better, but the acceleration and climbing ability will be poor.
附录B 文献翻译
驱动桥和差速器
所有的汽车都装有不同类型的驱动桥和差速器来驱动汽车行驶。无论是前驱汽车，后驱汽车还是四轮驱动的汽车，对于将发动机的动力转化到车轮上差速器都是不可缺少的部件。
动力的传递
驱动桥必须把发动机的动力转一个直角后传递出去，但人对于前轮驱动汽车发动机输出的转矩与主减速器是在同一直线上的，但是发动机前置的后轮驱动的汽车发动机的动力必须以正确的角度传递出去，来驱动车轮。
图中所示是齿轮驱动的过程，即由一个相对小的齿轮驱动一个大齿轮（主动齿轮和从动齿轮），从动锥齿轮和差速器壳连接在一起，在半轴的根部有一对带有内花键的半轴齿轮，半轴齿轮和半轴通过花键来连接在一起。当差速器壳旋转时，就驱动内部的半齿轮转动从而使半轴转动，将转矩传给车轮。
后驱动桥
后轮驱动的车辆大多是卡车，大型轿车和大部分跑车。典型的后轮驱动的车辆使
用前置发动机和变速箱总成将转矩传输到后轮驱动桥。多驱动桥汽车中，在贯通式驱动桥的布置中，各桥的传动轴布置在同一纵向铅垂平面内，并且各驱动桥不是分别用自己的传动轴与分动器直接联接，而是位于分动器前面的或后面的各相邻两桥的传动轴，是串联布置的。汽车前后两端的驱动桥的动力，是经分动器并贯通中间桥而传递的。其优点是，不仅减少了传动轴的数量，而且提高了各驱动桥零件的相互通用性，并且简化了结构、减小了体积和质量。
一些车辆不是这个典型的例子。如老式的保时捷或大众汽车引擎在汽车后面，是后轮驱动。这些车辆使用的后方安装驱动桥与半轴来驱动车轮。另外，一些车辆是前置引擎，后桥与传动轴连接发动机来驱动车轮。
差速器
为了消除由于左右车轮在运动学上的不协调而产生左右车轮外径不同或滚动半径不相等而要求车轮行程，汽车左右驱动轮间都装有差速器，后者保证了汽车驱动桥两侧车轮在行程不等时具有以不同速度旋转的特性，从而满足了汽车行驶运动学要求。
如图所示说明了其工作情况
1.主动齿轮转动，从而驱动从动齿轮。
2.从动齿轮将转矩作用于差速器壳，使其转动。
3.位于差速器壳中的行星齿轮以适当的角度和半轴齿轮接触，并随的差速器壳转动。
4.行星齿轮（驱动齿轮）和十字轴连接，和十字轴一起转动。
5.半轴齿轮（被驱动齿轮）和行星齿轮啮合并且和从动齿轮及差速器壳作为一个整体一起转动。
6.半轴齿轮的内花键和半轴端部饿花键接在一起随着差速壳一起转动。
7.当两侧车轮转速相同时，行星齿轮和半轴齿轮无相对运动，左右齿轮力矩平均分配。
8.当汽车转弯时差速器开始起作用，是两侧的半轴以不同的转速旋转。
开式差速器对每个车轮一般使用相同量的扭矩。确定车轮承受的扭矩大小的因素有两个：设备和摩擦力。在干燥的条件下，当摩擦力很大时，车轮承受的扭矩大小受发动机和挡位的限制，在摩擦力很小时（如在冰上行驶），限制为最大扭矩，从而使车轮不会打滑。所以，即使汽车可以产生较大扭矩，也需要足够的牵引力将扭矩传输到地面。如果在车轮打滑之后加大油门，只会使车轮更快地旋转。如果曾在冰上驾驶过，您可能知道加速的窍门：如果启动时挂在二挡或三挡而不是一挡，则由于变速器
中的齿轮传动，车轮的扭矩会较小。这样更容易在不旋转车轮的情况下加速。如果其中一个驱动轮具有很好的摩擦力，而另一个却在冰上时，这是开式差速器存在的问题。防滑差速器
差速器很好的解决了汽车在不平路面及转向时左右驱动车轮转速不同的要求；但随之而来的是差速器的存在使得汽车在一侧驱动轮打滑时动力无法有效传输，也就是打滑的车轮不能产生驱动力，而不打滑的车轮又没有得到足够的扭矩。防滑差速器很好的解决了汽车在一侧车轮打滑时出现的动力传输的问题，也就是锁止差速器，让差速器不再起作用，左右两侧的驱动轮均可得到相同的扭矩。
防滑差速器主要可分为两大类：
（1）强制锁止式在普通差速器上增加强制锁止机构，当发生一侧车轮打滑时，驾驶员可通过电动、气动或机械的方式来操纵锁止机构，拨动啮合套将差速器壳与半轴锁成一体，从而暂时失去差速的作用。这种方式结构比较简单，但必须由驾驶员进行操作，并在良好路面上停止锁止，恢复差速器的作用。
（2）自锁式在差速器中安装粘性硅油联轴节或摩擦离合器，当发生一侧车轮打滑时，两侧半轴出现转速差，联轴节或离合器就自动发生摩擦阻力，使另一侧车轮得到一定的扭矩而驱动汽车继续行驶。当两侧车轮没有转速差时，摩擦阻力消失，自动恢复差速器的作用。这种方式结构比较复杂，但不需要驾驶员进行操作。目前已越来越多地在汽车上得到应用。防滑差速器不仅用于左右车轮间的差速器，也用于全轮驱动汽车的轴间差速器中。
主减速比
驱动桥都有一定得主减速比，这个数字（通常是一个整数和一个小数）实际上是主减速器主动齿轮与从动齿轮的关系。例如，如果主减速比为4.11则说明从动齿轮的齿数是主动齿轮齿数的4.11倍，换句话说就是主动齿轮轴转动4圈车轮才转动1圈。
主减速器的作用是降低从传动轴传来的转速，从而增大扭矩。主减速器的减速比，对汽车的动力性能和燃料经济性有较大的影响。一般来说，主减速比越大，加速性能和爬坡能力较强，而燃料经济性比较差。但如果过大，则不能发挥发动机的全部功率而达到应有的车速。主减速比越小，燃料经济性较好，但加速性和爬坡能力较差。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译460数字控制 (2)
附录 科技译文： Numerical Control Numerical Control(NC) is a method of controlling the movements of machineComponents by directly inserting coded instructions in the form of numerical data(numbers and data ) into the system.The system automatically interprets these data and converts to output signals. These signals ,in turn control various machine components ,such as turning spindles on and off ,changing tools,moving the work piece or the tools along specific paths,and turning cutting fluits on and off. In order to appreciate the importer of numerical control of machines ,let’s briefly review how a process such as machining has been carried out traditionally .After studying the working drawing of a part, the operator sets up the appropriate process parameters(such as cutting speed ,feed,depth of cut,cutting fluid ,and so on),determines the sequence of operations to be performed,clamps the work piece in a workholding device such as chuck or collet ,and proceeds to make the part .Depending on part shape and the dimensional accuracy specified ,this approach usually requires skilled
机械专业毕业论文外文翻译
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
毕业设计外文翻译附原文
外文翻译 专业机械设计制造及其自动化学生姓名刘链柱 班级机制111 学号1110101102 指导教师葛友华
外文资料名称： Design and performance evaluation of vacuum cleaners using cyclone technology 外文资料出处：Korean J. Chem. Eng., 23(6), (用外文写) 925-930 (2006) 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文 2.外文原文
应用旋风技术真空吸尘器的设计和性能介绍 吉尔泰金，洪城铱昌，宰瑾李， 刘链柱译 摘要：旋风型分离器技术用于真空吸尘器 - 轴向进流旋风和切向进气道流旋风有效地收集粉尘和降低压力降已被实验研究。优化设计等因素作为集尘效率，压降，并切成尺寸被粒度对应于分级收集的50％的效率进行了研究。颗粒切成大小降低入口面积，体直径，减小涡取景器直径的旋风。切向入口的双流量气旋具有良好的性能考虑的350毫米汞柱的低压降和为1.5μm的质量中位直径在1米3的流量的截止尺寸。一使用切向入口的双流量旋风吸尘器示出了势是一种有效的方法，用于收集在家庭中产生的粉尘。 摘要及关键词：吸尘器; 粉尘; 旋风分离器 引言 我们这个时代的很大一部分都花在了房子，工作场所，或其他建筑，因此，室内空间应该是既舒适情绪和卫生。但室内空气中含有超过室外空气因气密性的二次污染物，毒物，食品气味。这是通过使用产生在建筑中的新材料和设备。真空吸尘器为代表的家电去除有害物质从地板到地毯所用的商用真空吸尘器房子由纸过滤，预过滤器和排气过滤器通过洁净的空气排放到大气中。虽然真空吸尘器是方便在使用中，吸入压力下降说唱空转成比例地清洗的时间，以及纸过滤器也应定期更换，由于压力下降，气味和细菌通过纸过滤器内的残留粉尘。 图1示出了大气气溶胶的粒度分布通常是双峰形，在粗颗粒（>2.0微米）模式为主要的外部来源，如风吹尘，海盐喷雾，火山，从工厂直接排放和车辆废气排放，以及那些在细颗粒模式包括燃烧或光化学反应。表1显示模式，典型的大气航空的直径和质量浓度溶胶被许多研究者测量。精细模式在0.18?0.36 在5.7到25微米尺寸范围微米尺寸范围。质量浓度为2?205微克，可直接在大气气溶胶和 3.85至36.3μg/m3柴油气溶胶。
驱动桥外文翻译
驱动桥设计 随着汽车对安全、节能、环保的不断重视，汽车后桥作为整车的一个关键部件，其产品的质量对整车的安全使用及整车性能的影响是非常大的，因而对汽车后桥进行有效的优化设计计算是非常必要的。 驱动桥处于动力传动系的末端，其基本功能是增大由传动轴或变速器传来的转矩,并将动力合理地分配给左、右驱动轮，另外还承受作用于路面和车架或车身之间的垂直力力和横向力。驱动桥一般由主减速器、差速器、车轮传动装置和驱动桥壳等组成。 驱动桥作为汽车四大总成之一，它的性能的好坏直接影响整车性能，而对于载重汽车显得尤为重要。驱动桥设计应当满足如下基本要求： 1、符合现代汽车设计的一般理论。 2、外形尺寸要小，保证有必要的离地间隙。 3、合适的主减速比，以保证汽车的动力性和燃料经济性。 4、在各种转速和载荷下具有高的传动效率。 5、在保证足够的强度、刚度条件下，力求质量小，结构简单，加工工艺性 好，制造容易，拆装，调整方便。 6、与悬架导向机构运动协调，对于转向驱动桥，还应与转向机构运动协调。智能电子技术在汽车上得以推广使得汽车在安全行驶和其它功能更上一层楼。通过各种传感器实现自动驾驶。除些之外智能汽车装备有多种传感器能充分感知交通设施及环境的信息并能随时判断车辆及驾驶员是否处于危险之中，具备自主寻路、导航、避撞、不停车收费等功能。有效提高运输过程中的安全，减少驾驶员的操纵疲劳度，提高乘客的舒适度。当然蓄电池是电动汽车的关键，电动汽车用的蓄电池主要有：铅酸蓄电池、镍镉蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、钠硫蓄电池、锂电池、锌—空气电池、飞轮电池、燃料电池和太阳能电池等。在诸多种电池中，燃料电池是迄今为止最有希望解决汽车能源短缺问题的动力源。燃料电池具有高效无污染的特性，不同于其他蓄电池，其不需要充电，只要外部不断地供给燃料，就能连续稳定地发电。燃料电池汽车(FCEV)具有可与内燃机汽车媲美的动力性能，在排放、燃油经济性方面明显优于内燃机车辆。
机械毕业设计英文外文翻译204机电一体化
附录 INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY （From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACT Machinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development. Key word：integration of machinery ，technology，present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development 0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management system has had the huge change, caused the industrial production to enter into “the integration of machinery” by “the machinery electrification” for the characteristic development phase. 1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology,
机械类毕业设计外文翻译
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
汽车设计课设驱动桥设计
汽车设计课程设计说明书 题目：BJ130驱动桥部分设计验算与校核 姓名： 学号： 专业名称：车辆工程 指导教师： 目录 一、课程设计任务书 (1) 二、总体结构设计 (2) 三、主减速器部分设计 (2) 1、主减速器齿轮计算载荷的确定 (2) 2、锥齿轮主要参数选择 (4) 3、主减速器强度计算 (5) 四、差速器部分设计 (6) 1、差速器主参数选择 (6) 2、差速器齿轮强度计算 (7) 五、半轴部分设计 (8) 1、半轴计算转矩Tφ及杆部直径 (8) 2、受最大牵引力时强度计算 (9) 3、制动时强度计算 (9) 4、半轴花键计算 (9) 六、驱动桥壳设计 (10) 1、桥壳的静弯曲应力计算 (10) 2、在不平路面冲击载荷作用下的桥壳强度计算 (11) 3、汽车以最大牵引力行驶时的桥壳强度计算 (11) 4、汽车紧急制动时的桥壳强度计算 (12)
5、汽车受最大侧向力时的桥壳强度计算 (12) 七、参考书目 (14) 八、课程设计感想 (15)
一、课程设计任务书 1、题目 《BJ130驱动桥部分设计验算与校核》 2、设计内容及要求 （1）主减速器部分包括：主减速器齿轮的受载情况；锥齿轮主要参数选择；主减速器强度计算；齿轮的弯曲强度、接触强度计算。 （2）差速器：齿轮的主要参数；差速器齿轮强度的校核；行星齿轮齿数和半轴齿轮齿数的确定。 （3）半轴部分强度计算：当受最大牵引力时的强度；制动时强度计算。 （4）驱动桥强度计算：①桥壳的静弯曲应力 ②不平路载下的桥壳强度 ③最大牵引力时的桥壳强度 ④紧急制动时的桥壳强度 ⑤最大侧向力时的桥壳强度 3、主要技术参数 轴距L=2800mm 轴荷分配：满载时前后轴载1340/2735(kg) 发动机最大功率：80ps n：3800-4000n/min 发动机最大转矩17.5kg﹒m n：2200-2500n/min 传动比：i1=7.00； i0=5.833 轮毂总成和制动器总成的总重：g k=274kg
毕业设计英文翻译
使用高级分析法的钢框架创新设计 1．导言 在美国，钢结构设计方法包括允许应力设计法(ASD)，塑性设计法(PD)和荷载阻力系数设计法(LRFD)。在允许应力设计中，应力计算基于一阶弹性分析，而几何非线性影响则隐含在细部设计方程中。在塑性设计中，结构分析中使用的是一阶塑性铰分析。塑性设计使整个结构体系的弹性力重新分配。尽管几何非线性和逐步高产效应并不在塑性设计之中，但它们近似细部设计方程。在荷载和阻力系数设计中，含放大系数的一阶弹性分析或单纯的二阶弹性分析被用于几何非线性分析，而梁柱的极限强度隐藏在互动设计方程。所有三个设计方法需要独立进行检查，包括系数K计算。在下面，对荷载抗力系数设计法的特点进行了简要介绍。 结构系统内的内力及稳定性和它的构件是相关的，但目前美国钢结构协会（AISC）的荷载抗力系数规范把这种分开来处理的。在目前的实际应用中，结构体系和它构件的相互影响反映在有效长度这一因素上。这一点在社会科学研究技术备忘录第五录摘录中有描述。 尽管结构最大内力和构件最大内力是相互依存的（但不一定共存），应当承认，严格考虑这种相互依存关系，很多结构是不实际的。与此同时，众所周知当遇到复杂框架设计中试图在柱设计时自动弥补整个结构的不稳定（例如通过调整柱的有效长度）是很困难的。因此，社会科学研究委员会建议在实际设计中，这两方面应单独考虑单独构件的稳定性和结构的基础及结构整体稳定性。图28.1就是这种方法的间接分析和设计方法。
在目前的美国钢结构协会荷载抗力系数规范中，分析结构体系的方法是一阶弹性分析或二阶弹性分析。在使用一阶弹性分析时，考虑到二阶效果，一阶力矩都是由B1,B2系数放大。在规范中，所有细部都是从结构体系中独立出来，他们通过细部内力曲线和规范给出的那些隐含二阶效应，非弹性，残余应力和挠度的相互作用设计的。理论解答和实验性数据的拟合曲线得到了柱曲线和梁曲线，同时Kanchanalai发现的所谓“精确”塑性区解决方案的拟合曲线确定了梁柱相互作用方程。 为了证明单个细部内力对整个结构体系的影响，使用了有效长度系数，如图28.2所示。有效长度方法为框架结构提供了一个良好的设计。然而，有效长度方法的
驱动桥5000字外文翻译文献
As the bearing cage rotates, read the value 7. indicated on the scale. Preload normally is specified as torque re-8. quired to rotate the pinion bearing cage, so take a reading only when the cage is rotating. Starting torque will give a false reading. To calculate the preload torque, measure the 9. diameter of the bearing cage where the cord was wound. Divide this dimension in half to get the radius. 10. U se the following procedure to calculate the bearing preload torque:Standard. Pull (lb) 3 radius (inches) 5 preload (lb-in.)or Preload (lb-in.) 3 0.113 (a conversion constant) 5 preload (N .m) Install the yoke, flat washer, and nut. Tighten 6. the nut snugly. Tap the end of the input shaft lightly to seat the bearings. Measure the input shaft endplay again with 7. the dial indicator. If endplay is still incorrect, repeat steps 3 through 7. With the endplay correct, seal the shim pack 8. to prevent lube leakage. Then torque the i nput shaft nut and cover capscrews to the correct value. 24.5 A XLE ADJUSTMENTS AND CHECKS This section introduces the differential carrier adjust-ments, checks, and tests that the truck technician must be capable of performing; some have been r eferred to previously in the text. For the most part, the procedures described here are general in nature. The truck technician should refer to OEM service l iterature for specific procedures.PINION BEARING PRELOAD Most differential carriers are provided with a press-fit outer bearing on the drive pinion gear. Some older rear drive axles use an outer bearing, which slips over the drive pinion. The procedures for adjusting both types follow. Press-Fit Method Adjustment To adjust the pinion bearing preload using the press-fit method, use the following procedure: Assemble the pinion bearing cage, bearings, 1. spacer, and spacer washer (without drive pin-ion or oil seal). Center the bearing spacer and spacer washer between the two bearing cones (Figure 24–49). When a new gear set or pinion bearings are 2. used, select a nominal size spacer based on OEM specifications. If original parts are used, use a spacer removed during disassembly of the drive. Place the drive pinion and cage assembly in a 3. press, with the gear teeth toward the bottom.Apply and hold the press load to the pinion 4. bearing. As pressure is applied, rotate the bearing cage several times so that the bear-ings make normal contact. While pressure is held against the assembly, wind 5. a cord around the bearing cage several times.Attach a spring scale to the end of the cord 6. (Figure 24–50). Pull the cord with the scale on a horizontal line. FIGURE 24–49 Assembly of the pinion bearing cage. (Courtesy of Dana Corporation) FIGURE 24–50 Cage in press to check bearing p reload. Sleeve must apply
机械类毕业设计外文文献翻译
沈阳工业大学工程学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 毕业设计（论文）题目：工具盒盖注塑模具设计 外文题目：Friction , Lubrication of Bearing 译文题目：轴承的摩擦与润滑 系（部）：机械系 专业班级：机械设计制造及其自动化0801 学生姓名：王宝帅 指导教师：魏晓波 2010年10 月15 日
外文文献原文： Friction , Lubrication of Bearing In many of the problem thus far , the student has been asked to disregard or neglect friction . Actually , friction is present to some degree whenever two parts are in contact and move on each other. The term friction refers to the resistance of two or more parts to movement. Friction is harmful or valuable depending upon where it occurs. friction is necessary for fastening devices such as screws and rivets which depend upon friction to hold the fastener and the parts together. Belt drivers, brakes, and tires are additional applications where friction is necessary. The friction of moving parts in a machine is harmful because it reduces the mechanical advantage of the device. The heat produced by friction is lost energy because no work takes place. Also , greater power is required to overcome the increased friction. Heat is destructive in that it causes expansion. Expansion may cause a bearing or sliding surface to fit tighter. If a great enough pressure builds up because made from low temperature materials may melt. There are three types of friction which must be overcome in moving parts: (1)starting, (2)sliding, and(3)rolling. Starting friction is the friction between two solids that tend to resist movement. When two parts are at a state of rest, the surface irregularities of both parts tend to interlock and form a wedging action. To produce motion in these parts, the wedge-shaped peaks and valleys of the stationary surfaces must be made to slide out and over each other. The rougher the two surfaces, the greater is starting friction resulting from their movement . Since there is usually no fixed pattern between the peaks and valleys of two mating parts, the irregularities do not interlock once the parts are in motion but slide over each other. The friction of the two surfaces is known as sliding friction. As shown in figure ,starting friction is always greater than sliding friction . Rolling friction occurs when roller devces are subjected to tremendous stress which cause the parts to change shape or deform. Under these conditions, the material in front of a roller tends to pile up and forces the object to roll slightly uphill. This changing of shape , known as deformation, causes a movement of molecules. As a result ,heat is produced from the added energy required to keep the parts turning and overcome friction. The friction caused by the wedging action of surface irregularities can be overcome
驱动桥设计_毕业设计论文
驱动桥设计 摘要 现代工程车辆技术追求高效节能、高舒适性和高安全性等目标。前一项目标与环境保护密切相关,是当代全球性热门话题,后两项目标是车辆朝着高性能化方向发展必须研究和解决的重要课题。转向系统的高性能化是指其能够根据车辆的运行状况和驾驶员的要求实行多目标控制,以获得良好的转向轻便性、较好的路感和较快的响应性。 汽车转向系统是影响汽车操纵稳定性、行驶安全性和驾驶舒适性的关键部分。在追求高效节能\高舒适性和高安全性的今天,电控液压助力转向系统作为一种新的汽车动力转向系统,以其节能、环保、更佳的操纵特性和转向路感,成为动力转向技术研究的焦点。 本文通过查阅相关的文献，介绍了EHPS系统的结构组成和工作原理，在参考现有车型的结构数据的基础上，设计计算转向系的主要参数，确定转向器的结构参数和动力转向部分结构参数，在分析其助力特性的基础上，设计合理的助力特性曲线，并通过MATLAB作出助力特性图，同时提出一种基于车速和转向盘转动角速度的控制策略，根据EHPS系统的特点，通过AMESim和Simulink建立整个系统的模型。通过联合仿真可以得出EHPS系统比HPS系统能提供更好的助力特性和转向路感。 关键词：EHPS；助力特性；结构设计；AMESim与Simulink建模 ABSTRACT
High effective energy saving,high comfort performance and high security are thegoals of contemporary.The first goal closely concerns with environment protecting,is also the popular topic around the world.The last two goals are the important subjects must be researched and solved in making automobile high performance.To make the steering system high performance is that the system can carry out mufti-goals control according to the vehicle states and drive requirements to acquire the steering handiness,better road feeling,better anti-interfering performance and faster response. The motor turing system is the essential part which affects the automobile operation stability,the travel security and the driving comfortablet.Nowadays we pursue highly effective energy conservation,the high comforrtableness and high secure.The electrically hydraulic power steering (EHPS) taking as one kind of new automobile power steering system,it takes the power steering engineering research the focal point by its energy conservation,the environmental protection,the better handling characteristic and changes the road feeling. According to consult relevant literature, this paper introduces the structure and the principle of EHPS, bases the further study of EHPS on the structural parameter date of a certain type of the light lorry, calculates the main parameters of steering system and power steering and devises the hydraulic circuit of EHPS. On the basis of the analysis of EHPS, this paper designs a reasonable EHPS power curve, including plotting the curve with the technique of MATLAB. Taking into account the steady steering and emergency steering, it advances the control strategy plan based on speed, steering wheel angle velocity, the steering wheel torque. Based on the structural characteristics of EHPS, this paper proposed AMESIM and SIMULINK joint simulation of the entire EHPS system. Accord to the result we can know that EHPS can offer more secure handle, more saving energy and way feeling. Key words:EHPS;Characteristics of power; Structure design; AMESim and Simulink Modeling