英语写作用词的准确表达

一个词的意思有两方面：denotation和connotation。Denototion是词的字面意思，正如字典上所定义的一样；Connotation是由词引申联想到的意思和情感。例如country，nation，state和land，它们的字面意思多少有相似之处，都可以译成“国家”,但它们的涵义却相差甚远。Country主要指国土及国民；Nation 强调民族，种族；state多指国家的政府及政府机构；而land指国家虽不够精确，但更富有文学的色彩，比country一词带有更多的感情。初学写作的人有时会选错词，但更多的时候是选词不全错，而是不够准确、地道，导致词不达意，甚至导致冒犯和误解。固此在英语写作中要学会选择准确的词来表达自己的思想。

一般来说，要把握选词的准确性, 可以从下面三方面入手。

一、要有广泛的阅读积累，才能了解词与社会、历史、文化及政治因素的关系，选词时才能符合语言习惯并与社会文化诸多背景一致。例如，英美人对landlord和peasant两词的理解与中国人截然不同。英美人对前者的理解首先是“房东”，然后才是“地主”；而peasant一词对他们来说意味着“粗俗”与“无知”，此词多少带有贬义色彩。再如propaganda一词在中国并不带有西方人所理解的贬意；而First lady （第一夫人）绝不能理解为汉语的原配夫人，因此在写作中应特别注意这类词，否则会导致冒犯和误解。由于东西方社会历史文化的差异，许多词所引申或代表的内容也大相径庭，Phoenix在西方象征“复活”、“再生”，而汉语的这一词却表示“祥瑞”。Peach在汉语中象征“长寿”而在英语中却用以指代“特别讨人喜爱的人或物”。又比如在表示色彩的词中green是青春的颜色，常表示希望、活力，但在英语中green 又与“妒忌” （to be green with envy，green-eyed）和“没有经验的”（a greeh horn）联系起来。如果没有广泛的阅读积累，养成经常查字典的良好习惯，单凭想当然地选词，势必会词不达意。即使同一事物，在美国和英国也可能有不同的表达。例如：corn一词在美国指“玉米”而在英国泛扮“谷物”；“地铁”在英国用tube或under-groud美国则用subway。此类的例子还有pave-ment/sidewalk, Chemists' shop/drug store等。

二、在英语写作中特别要注意区分同义词，选词时要考虑主题、对象及情景（subject, audi-enc, situation）。由于历史的原因，现代英语除本族语外，还包括大量的法语和拉丁来源的饲，这就使英语的同义词相当丰富。总的来讲，英语本族语大多是短词，小词，听起来朴素）亲切，大量用于口头表达：法语来源的词庄重文雅，多与行政、宗教、军事、服饰等有关；拉丁来源的词，书卷味浓, 如ask，question，inter－rogate这三个不同来源的同义词在不同的主题、对象、情景下用法就不一样。

同义词除了来源的不同会影响措词的选择外，它们在程度、感情色彩上也有不同。比如“瘦”可以用slender，slim，lean, thin，underweight，gaunt, lanky，skinny等来表达，而sleder表示“苗条”是褒义的，skinny却是贬义的，underweight则是中性的词。

即使同是褒义词，表达的感情色彩也不同。比如little和petite两个同义词当用来描绘女子时，都意为“个子小”的，但petite同时还有“匀称”的意义，而little更强调“可爱的”或“可怜的”，根据不同的上下文，它还有“纤小”、“娇小”或“弱小”等不同意义。因此在选词表达思想时，一定要分清主题，对象及情景。

另外让中国学生头痛的是一些同义词的习惯搭配。比如large和big都指“大”，但large通常用来修饰诸如number，amount及quantity（a large nunlber of students，a large almount of money，a large quantity of wine，etc）。但象“勇气”，“信心”，”能力”、“智慧”等表示个人素质的名词，人们通常用呷碰而不用big或large来修饰。由此可见，在英语写作实践中，区分同义词的用法是相当重要的。

三、选择措词应把握好英语和汉语词汇无法对应的部分

不是所有的英语词汇都有相应的汉语表达，一些不同的英语词汇也有可能用同样的汉语来表达，这就使我们在用英语来表达思想对面临更多选择上的困难。比如family和home两词都可译成汉语的“家”，但它

们却不是同义词。Family主要指家庭成员，与人有关，而home主要指所居住的地点、住宅。Except和besides 有时都译成同样的汉语“除了”,但他们的意思却是相反的。因此我们不能依赖于单纯的汉语译意。否则我们可能会被误导。尽管许多英语对应的汉语词汇都能表达它们真正的意思，但往往有些英语词汇没有准确的汉语对应词；所以只有在不同的上下文中才能确定它们真正的意思，比如send一词，如果单把它理解成汉语的“送”的话，象这样的句子“她送信给我”也许会被写成she sent me the letter.而英语准确的表达应是she brought me the letter.再如“他将送朋友去机场”，如果写成He will send his friend to the airpot。就又错了。正确的表达应该是He will go to the airpot with his friend to see him off. 实际上send sth to a place 应该是请别人送去，自己不去。因此，要确定我们所选的词是否准确、恰当，单凭查词典还不行

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英语写作常用关联词句式集团标准化工作小组 [Q8QX9QT-X8QQB8Q8-NQ8QJ8-M8QMN]

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